Chemistry @ WA

Foundational Chemistry Vocabulary

Elements and their symbols (must have memorized in the first week of school)

Elements and their symbols (must have memorized in the first week of school)

Chemistry—the science that deals with the materials of the universe and the changes that these materials undergo.

Chemistry—the science that deals with the materials of the universe and the changes that these materials undergo.

Chemistry—the science that deals with the materials of the universe and the changes that these materials undergo.

Scientific Method—a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations, forming laws and theories, and testing theories by experimentation.

Scientific Method—a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations, forming laws and theories, and testing theories by experimentation.

Scientific Method—a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations, forming laws and theories, and testing theories by experimentation.

Scientific Method—a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations, forming laws and theories, and testing theories by experimentation.

Scientific Method—a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations, forming laws and theories, and testing theories by experimentation.

Scientific Method—a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations, forming laws and theories, and testing theories by experimentation.

Scientific Method—a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations, forming laws and theories, and testing theories by experimentation.

Measurement—a quantitative observation, involves a number and a unit

Measurement—a quantitative observation, involves a number and a unit

Theory—a set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some part of nature

Theory—a set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some part of nature

Theory—a set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some part of nature

Natural Law—a statement that expresses generally observed behavior

Natural Law—a statement that expresses generally observed behavior

Atom – the fundamental unit of which elements are composed

Atom – the fundamental unit of which elements are composed

Atom – the fundamental unit of which elements are composed

Compound- a substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes

Compound- a substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes

Compound- a substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes

Compound- a substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes

Compound- a substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes

Molecule- a bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same element of different elements

Molecule- a bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same element of different elements

Molecule- a bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same element of different elements

Element- a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.

Element- a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.

Element- a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.

It consists of atoms all having the same atomic number.

Graphite- carbon based: material that makes up pencil “lead”

Solid- one of the three states of matter; has a fixed shape and volume

Solid- one of the three states of matter; has a fixed shape and volume

Liquid- one of the three states of matter; has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container

Physical Properties- a characteristic of a substance that can change without the substance becoming a different substance.

Physical Properties- a characteristic of a substance that can change without the substance becoming a different substance.

Chemical Properties- the ability of a substance to change to a different substance

Chemical Change- the change of substances into other substances through a reorganization of the atoms; a chemical reaction.

Reaction- involves a change in the fundamental components of the substance; a given substance changes into a different substance or substances

Mixture- a material of variable composition that contains two or more substances.

Mixture- a material of variable composition that contains two or more substances.

Mixture- a material of variable composition that contains two or more substances.

Alloy- a substance that contains a mixture of elements and has metallic properties.

Homogeneous Mixture- a mixture that is the same throughout; a solution

Homogeneous Mixture- a mixture that is the same throughout; a solution

Heterogeneous Mixture- a mixture that has different properties in different regions of the mixture.

Heterogeneous Mixture- a mixture that has different properties in different regions of the mixture.

Distillation- a method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components.

Distillation- a method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components.

Distillation- a method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components.

Distillation- a method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components.

Distillation- a method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components.

Element Symbols—abbreviations for the chemical elements

Law of Constant Composition—a given compound always contains elements in exactly the same proportion by mass

Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms.

All atoms of a given element are identical.

Chemical Formula—a representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show the relative numbers of atoms

Chemical Formula—a representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show the relative numbers of atoms

Chemical Formula—a representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show the relative numbers of atoms

Chemical Formula—a representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show the relative numbers of atoms

Electron—a negatively charged particle that occupies the space around the nucleus of an atom

Electron—a negatively charged particle that occupies the space around the nucleus of an atom

Electron—a negatively charged particle that occupies the space around the nucleus of an atom

Nuclear Atom—the modern concept of the atom as having a dense center of positive charge (the nucleus) and electrons moving around the outside

Nuclear Atom—the modern concept of the atom as having a dense center of positive charge (the nucleus) and electrons moving around the outside

Nuclear Atom—the modern concept of the atom as having a dense center of positive charge (the nucleus) and electrons moving around the outside

Nuclear Atom—the modern concept of the atom as having a dense center of positive charge (the nucleus) and electrons moving around the outside

Nuclear Atom—the modern concept of the atom as having a dense center of positive charge (the nucleus) and electrons moving around the outside

Nuclear Atom—the modern concept of the atom as having a dense center of positive charge (the nucleus) and electrons moving around the outside

Neutron—neutral particle contained in the nucleus of the particle, slightly more massive than a proton but has no charge.

Neutron—neutral particle contained in the nucleus of the particle, slightly more massive than a proton but has no charge.

