Sugar cane

Margarita O. (Spain)
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  1. bagasse
    the dry dusty pulp that remains after juice is extracted from sugar cane or similar plants
    In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.
  2. centrifugation
    the process of separating substances of different densities by the use of a centrifuge
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  3. sugarcane
    tall, stout tropical grass with sweet sap
    The first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.
  4. forklift
    a small industrial vehicle with a power operated forked platform in front that can be inserted under loads to lift and move them
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  5. diffuser
    baffle that distributes sound waves evenly
    In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.
  6. sugar beet
    form of the common beet having a sweet white root from which sugar is obtained
    After the boom, sugarcane went into decline and was replaced by sugar beets.
  7. Granada
    a city in southeastern Spain that was the capital of the Moorish kingdom until it was captured by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492; site of the Alhambra (a palace and fortress built by Moors in the Middle Ages) which is now a major tourist attraction
    The sugar produced on the coast of Granada province during the Arab period was much appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became famous.
  8. mechanize
    introduce automatic or electrical equipment into a process
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  9. tractor
    a wheeled vehicle with large wheels
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  10. burn off
    clear land of its vegetation by burning it off
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  11. crusher
    a device that crushes something
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, r...
  12. conveyor
    a person who conveys (carries or transmits)
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  13. Iberian Peninsula
    a peninsula in southwestern Europe
    Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.
  14. crystallize
    cause to form crystals or assume crystalline form
    More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.
  15. cane
    a strong slender often flexible stem as of bamboos, reeds, rattans, or sugar cane
    Egypt was the first nation to develop the cane-sugar industry and trade.
  16. crystallizing
    the formation of crystals
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  17. fuel oil
    a petroleum product used for fuel
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  18. shredder
    a device that shreds documents
    Mills have undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure regulation, cutters, and shredders.
  19. sucrose
    a complex carbohydrate found in many plants and used as a sweetening agent
    More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.
  20. confectionary
    a confectioner's shop
    Now there will be no mills to crush the sugarcane grown in this country, although sugar is widely appreciated for its qualities and used in cooking and confectionary.
  21. lay out
    lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  22. beet sugar
    sugar made from sugar beets
    After the cane juice is extracted by the mills, it undergoes the processes of clarification, concentration, crystallization and centrifuging, all of which are similar to the process for beet sugar.
  23. distiller
    someone who distills alcoholic liquors
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  24. sugar
    a white crystalline carbohydrate used as a sweetener
    Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.
  25. round the clock
    without stopping
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in ...
  26. machete
    a large knife used as a weapon or for cutting vegetation
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  27. haulage
    the act of drawing or hauling something
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  28. centrifuge
    an apparatus that separates particles from a suspension
    After the cane juice is extracted by the mills, it undergoes the processes of clarification, concentration, crystallization and centrifuging, all of which are similar to the process for beet sugar.
  29. Rosario
    a port city on the Parana River in eastern central Argentina
    It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’ task with a few simple mills.
  30. perforate
    make a hole into or between, as for ease of separation
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  31. clarification
    the act of removing solid particles from a liquid
    Large quantities of colloidal substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the chemical clarification process much more difficult.
  32. unload
    leave or discharge
    The Plaza de Cañas is the mill yard where the cane is unloaded.
  33. packaging
    material used to make packages
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  34. Iberian
    of or relating to the Iberian Peninsula or its inhabitants
    Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.
  35. colloidal
    of or relating to or having the properties of a colloid
    Large quantities of colloidal substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the chemical clarification process much more difficult.
  36. factory worker
    a workman in a mill or factory
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  37. beet
    biennial Eurasian plant usually having a swollen edible root
    After the boom, sugarcane went into decline and was replaced by sugar beets.
  38. Senora
    a Spanish title or form of address for a married woman
    It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’ task with a few simple mills.
  39. stripper
    a chemical compound used to remove paint or varnish
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  40. fertile
    capable of reproducing
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  41. crush
    compress with force, out of natural shape or condition
    The history of hand-harvested sugarcane, the zafra, and the sugar industry in Spain came to an end in 2006 with the last harvest in Salobreña and the last crushed cane.
  42. mill
    a facility for manufacturing
    The Plaza de Cañas is the mill yard where the cane is unloaded.
  43. manually
    by hand
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  44. populate
    inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  45. Andalusia
    a region in southern Spain on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean; formerly a center of Moorish civilization
    View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The calm after the storm of activity
    ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The distillery building


  46. molasses
    thick dark syrup produced by boiling down juice from sugar cane; especially during sugar refining
    Next, it is crushed in mills to extract the juice (guarapo), called molasses.
  47. hydraulic
    moved or operated or effected by liquid
    Cane has an irregular shape so it cannot be conveyed by the hydraulic means used in sugar beet silos.
  48. brown sugar
    unrefined or only partly refined sugar
    Finally, the sugar is cooked until it crystallizes and turns into the brown sugar we are familiar with today.
  49. monitoring
    the act of observing something
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  50. factory
    a plant with facilities for manufacturing
    It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’ task with a few simple mills.
  51. Plantation
    a newly established colony
    Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.
  52. Neolithic
    latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the Middle East (but later elsewhere)
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  53. cutting
    the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  54. crane
    a long-necked wading bird
    It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.
  55. silo
    a cylindrical tower used for storing grain
    Cane has an irregular shape so it cannot be conveyed by the hydraulic means used in sugar beet silos.
  56. juice
    the liquid part that can be extracted from plant or animal tissue by squeezing or cooking
    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.
  57. monitor
    someone who observes to ensure fairness or prevent mistakes
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  58. furnace
    an enclosed chamber in which heat is produced for a building
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  59. harvesting
    the gathering of a ripened crop
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  60. Phoenician
    of or relating to or characteristic of Phoenicia or its inhabitants
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  61. mechanized
    equipped with machinery
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  62. sharpen
    make sharp or sharper
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  63. operator
    an agent that operates some apparatus or machine
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  64. date back
    belong to an earlier time
    Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.
  65. unloading
    the labor of taking a load of something off of or out of a vehicle or ship or container etc.
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  66. traction
    the friction between a body and a surface on which it moves
    The original mills came from the mills used for corn and were followed by three-cylinder vertical ones moved by animal traction, water, or the wind.
  67. Sierra Nevada
    a mountain range in southern Spain along the Mediterranean coast to the east of Granada
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  68. purifying
    freeing from noxious matter
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  69. semi
    a truck consisting of a tractor and trailer together
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  70. distillery
    a plant and works where alcoholic drinks are made by distillation
    View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The calm after the storm of activity
    ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The distillery building


  71. crystallization
    the formation of crystals
    After the cane juice is extracted by the mills, it undergoes the processes of clarification, concentration, crystallization and centrifuging, all of which are similar to the process for beet sugar.
  72. truck
    an automotive vehicle suitable for hauling
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  73. unloaded
    (of weapons) not charged with ammunition
    The Plaza de Cañas is the mill yard where the cane is unloaded.
  74. medicinal
    treating, preventing or alleviating the symptoms of disease
    More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.
  75. crushing
    physically or spiritually devastating
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  76. residual
    relating to or indicating a remainder
    In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.
  77. purify
    distill or remove contaminants from
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  78. loading
    weight to be borne or conveyed
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  79. Christopher Columbus
    Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
    Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.
  80. harvest
    the gathering of a ripened crop
    The history of hand-harvested sugarcane, the zafra, and the sugar industry in Spain came to an end in 2006 with the last harvest in Salobreña and the last crushed cane.
  81. extract
    remove, usually with some force or effort
    Next, it is crushed in mills to extract the juice (guarapo), called molasses.
  82. nomad
    a member of a people who have no permanent home
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  83. boiler
    a metal pot for stewing or boiling; usually has a lid
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  84. residue
    matter that remains after something has been removed
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  85. processing
    preparing or putting through a prescribed procedure
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  86. organise
    arrange by systematic planning and united effort
    Transport needs to be well organised, for the Salobreña area has no railway.
  87. cellulose
    a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers
    The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.
  88. roller
    a mechanical device consisting of a cylindrical tube around which the hair is wound to curl it
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rolle...
  89. propel
    cause to move forward with force
    The first steam-propelled machine was installed in Jamaica in 1769.
  90. dump
    a piece of land where waste materials are dumped
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  91. hang out
    spend time in a certain location or with certain people
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, r...
  92. before Christ
    before the Christian era
    Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.
  93. process
    a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
    The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making process.
  94. cylinder
    a surface generated by rotating a line around a fixed line
    The original mills came from the mills used for corn and were followed by three-cylinder vertical ones moved by animal traction, water, or the wind.
  95. transport
    move something or somebody around
    Transport needs to be well organised, for the Salobreña area has no railway.
  96. grower
    someone concerned with the science or art or business of cultivating the soil
    Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.
  97. plantation
    an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale
    Salobreña became an alquería, an important plantation on the coast of Alvira.
  98. Mills
    United States architect who was the presidentially appointed architect of Washington D.C. (1781-1855)
    Mills have undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure regulation, cutters, and shredders.
  99. crystallized
    having both internal structure and external form of a crystal
    More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.
  100. low-lying
    lying below the normal level
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  101. laying
    the production of eggs (especially in birds)
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  102. Alexander the Great
    king of Macedon
    Two generals under Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is produced without the intervention of bees”.
  103. stack
    an orderly pile
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  104. clock in
    register one's arrival at work
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in ...
  105. derivative
    a compound obtained from another compound
    The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.
  106. humidity
    wetness in the atmosphere
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  107. cut
    separate with or as if with an instrument
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  108. warehouse
    a storehouse for goods and merchandise
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, r...
  109. yard
    enclosed land around a house or other building
    The Plaza de Cañas is the mill yard where the cane is unloaded.
  110. machine
    a mechanical or electrical device that transmits energy
    A great many sugarcane mills were built and employed the most advanced technology of the day, such as steam machines.
  111. do by
    interact in a certain way
    Making sugar from sugarcane is a laborious process done by traditional methods.
  112. front line
    the line along which opposing armies face each other
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  113. load
    weight to be borne or conveyed
    It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.
  114. fuel
    a substance that can be consumed to produce energy
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  115. evaporation
    the process of becoming a suspension of particles in the air
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  116. Latin American
    a native of Latin America
    Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.
  117. stripping
    the removal of covering
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  118. facility
    a building or place that provides a particular service
    Over the years, older machines were replaced by modern ones until none of the machines used in the original facilities remained.
  119. diffusion
    the act of dispersing something
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  120. cutter
    a cutting implement; a tool for cutting
    Mills have undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure regulation, cutters, and shredders.
  121. originate
    come into existence; take on form or shape
    The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making process.