Neutron—neutral particle contained in the nucleus of the particle, slightly more massive than a proton but has no charge.

Isotopes—atoms of the same element (the same number of protons) that have different numbers of neutrons.

Atomic Number—the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; each element has a unique atomic number

Periodic Table—a chart showing all the elements arranged in columns in such a way that all the elements in a given column exhibit similar chemical properties

Periodic Table—a chart showing all the elements arranged in columns in such a way that all the elements in a given column exhibit similar chemical properties

Periodic Table—a chart showing all the elements arranged in columns in such a way that all the elements in a given column exhibit similar chemical properties

Periodic Table—a chart showing all the elements arranged in columns in such a way that all the elements in a given column exhibit similar chemical properties

Periodic Table—a chart showing all the elements arranged in columns in such a way that all the elements in a given column exhibit similar chemical properties

Periodic Table—a chart showing all the elements arranged in columns in such a way that all the elements in a given column exhibit similar chemical properties

Groups (of the periodic table)—a vertical column of elements having the same valence electron configuration and similar chemical properties.

Groups (of the periodic table)—a vertical column of elements having the same valence electron configuration and similar chemical properties.

Noble Gases—a group 8 element (last column on right on the periodic table)

Transition Metals—several series of elements in which inner orbitals (d or f orbitals) are being filled.

Transition Metals—several series of elements in which inner orbitals (d or f orbitals) are being filled.

Metal—an element that gives up electrons relatively easily and is typically lustrous, malleable, and a good conductor of heat and electricity.

Metal—an element that gives up electrons relatively easily and is typically lustrous, malleable, and a good conductor of heat and electricity.

Metal—an element that gives up electrons relatively easily and is typically lustrous, malleable, and a good conductor of heat and electricity.

Metal—an element that gives up electrons relatively easily and is typically lustrous, malleable, and a good conductor of heat and electricity.

Chemically, a typical nonmetal accepts electrons from a metal.

Ion—an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge.

Ion—an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge.

Ionic Compound—a compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form cations and anions.

Binary Compound- a two-element compound

Oxyanion- several series of polyatomic anions exist that contain an atom of a given element and different numbers of oxygen atoms

Acid- a substance that produces hydrogen ions in aqueous solution; a proton donor.

Scientific Notation—expresses a number in the form n x 10^m; a convenient method for representing a very large or very small number and for easily indication the number of significant figures.

Scientific Notation—expresses a number in the form n x 10^m; a convenient method for representing a very large or very small number and for easily indication the number of significant figures.

Scientific Notation—expresses a number in the form n x 10^m; a convenient method for representing a very large or very small number and for easily indication the number of significant figures.

Scientific Notation—expresses a number in the form n x 10^m; a convenient method for representing a very large or very small number and for easily indication the number of significant figures.

Scientific Notation—expresses a number in the form n x 10^m; a convenient method for representing a very large or very small number and for easily indication the number of significant figures.

Units—tells us what scale or standard is being used to represent the results of the measurement.

Units—tells us what scale or standard is being used to represent the results of the measurement.

Metric System—units system used in most of the industrialized world.

It is preferred for scientific work.

SI Units—International System of units based on the metric system and on units derived from the metric system.

SI Units—International System of units based on the metric system and on units derived from the metric system.

Gram—the prefixes for various mass units are based on the gram.1/1000 of a kilogram.

Mass—the quantity of matter in an object

Mass—the quantity of matter in an object

Conversion Factor—a ratio of the two parts of the statement that relates the two units.

Conversion Factor—a ratio of the two parts of the statement that relates the two units.

Conversion Factor—a ratio of the two parts of the statement that relates the two units.

Conversion Factor—a ratio of the two parts of the statement that relates the two units.

Equivalence Statement—equivalents between the English and metric systems

Equivalence Statement—equivalents between the English and metric systems

Dimensional Analysis—changing from one unit to another via conversion factors (based on the equivalence statements between the units)

Fahrenheit Scale—temperature scale widely used in the United States and Great Britain, and it is the scale employed in most of the engineering sciences.

Fahrenheit Scale—temperature scale widely used in the United States and Great Britain, and it is the scale employed in most of the engineering sciences.

Fahrenheit Scale—temperature scale widely used in the United States and Great Britain, and it is the scale employed in most of the engineering sciences.

Density—a property of matter representing the mass per unit volume

Specific Gravity—the ratio of the density of a given liquid to the density of water at 4 degrees Celsius.

Specific Gravity—the ratio of the density of a given liquid to the density of water at 4 degrees Celsius.