  122. install
    set up for use
    The first steam-propelled machine was installed in Jamaica in 1769.
  123. Mediterranean
    the largest inland sea; between Europe and Africa and Asia
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  124. Sanskrit
    an ancient language of India
    In Sanskrit, the root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.
  125. confuse
    mistake one thing for another
    Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.
  126. tropical
    relating to part of the Earth's surface with hot climate
    The history of the Tropical Coast, as the Salobreña region is currently known, goes back thousands of years.
  127. extraction
    taking out something
    In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.
  128. replace
    put something back where it belongs
    In the 17th and 18th centuries it was replaced by cotton.
  129. populated
    furnished with inhabitants
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  130. background
    the part of a scene behind objects in the front
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  131. settler
    a person who resides in a new colony or country
    Over the centuries the area attracted many different settlers, notably Phoenicians, Romans, and Arabs.
  132. package
    a wrapped container
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  133. filter
    device that removes something from what passes through it
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  134. by hand
    without the use of a machine
    It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.
  135. steam
    water at boiling temperature diffused in the atmosphere
    A great many sugarcane mills were built and employed the most advanced technology of the day, such as steam machines.
  136. sample
    a small part intended as representative of the whole
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  137. harden
    make hard or harder
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  138. clothe
    provide with clothes or put clothes on
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, r...
  139. Mill
    English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873)
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  140. crushed
    treated so as to have a permanently wrinkled appearance
    The history of hand-harvested sugarcane, the zafra, and the sugar industry in Spain came to an end in 2006 with the last harvest in Salobreña and the last crushed cane.
  141. Spain
    a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power
    Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the colonial period.
  142. peninsula
    a large mass of land projecting into a body of water
    Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.
  143. item
    a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group
    More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.
  144. laboratory
    a workplace for the conduct of scientific research
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  145. appreciated
    fully understood or grasped
    The sugar produced on the coast of Granada province during the Arab period was much appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became famous.
  146. subsequent
    following in time or order
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  147. organised
    being a member of or formed into a labor union
    Transport needs to be well organised, for the Salobreña area has no railway.
  148. fibre
    a slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn
    In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.
  149. plaza
    a public square with room for pedestrians
    The Plaza de Cañas is the mill yard where the cane is unloaded.
  150. produce
    bring forth or yield
    Two generals under Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is produced without the intervention of bees”.
  151. 18th
    coming next after the seventeenth in position
    In the 17th and 18th centuries it was replaced by cotton.
  152. valve
    a mechanical device for controlling the flow of a fluid
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  153. Arab
    a member of a Semitic people from the Middle East
    Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.
  154. cut into
    turn up, loosen, or remove earth
    It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.
  155. freshly
    very recently
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  156. worker
    a person who works at a specific occupation
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, r...
  157. be born
    come into existence through birth
    Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.
  158. plant
    a living organism without the power to move
    These and other data indicate that the wild plant was originally from the north of India.
  159. Ltd.
    a company that is organized to give its owners limited liability
    The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.
  160. Buddhist
    one who follows the teachings of Buddha
    The first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.
  161. clearing
    a treeless tract of land in the middle of a wooded area
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  162. gather
    assemble or get together
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  163. gathering
    the act of gathering something
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  164. burn
    destroy by fire
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  165. nonetheless
    despite anything to the contrary
    Nonetheless, it was in Cuba, not Spain, where the new techniques for the sugar industry were first used and subsequently exported to Spain.
  166. heating
    the process of becoming warmer; a rising temperature
    The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.
  167. invent
    come up with after a mental effort
    In the late 18th century, Smeaton invented the current system of trapiches, or three-cylinder mills, the basic machinery of the cane-sugar industry.
  168. automatically
    in a mechanical manner; by a mechanism
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  169. withstand
    resist or confront with resistance
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  170. Nevada
    a state in the southwestern United States
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  171. subsequently
    happening at a time later than another time
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  172. sierra
    a range of mountains
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  173. laborious
    characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion
    Making sugar from sugarcane is a laborious process done by traditional methods.
  174. privileged
    blessed with special advantages
    In those days sugar was a luxury item for the privileged few, and for medicinal purposes.
  175. concentrate
    make denser, stronger, or purer
    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.
  176. depot
    a station for loading and unloading passengers or goods
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  177. chip
    a small fragment of something broken off from the whole
    It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.
  178. chips
    strips of potato fried in deep fat
    It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.
  179. appreciate
    be fully aware of; realize fully
    The sugar produced on the coast of Granada province during the Arab period was much appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became famous.
  180. remnant
    a small part remaining after the main part no longer exists
    Large quantities of colloidal substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the chemical clarification process much more difficult.
  181. squeeze
    press firmly
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  182. undergo
    pass through
    Mills have undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure regulation, cutters, and shredders.
  183. cook
    transform by heating
    Now there will be no mills to crush the sugarcane grown in this country, although sugar is widely appreciated for its qualities and used in cooking and confectionary.
  184. indicate
    designate a place, direction, person, or thing
    These and other data indicate that the wild plant was originally from the north of India.
  185. Jamaica
    a country on the island of Jamaica
    The first steam-propelled machine was installed in Jamaica in 1769.
  186. industry
    the action of making of goods and services for sale
    Egypt was the first nation to develop the cane-sugar industry and trade.
  187. area
    the extent of a two-dimensional surface within a boundary
    Over the centuries the area attracted many different settlers, notably Phoenicians, Romans, and Arabs.
  188. technique
    a practical method or art applied to some particular task
    Nonetheless, it was in Cuba, not Spain, where the new techniques for the sugar industry were first used and subsequently exported to Spain.
  189. luxury
    something that is an indulgence rather than a necessity
    More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.
  190. coast
    the shore of a sea or ocean
    Salobreña became an alquería, an important plantation on the coast of Alvira.
  191. complex
    complicated in structure
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  192. solid
    not soft or yielding to pressure
    Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.
  193. rum
    liquor distilled from fermented molasses
    White sugar, widely used to make rum, can also be obtained from sugarcane by extracting it from the molasses.
  194. decline
    grow worse
    Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the colonial period.
  195. vertical
    at right angles to the plane of the horizon or a base line
    The original mills came from the mills used for corn and were followed by three-cylinder vertical ones moved by animal traction, water, or the wind.
  196. weighing
    careful consideration
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  197. leaf
    the collective amount of leaves of one or more plants
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  198. concentration
    the spatial property of being crowded together
    After the cane juice is extracted by the mills, it undergoes the processes of clarification, concentration, crystallization and centrifuging, all of which are similar to the process for beet sugar.
  199. go into
    to come or go into
    Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the colonial period.
  200. output
    production of a certain amount
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  201. use
    put into service
    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.
  202. improvement
    the act of making something better
    Mills have undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure regulation, cutters, and shredders.
  203. notably
    especially; in particular
    Over the centuries the area attracted many different settlers, notably Phoenicians, Romans, and Arabs.
  204. main
    most important element
    Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.
  205. fisherman
    someone whose occupation is catching fish
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  206. Middle East
    the area around the eastern Mediterranean
    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.
  207. widely
    to a great degree
    Now there will be no mills to crush the sugarcane grown in this country, although sugar is widely appreciated for its qualities and used in cooking and confectionary.
  208. export
    sell or transfer abroad
    Nonetheless, it was in Cuba, not Spain, where the new techniques for the sugar industry were first used and subsequently exported to Spain.
  209. setting
    the physical position of something
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  210. intervention
    the act of putting something between two things
    Two generals under Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is produced without the intervention of bees”.
  211. Persia
    a theocratic Islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient empire that was known as Persia until 1935; rich in oil
    Certainly it was made in Persia towards the year 500 AD.
  212. lime
    the green acidic fruit of any of various lime trees
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  213. import
    bring in from abroad
    Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.
  214. imported
    purchased from a foreign source
    Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.
  215. used
    previously owned by another
    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.
  216. tank
    a large vessel for holding gases or liquids
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  217. century
    a period of 100 years
    The first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.
  218. weigh
    have a certain heft
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  219. 17th
    coming next after the sixteenth in position
    In the 17th and 18th centuries it was replaced by cotton.
  220. operate
    perform as expected when applied
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in ...
  221. 5th
    coming next after the fourth and just before the sixth in position
    The first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.
  222. coal
    fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  223. chimney
    vertical flue carrying smoke through the wall of a building
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  224. boom
    a deep prolonged loud noise
    After the boom, sugarcane went into decline and was replaced by sugar beets.
  225. period
    an amount of time
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  226. conquer
    take possession of by force, as after an invasion
    Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.
  227. producer
    someone who manufactures something
    The sugar produced on the coast of Granada province during the Arab period was much appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became famous.
  228. regulation
    the act of bringing to uniformity
    Mills have undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure regulation, cutters, and shredders.
  229. 19th
    coming next after the eighteenth in position
    In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production increased due to the huge demand for sugar.
  230. castle
    a large building formerly occupied by a ruler and fortified against attack
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle<...
  231. data
    a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn
    These and other data indicate that the wild plant was originally from the north of India.
  232. concentrated
    gathered together or made less diffuse
    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.
  233. lay
    put into a certain place
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  234. ripe
    fully developed or matured and ready to be eaten or used
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  235. cooked
    having been prepared for eating by the application of heat
    Finally, the sugar is cooked until it crystallizes and turns into the brown sugar we are familiar with today.
  236. heat
    a form of energy transferred by a difference in temperature
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  237. non
    negation of a word or group of words
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  238. basic
    reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible
    In the late 18th century, Smeaton invented the current system of trapiches, or three-cylinder mills, the basic machinery of the cane-sugar industry.
  239. bee
    a hairy-bodied insect including social and solitary species
    Two generals under Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is produced without the intervention of bees”.
  240. activity
    any specific behavior
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  241. irregular
    not level or flat or symmetrical
    Cane has an irregular shape so it cannot be conveyed by the hydraulic means used in sugar beet silos.
  242. entire
    constituting the full quantity or extent; complete
    The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making process.
  243. currently
    at this time or period
    The history of the Tropical Coast, as the Salobreña region is currently known, goes back thousands of years.
  244. Columbus
    Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
    Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.
  245. cultivation
    production of food by preparing the land to grow crops
    The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making process.
  246. feeding
    the act of consuming food
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in ...
  247. attract
    exert a force on
    Over the centuries the area attracted many different settlers, notably Phoenicians, Romans, and Arabs.
  248. Egypt
    a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC
    Egypt was the first nation to develop the cane-sugar industry and trade.
  249. Christopher
    Christian martyr and patron saint of travellers
    Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.
  250. favourable
    encouraging or approving or pleasing
    Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the colonial period.
  251. colonial
    relating to a body of people who settle far from home
    Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the colonial period.