Specific Gravity—the ratio of the density of a given liquid to the density of water at 4 degrees Celsius.

Average Atomic Mass- average mass of an element

Mole- the number equal to the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure 12C: Avogadro’s number.

Mass Percent- the percent by mass of a component of a mixture or of a given element in a compound

Empirical Formula- the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound

Molecular Formula- the exact formula of a molecule, giving the types of atoms and the number of each type

Chemical Equation—a representation of a chemical reaction showing the relative numbers of reactant and product molecules

Chemical Equation—a representation of a chemical reaction showing the relative numbers of reactant and product molecules

Balancing a Chemical Equation—there must be the same number of each type of atom on the product side as on the reactant side of the arrow.

Coefficient—the accepted convention is that the “best” balanced equation is the one with the smallest integers (whole numbers).

Coefficient—the accepted convention is that the “best” balanced equation is the one with the smallest integers (whole numbers).

Coefficient—the accepted convention is that the “best” balanced equation is the one with the smallest integers (whole numbers).

Precipitation- the formation of a solid; one driving force for a chemical reaction

Precipitation Reaction- a reaction in which an insoluble substance forms and separates from the solution as a solid.

Strong Electrolyte- a material that, when dissolved in water, dissociates (ionizes) completely and gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently

Strong Electrolyte- a material that, when dissolved in water, dissociates (ionizes) completely and gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently

Strong Electrolyte- a material that, when dissolved in water, dissociates (ionizes) completely and gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently

Strong Electrolyte- a material that, when dissolved in water, dissociates (ionizes) completely and gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently

Strong Electrolyte- a material that, when dissolved in water, dissociates (ionizes) completely and gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently

Soluble Solid-a solid that readily dissolves in water

Complete Ionic Equation- an equation that shows as ions all substances that are strong electrolytes.

Spectator Ions- ions present in solution that do not participate directly in a reaction.

Spectator Ions- ions present in solution that do not participate directly in a reaction.

Net Ionic Equation- an equation for a reaction in solution, representing strong electrolytes as ions and showing only those components that are directly involved in the chemical change.

Oxidation Reduction Reaction- a reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred

Oxidation Reduction Reaction- a reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred

Oxidation Reduction Reaction- a reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred

Combustion Reaction- the vigorous and exothermic oxidation-reduction reaction that takes place between certain substances (particularly organic compounds) and oxygen

Combustion Reaction- the vigorous and exothermic oxidation-reduction reaction that takes place between certain substances (particularly organic compounds) and oxygen

Combustion Reaction- the vigorous and exothermic oxidation-reduction reaction that takes place between certain substances (particularly organic compounds) and oxygen

Combustion Reaction- the vigorous and exothermic oxidation-reduction reaction that takes place between certain substances (particularly organic compounds) and oxygen

Synthesis Reaction- when a given compound is formed from simpler materials

Decomposition Reaction- when a compound is broken down into simpler compounds or all the way to the component elements.

Stoichiometry—the process of using a chemical equation to calculate the relative masses of reactants and products involved in a reaction

Limiting Reactant—the reactant that is completely consumed when a reaction is run to completion.

Limiting Reactant—the reactant that is completely consumed when a reaction is run to completion.

Limiting Reactant—the reactant that is completely consumed when a reaction is run to completion.

Theoretical Yield—the maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely consumed

Theoretical Yield—the maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely consumed

Theoretical Yield—the maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely consumed

Percent Yield—the actual yield of a product as a percentage of the theoretical yield

Energy—the capacity to do work or to cause the flow of heat

Energy—the capacity to do work or to cause the flow of heat

Law of Conservation of Energy—energy can be converted from one form to another but can be neither created nor destroyed.

Law of Conservation of Energy—energy can be converted from one form to another but can be neither created nor destroyed.

Law of Conservation of Energy—energy can be converted from one form to another but can be neither created nor destroyed.

Law of Conservation of Energy—energy can be converted from one form to another but can be neither created nor destroyed.

Potential energy—energy due to position of composition

Kinetic Energy—(1/2mv^2) energy due to the motion of an object; dependent on the mass of the object and the square of its velocity.

Kinetic Energy—(1/2mv^2) energy due to the motion of an object; dependent on the mass of the object and the square of its velocity.

Kinetic Energy—(1/2mv^2) energy due to the motion of an object; dependent on the mass of the object and the square of its velocity.

State Function—a property that is independent of the pathway.

State Function—a property that is independent of the pathway.

Temperature—measure of the random motions (average kinetic energy) of the components of a substance.