  252. tip
    the extreme end of something, especially something pointed
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  253. shift
    move very slightly
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in ...
  254. Cuba
    the largest island in the West Indies
    Nonetheless, it was in Cuba, not Spain, where the new techniques for the sugar industry were first used and subsequently exported to Spain.
  255. convey
    transmit or serve as the medium for transmission
    Cane has an irregular shape so it cannot be conveyed by the hydraulic means used in sugar beet silos.
  256. controlled
    restrained or managed or kept within certain bounds
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  257. obtain
    come into possession of
    Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.
  258. peoples
    the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  259. encourage
    inspire with confidence
    The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making process.
  260. cooking
    the act of preparing something by the application of heat
    Now there will be no mills to crush the sugarcane grown in this country, although sugar is widely appreciated for its qualities and used in cooking and confectionary.
  261. strip
    take off or remove
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  262. honey
    a sweet yellow liquid produced by bees
    Two generals under Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is produced without the intervention of bees”.
  263. control
    power to direct or determine
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  264. brown
    of a color similar to that of wood or earth
    Finally, the sugar is cooked until it crystallizes and turns into the brown sugar we are familiar with today.
  265. separate
    standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  266. introduce
    bring something new to an environment
    The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.
  267. chemical
    produced by reactions involving atomic or molecular changes
    Large quantities of colloidal substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the chemical clarification process much more difficult.
  268. legend
    a story about mythical or supernatural beings or events
    The first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.
  269. curiously
    in a manner differing from the usual or expected
    Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.
  270. crop
    a cultivated plant that is grown commercially
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  271. East
    the countries of Asia
    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.
  272. employ
    put into service
    A great many sugarcane mills were built and employed the most advanced technology of the day, such as steam machines.
  273. be well
    be healthy; feel good
    Transport needs to be well organised, for the Salobreña area has no railway.
  274. known
    apprehended with certainty
    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.
  275. system
    a group of independent elements comprising a unified whole
    In the late 18th century, Smeaton invented the current system of trapiches, or three-cylinder mills, the basic machinery of the cane-sugar industry.
  276. traditional
    consisting of or derived from a practice of long standing
    Making sugar from sugarcane is a laborious process done by traditional methods.
  277. electricity
    a physical phenomenon that can produce light, heat and power
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  278. move
    change location
    It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.
  279. loaded
    filled with a great quantity
    It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.
  280. grown
    (of animals) fully developed
    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.
  281. sand
    a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral
    In Sanskrit, the root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.
  282. neighbourhood
    a surrounding or nearby region
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  283. encouraged
    inspired with confidence
    The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making process.
  284. privilege
    a special advantage or benefit not enjoyed by all
    In those days sugar was a luxury item for the privileged few, and for medicinal purposes.
  285. develop
    progress or evolve through a process of natural growth
    Egypt was the first nation to develop the cane-sugar industry and trade.
  286. confused
    unable to think with clarity or act intelligently
    Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.
  287. Europe
    the 2nd smallest continent
    Two generals under Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is produced without the intervention of bees”.
  288. mainly
    for the most part
    More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.
  289. prior
    earlier in time
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  290. tie
    fasten or secure with a rope, string, or cord
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  291. used to
    in the habit
    White sugar, widely used to make rum, can also be obtained from sugarcane by extracting it from the molasses.
  292. preparation
    setting in order in advance some act or purpose
    More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.
  293. combination
    the act of bringing things together to form a new whole
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  294. machinery
    mechanical or electrical devices collectively
    In the late 18th century, Smeaton invented the current system of trapiches, or three-cylinder mills, the basic machinery of the cane-sugar industry.
  295. Romans
    a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58
    Over the centuries the area attracted many different settlers, notably Phoenicians, Romans, and Arabs.
  296. cease
    put an end to a state or an activity
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  297. grow
    increase in size by natural process
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  298. ready
    completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress
    The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.
  299. season
    one of the natural periods into which the year is divided by the equinoxes and solstices or atmospheric conditions
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  300. root
    underground plant organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes
    In Sanskrit, the root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.
  301. prosperity
    the condition of having good fortune
    In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production increased due to the huge demand for sugar.
  302. clock
    a timepiece that shows the time of day
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in ...
  303. increase
    a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous
    In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production increased due to the huge demand for sugar.
  304. other than
    in another and different manner
    The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.
  305. chapel
    a place of worship that has its own altar
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, r...
  306. animal
    a living organism characterized by voluntary movement
    The original mills came from the mills used for corn and were followed by three-cylinder vertical ones moved by animal traction, water, or the wind.
  307. perform
    get done
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  308. originally
    with reference to the origin or beginning
    These and other data indicate that the wild plant was originally from the north of India.
  309. growing
    relating to or suitable for growth
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  310. sweet
    having or denoting the characteristic taste of sugar
    It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’ task with a few simple mills.
  311. today
    on this day as distinct from yesterday or tomorrow
    Finally, the sugar is cooked until it crystallizes and turns into the brown sugar we are familiar with today.
  312. railway
    line that is the commercial organization responsible for operating a system of transportation for trains that pull passengers or freight
    Transport needs to be well organised, for the Salobreña area has no railway.
  313. work in
    add by mixing or blending on or attaching
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  314. element
    a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  315. making
    the act that results in something coming to be
    The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making process.
  316. feed
    provide as food
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in ...
  317. modern
    ahead of the times
    Over the years, older machines were replaced by modern ones until none of the machines used in the original facilities remained.
  318. settle
    become resolved, fixed, established, or quiet
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  319. original
    preceding all others in time
    Over the years, older machines were replaced by modern ones until none of the machines used in the original facilities remained.
  320. scale
    an ordered reference standard
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  321. hang
    cause to be hanging or suspended
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, r...
  322. remove
    take something away as by lifting, pushing, or taking off
    In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.
  323. set
    put into a certain place or abstract location
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  324. oil
    a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  325. come out
    appear or become visible; make a showing
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  326. substance
    the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists
    Large quantities of colloidal substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the chemical clarification process much more difficult.
  327. technology
    the practical application of science to commerce or industry
    A great many sugarcane mills were built and employed the most advanced technology of the day, such as steam machines.
  328. fire
    the process of combustion of inflammable materials
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  329. flame
    combustion of materials producing heat and light and smoke
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  330. industrial
    of or relating to commercial enterprise
    The cane-sugar company in Salobreña, Nuestra Señora del Rosario, Ltd., always ready to introduce modern industrial improvements, was the first mill to use bagasse to produce cellulose and its derivatives, that is, for purposes other than heating.
  331. go out
    move out of or depart from
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  332. first
    preceding all others in time or space or degree
    The first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.
  333. entering
    the act of entering
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, r...
  334. more or less
    (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct
    More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.
  335. historical
    of or relating to the study of recorded time
    The first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.
  336. hill
    a local and well-defined elevation of the land
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  337. cotton
    a bushy mallow plant bearing bolls with fibers used to make fabric
    In the 17th and 18th centuries it was replaced by cotton.
  338. view
    the visual percept of a region
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  339. built
    having a substance added to increase effectiveness
    The latter encouraged sugarcane cultivation in the area and built the first trapiches or sugarcane mills (later known as ingenios), thus originating the entire sugar-making process.
  340. Alexander
    king of Macedon
    Two generals under Alexander the Great were the first to bring news to Europe that “in the East there are plants from which honey is produced without the intervention of bees”.
  341. climate
    the weather in some location averaged over a period of time
    Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the colonial period.
  342. go back
    return in thought or speech to something
    The history of the Tropical Coast, as the Salobreña region is currently known, goes back thousands of years.
  343. pipe
    a hollow cylindrical shape
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  344. late
    at or toward an end or late period or stage of development
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  345. elements
    violent or severe weather
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  346. next
    immediately following in time or order
    Next, it is crushed in mills to extract the juice (guarapo), called molasses.
  347. formerly
    at a previous time
    It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’ task with a few simple mills.
  348. province
    the territory in an administrative district of a nation
    The sugar produced on the coast of Granada province during the Arab period was much appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became famous.
  349. voyage
    a journey to some distant place
    Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.
  350. tied
    bound or secured closely
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  351. reference
    the act of consulting
    The first historical references to sugarcane are to be found in certain Buddhist legends from the 5th century BC.
  352. shape
    a perceptual structure
    Cane has an irregular shape so it cannot be conveyed by the hydraulic means used in sugar beet silos.
  353. quantity
    how much there is or how many there are of something
    Large quantities of colloidal substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the chemical clarification process much more difficult.
  354. corn
    tall annual cereal grass bearing kernels on large ears: widely cultivated in America in many varieties; the principal cereal in Mexico and Central and South America since pre-Columbian times
    The original mills came from the mills used for corn and were followed by three-cylinder vertical ones moved by animal traction, water, or the wind.
  355. China
    a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world
    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.
  356. word
    a unit of language that native speakers can identify
    In Sanskrit, the root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.
  357. Latin
    any dialect of the language of ancient Rome
    Curiously, Latin American countries, now the main growers of sugarcane, did not know the plant until Christopher Columbus took it there in his second voyage in 1494.
  358. operations
    financial transactions at a brokerage
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  359. More
    English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded; recalled for his concept of Utopia, the ideal state
    More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.
  360. operation
    process or manner of functioning
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  361. origin
    the place where something begins
    In Sanskrit, the root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.
  362. require
    have need of
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  363. know
    be cognizant or aware of a fact or a piece of information
    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.
  364. make
    perform or carry out
    Certainly it was made in Persia towards the year 500 AD.
  365. year
    the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun
    Certainly it was made in Persia towards the year 500 AD.
  366. constant
    uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  367. Man
    one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  368. entrance
    something that provides access to get in
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, r...
  369. wind
    air moving from high pressure to low pressure
    The original mills came from the mills used for corn and were followed by three-cylinder vertical ones moved by animal traction, water, or the wind.
  370. build
    make by combining materials and parts
    View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The calm after the storm of activity
    ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The distillery building


  371. cool
    neither warm nor very cold; giving relief from heat
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  372. getting
    the act of acquiring something
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  373. 500
    the cardinal number that is the product of one hundred and five
    Certainly it was made in Persia towards the year 500 AD.
  374. purpose
    what something is used for
    In those days sugar was a luxury item for the privileged few, and for medicinal purposes.
  375. burning
    a process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  376. older
    advanced in years; (`aged' is pronounced as two syllables)
    Over the years, older machines were replaced by modern ones until none of the machines used in the original facilities remained.
  377. gradually
    in a gradual manner
    Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the colonial period.
  378. pressure
    the act of putting pressure on something
    Mills have undergone many improvements over the years, with hydraulic pressure regulation, cutters, and shredders.