Temperature—measure of the random motions (average kinetic energy) of the components of a substance.

System—that part of the universe on which attention is to be focused.

System—that part of the universe on which attention is to be focused.

Surroundings—everything in the universe surrounding a thermodynamic system.

Endothermic—refers to a reaction in which energy (as heat) flows into a system

Thermodynamics—a study of energy and its interactions

Internal Energy—the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all components of an object.

Calorie—a unit of measurement for energy

Specific Heat Capacity—the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree.

Specific Heat Capacity—the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree.

Enthalpy—at constant pressure, the change in enthalpy equals the energy flow as heat.

Hess’ Law—in going from a particular set of reactants to a set of products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps.

Fossil Fuel—a fuel that consists of carbon-based molecules derived from decomposition of once-living organisms; coal, petroleum, or natural gas

Fossil Fuel—a fuel that consists of carbon-based molecules derived from decomposition of once-living organisms; coal, petroleum, or natural gas

Fossil Fuel—a fuel that consists of carbon-based molecules derived from decomposition of once-living organisms; coal, petroleum, or natural gas

Natural Gas—consists of mostly methane and is associated with petroleum deposits

Coal—formed from the remains of plants that were buried and subjected to high pressure and heat over long periods of time.

Greenhouse Effect—a warming effect exerted by certain molecules in the earth’s atmosphere (particularly carbon dioxide and water)

Greenhouse Effect—a warming effect exerted by certain molecules in the earth’s atmosphere (particularly carbon dioxide and water)

Greenhouse Effect—a warming effect exerted by certain molecules in the earth’s atmosphere (particularly carbon dioxide and water)

Energy Spread—in a given process, concentrated energy is dispersed widely.

Energy Spread—in a given process, concentrated energy is dispersed widely.

Electromagnetic radiation—radiant energy that exhibits wave-like behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum.

Electromagnetic radiation—radiant energy that exhibits wave-like behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum.

Electromagnetic radiation—radiant energy that exhibits wave-like behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum.

Electromagnetic radiation—radiant energy that exhibits wave-like behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum.

Wavelength—the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave

Wavelength—the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave

Frequency—the number of waves (cycles) per second that pass a given point in space

Frequency—the number of waves (cycles) per second that pass a given point in space

Quantized energy level—only certain values of energy levels are allowed.

Quantized energy level—only certain values of energy levels are allowed.

Quantized energy level—only certain values of energy levels are allowed.

Wave mechanical model—general picture of this model

Wave mechanical model—general picture of this model

Orbital—a representation of the space occupied by an electron in an atom; the probability distribution for the electron.

Orbital—a representation of the space occupied by an electron in an atom; the probability distribution for the electron.

Principal energy levels—hydrogen atoms have discrete energy levels.

Principal energy levels—hydrogen atoms have discrete energy levels.

Pauli Exclusion Principle—an atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, and those two electrons must have opposite spins.

Pauli Exclusion Principle—an atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, and those two electrons must have opposite spins.

Pauli Exclusion Principle—an atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, and those two electrons must have opposite spins.

Orbital (box) diagram—orbitals are represented by boxes grouped by sublevel with small arrows indicating the electrons.

Valence electrons—the electrons in the outermost occupied principal quantum level of an atom

Core electron—an inner electron in an atom; one that is not in the outermost (valence) principal quantum level

Main-group (representative) elements—elements in the groups labeled 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, and 8 on the periodic table.

Main-group (representative) elements—elements in the groups labeled 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, and 8 on the periodic table.

Ionization energy—the quantity of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.

Ionic bonding- the attraction between oppositely charged ions

Ionic bonding- the attraction between oppositely charged ions

Polar covalent bond- a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally because one atom attracts them more strongly than the other.

Electronegativity – the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself

Lewis structure- a diagram of a molecule showing how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule

Duet rule- hydrogen atoms only require two electrons in a molecule to form a stable molecule

Octet rule- the observation that atoms of nonmetals form the most stable molecules when they are surrounded by eight electrons (to fill their valence orbitals)

Triple bond- a bond in which two atoms share three pairs of electrons

Resonance- a condition occurring when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule.

Resonance- a condition occurring when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule.

Resonance- a condition occurring when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule.

Resonance- a condition occurring when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule.

Linear structure- all atoms in a line (180 degrees between atoms)

Valence shell electron pair repulsion- a model the main postulate of which is that the structure around a given atom in a molecule is determined principally by the tendency to minimize electron-pair repulsions.