  379. make it
    succeed in a big way; get to the top
    It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.
  380. north
    the direction corresponding to the northward cardinal compass point
    These and other data indicate that the wild plant was originally from the north of India.
  381. important
    significant in effect or meaning
    Salobreña became an alquería, an important plantation on the coast of Alvira.
  382. Christ
    a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29)
    Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.
  383. region
    the extended spatial location of something
    The history of the Tropical Coast, as the Salobreña region is currently known, goes back thousands of years.
  384. calm
    not agitated; without losing self-possession
    View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The calm after the storm of activity
    ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The distillery building


  385. bridge
    structure allowing passage across a river or other obstacle
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña cas...
  386. quality
    an essential and distinguishing attribute of something
    Now there will be no mills to crush the sugarcane grown in this country, although sugar is widely appreciated for its qualities and used in cooking and confectionary.
  387. method
    a way of doing something, especially a systematic way
    Making sugar from sugarcane is a laborious process done by traditional methods.
  388. type
    a subdivision of a particular kind of thing
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  389. employed
    having your services engaged for
    A great many sugarcane mills were built and employed the most advanced technology of the day, such as steam machines.
  390. nation
    a politically organized body of people under a government
    Egypt was the first nation to develop the cane-sugar industry and trade.
  391. rapidly
    with quick movements
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  392. production
    the act or process of making something
    In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production increased due to the huge demand for sugar.
  393. demand
    request urgently and forcefully
    In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production increased due to the huge demand for sugar.
  394. date
    the specified day of the month
    Plantations on the Iberian Peninsula date back to 711, when the Arabs conquered the Iberian Peninsula and imported sugarcane from Egypt.
  395. advanced
    situated ahead or going before
    A great many sugarcane mills were built and employed the most advanced technology of the day, such as steam machines.
  396. task
    any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted
    It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’ task with a few simple mills.
  397. lie
    be prostrate; be in a horizontal position
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  398. removed
    separate or apart in time, space, or character
    In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.
  399. storm
    a violent weather condition with winds 64-72 knots (11 on the Beaufort scale) and precipitation and thunder and lightning
    View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The calm after the storm of activity
    ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The distillery building


  400. using
    an act that exploits or victimizes someone
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  401. clear
    readily apparent to the mind
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  402. gate
    a movable barrier in a fence or wall
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  403. advance
    move forward
    A great many sugarcane mills were built and employed the most advanced technology of the day, such as steam machines.
  404. Chinese
    of or pertaining to China or its peoples or cultures
    Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.
  405. White
    a member of the Caucasoid race
    White sugar, widely used to make rum, can also be obtained from sugarcane by extracting it from the molasses.
  406. familiar
    a friend who is frequently in the company of another
    Finally, the sugar is cooked until it crystallizes and turns into the brown sugar we are familiar with today.
  407. out
    moving or appearing to move away from a place, especially one that is enclosed or hidden
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  408. needs
    in such a manner as could not be otherwise
    Transport needs to be well organised, for the Salobreña area has no railway.
  409. huge
    unusually great in amount or degree or extent or scope
    In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production increased due to the huge demand for sugar.
  410. moving
    in motion
    It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.
  411. Roman
    relating to or characteristic of people of Rome
    Over the centuries the area attracted many different settlers, notably Phoenicians, Romans, and Arabs.
  412. famous
    widely known and esteemed
    The sugar produced on the coast of Granada province during the Arab period was much appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became famous.
  413. pure
    free of extraneous elements of any kind
    More or less pure crystallized sucrose, known as kandi sefid, was a luxury item used mainly for medicinal preparations.
  414. European
    of or relating to or characteristic of Europe
    In Sanskrit, the root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.
  415. increased
    made greater in size or amount or degree
    In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production increased due to the huge demand for sugar.
  416. settled
    established in a desired position or place; not moving about
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  417. India
    a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia
    These and other data indicate that the wild plant was originally from the north of India.
  418. throughout
    from first to last
    The sugar produced on the coast of Granada province during the Arab period was much appreciated throughout Europe and some master cane-sugar producers became famous.
  419. current
    occurring in or belonging to the present time
    In the late 18th century, Smeaton invented the current system of trapiches, or three-cylinder mills, the basic machinery of the cane-sugar industry.
  420. recent
    of the immediate past or just previous to the present time
    In more recent years, a diffuser is used to increase extraction from bagasse, the residual cane fibre after the juice is removed.
  421. Old
    of a very early stage in development
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  422. clothes
    apparel in general
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, r...
  423. spread
    distribute or disperse widely
    Sugarcane spread very quickly in the favourable climate, whereas in Spain the sugar industry gradually went into decline during the colonial period.
  424. lose
    fail to keep or to maintain
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  425. begin
    set in motion, cause to start
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  426. history
    a record or narrative description of past events
    The history of the Tropical Coast, as the Salobreña region is currently known, goes back thousands of years.
  427. lying
    the deliberate act of deviating from the truth
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  428. fully
    to the greatest degree or extent; completely or entirely;
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  429. dry
    free from liquid or moisture
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  430. opening
    an open or empty space in or between things
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  431. inside
    relating to or being on the side closer to the center or within a defined space
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, r...
  432. content
    satisfied or showing satisfaction with things as they are
    The harvest operations of the corta, cutting the cane; monda, cane stripping and non-sweet tip; and conducción or haulage to the processing plant must be performed rapidly; once cut, the cane hardens and begins to lose its sugar content.
  433. stage
    any distinct time period in a sequence of events
    It is loaded by hand or crane onto a moving table that takes it to the first stage of the process: the cutting machine, where it is cut into chips to make it easier for the mills to crush it.
  434. born
    brought into existence
    Solid sugar was obtained from the juice; although some confused data seem to indicate that it was known to the Chinese long before Christ was born.
  435. mountain
    a land mass that projects well above its surroundings
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  436. quick
    moving rapidly and lightly
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  437. close
    at or within a short distance in space or time
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from ...
  438. last
    coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining
    The Azucarera del Guadalfeo factory in Salobraeña was the last cane-sugar factory left in Europe.
  439. later
    happening at a time subsequent to a reference time
    In the Neolithic Period it was populated by semi-nomad peoples and later by the Phoenicians, who settled in Salobreña (Sagalvina) first and subsequently in Almuñecar (Xexi).
  440. become
    come into existence
    Salobreña became an alquería, an important plantation on the coast of Alvira.
  441. after
    happening at a time subsequent to a reference time
    After the boom, sugarcane went into decline and was replaced by sugar beets.
  442. series
    similar things placed in order or one after another
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  443. enter
    to come or go into
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, r...
  444. break
    destroy the integrity of
    ­
    ­ Azucarera del Guadalfeo, “Antiguo Ingenio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario”, founded in 1860; to the right, La Caleta, with the Mediterranean in the background, Salobreña, Granada
    ­
    ­ A plantation of sugarcane growing in the fertile lowlands of Salobreña, Granada
    ­ The front line of sugarcane, tied together to withstand the wind
    ­ A close-up of ripe sugarcane ready for cutting
    ­ The fertile lowlands and Sierra Nevada mountains, Salobreña, Granada
    ­ Sugarcane close-up
    ­ A view from the Azu...
  445. similar
    having the same or nearly the same characteristics
    After the cane juice is extracted by the mills, it undergoes the processes of clarification, concentration, crystallization and centrifuging, all of which are similar to the process for beet sugar.
  446. years
    a prolonged period of time
    The history of the Tropical Coast, as the Salobreña region is currently known, goes back thousands of years.
  447. several
    of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many
    These are the ratoons left for the next season after cutting the cane
    ­ Bridge crane with a hydraulic cylinder that perforates the truckload to take samples (rupro) of the sugarcane
    ­ Control of sugarcane samples and weighing scales
    ­ Mill yard, where the freshly cut cane is unloaded
    ­ Truck unloading cane
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane and truck unloading it in the mill yard
    ­ Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane in the mill yard to dump it on the conveyor, and Salobreña castle in ...
  448. sun
    the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system
    View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The calm after the storm of activity
    ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The distillery building


  449. day
    time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis
    In those days sugar was a luxury item for the privileged few, and for medicinal purposes.
  450. hot
    having a high or higher than desirable temperature
    The bagasse, or squeezed cane that comes out of the last mill is automatically transported to the factory’s depots, which are separate from the coal and fuel oil tanks, and used to produce a quick, hot flame.
  451. perfect
    being complete of its kind and without defect or blemish
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  452. building
    the act of constructing something
    View of Azucarera del Guadalfeo from La Caleta, Salobreña, Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The calm after the storm of activity
    ­ The sun sets for the last time on the sugarcane on the Tropical Coast of Granada, Andalusia, Spain
    ­ The distillery building


  453. along
    in line with a length or direction
    The area of low-lying fertile land along the coast was perfect for growing sugarcane, a tropical crop that requires the right combination of heat and humidity.
  454. working
    a mine or quarry that is being or has been worked
    Forklift tractor gathering sugarcane, in the mill yard, to dump them onto the conveyor
    ­ The cane-sugar factory also has a chapel
    ­ The former entrance to the cane-sugar factory, on the inside and outside, where the workers during the harvesting season hung out their clothes
    ­ The steam machine that moves the mills that crush the sugarcane
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher
    ­ The main warehouse where the sugarcane is crushed
    ­ The main sugarcane crusher; cane entering the crusher
    ­ Mills, rollers ...
  455. trade
    the commercial exchange of goods and services
    Egypt was the first nation to develop the cane-sugar industry and trade.
  456. difficult
    requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish
    Large quantities of colloidal substances are extracted along with the remnant of juice, making the chemical clarification process much more difficult.
  457. due
    that which is deserved or owed
    In the 19th century Spain knew a period of prosperity and production increased due to the huge demand for sugar.
  458. remain
    continue in a place, position, or situation
    Over the years, older machines were replaced by modern ones until none of the machines used in the original facilities remained.
  459. language
    a means of communicating by the use of sounds or symbols
    In Sanskrit, the root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.
  460. middle
    an area that is approximately central within some larger region
    From there it was grown in China and what is now known as the Middle East where only its juice, either natural or concentrated, was used.
  461. simple
    having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved
    It was during this period that the sugar factory known as Azucarera del Guadalfeo, formerly Nuestra Señora del Rosario, in Salobreña (Granada) first started its ‘sweet’ task with a few simple mills.
  462. many
    a large number of the persons or things being discussed
    In Sanskrit, the root of so many European words, the word for sugar was sarkara (fine sand), the origin of the word for sugar in every language.
Created on Fri Apr 15 13:30:14 EDT 2011

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