Valence shell electron pair repulsion- a model the main postulate of which is that the structure around a given atom in a molecule is determined principally by the tendency to minimize electron-pair repulsions.

Valence shell electron pair repulsion- a model the main postulate of which is that the structure around a given atom in a molecule is determined principally by the tendency to minimize electron-pair repulsions.

Valence shell electron pair repulsion- a model the main postulate of which is that the structure around a given atom in a molecule is determined principally by the tendency to minimize electron-pair repulsions.

Model- a set of assumptions put forth to explain the observed behavior of matter.

Model- a set of assumptions put forth to explain the observed behavior of matter.

The models of chemistry usually involve assumptions about the behavior of individual atoms or molecules.

Trigonal pyramid- the molecular structure of ammonia

Barometer—a device for measuring atmospheric pressure. mm Hg—millimeters of mercury

Barometer—a device for measuring atmospheric pressure. mm Hg—millimeters of mercury

Standard atmosphere—a related unit for pressure to torr, abbreviated as atm

Boyle’s law—the volume of a given sample of gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure.

Boyle’s law—the volume of a given sample of gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure.

Absolute zero—matter cannot be cooled to temperatures lower than -273 degrees Celsius.

Absolute zero—matter cannot be cooled to temperatures lower than -273 degrees Celsius.

Therefore, this temperature is defined as absolute zero on the Kelvin scale.

Charles’s law—the volume of a given sample of gas at constant pressures is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin

Universal gas constant—the combined proportionality constant in the ideal gas law; 0.08206 L atm/K mol, or 8.314 J/K mol.

Universal gas constant—the combined proportionality constant in the ideal gas law; 0.08206 L atm/K mol, or 8.314 J/K mol.

Universal gas constant—the combined proportionality constant in the ideal gas law; 0.08206 L atm/K mol, or 8.314 J/K mol.

This equation expresses behavior closely approached by real gases at high temperature and/or low pressure.

Ideal gas—a hypothetical gas that exactly obeys the ideal gas law.

Partial pressures—the independent pressures exerted by different gases in a mixture.

Kinetic molecular theory—a model that assumes that an ideal gas is composed of tiny particles (molecules) in constant motion.

London dispersion forces- the relatively weak forces, which exist among noble gas atoms and nonpolar molecules, that involve an accidental dipole that induces a momentary dipole in a neighbor.

London dispersion forces- the relatively weak forces, which exist among noble gas atoms and nonpolar molecules, that involve an accidental dipole that induces a momentary dipole in a neighbor.

London dispersion forces- the relatively weak forces, which exist among noble gas atoms and nonpolar molecules, that involve an accidental dipole that induces a momentary dipole in a neighbor.

Normal boiling point- the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is exactly one atmosphere; the boiling temperature under one atmosphere of pressure.

Normal boiling point- the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is exactly one atmosphere; the boiling temperature under one atmosphere of pressure.

Heating/cooling curve- a plot of temperature versus time for a substance, where energy is added at a constant rate.

Normal freezing point- the melting/freezing point of a solid at a total pressure of one atmosphere.

Molar heat of fusion- the energy required to melt 1 mol of a solid.

Molar heat of vaporization- the energy required to vaporize 1 mol of a liquid.

Vaporization (evaporation)- the change in state that occurs when a liquid evaporates to form a gas.

Vaporization (evaporation)- the change in state that occurs when a liquid evaporates to form a gas.

Condensation- the process by which vapor molecules reform a liquid.

Vapor pressure- the pressure of the vapor present at equilibrium with its liquid

Ionic solid- a solid containing cations and anions that dissolves in water to give a solution containing the separated ions, which are mobile and thus free to conduct an electric current.

Electron sea model- pictures a regular array of metal atoms in a “sea” of valence electrons that are shared among the atoms in a nondirectional way and that are quite mobile in the metal crystal.

Electron sea model- pictures a regular array of metal atoms in a “sea” of valence electrons that are shared among the atoms in a nondirectional way and that are quite mobile in the metal crystal.

Substitutional alloy- where some of the host metal atoms are replaced by other metal atoms of similar sizes

Substitutional alloy- where some of the host metal atoms are replaced by other metal atoms of similar sizes

Interstitial alloy- formed when some of the interstices (holes) among the closely packed metal atoms are occupied by atoms much smaller than the host atoms

Saturated—hydrocarbons whose carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds

Unsaturated—hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds

Structural isomerism—occurs when two molecules have the same atoms but different bonds

Substitution reaction—a reaction in which an atom, usually a halogen, replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon.

Dehydrogenation reaction—hydrogen atoms are removed and the product is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

Aromatic hydrocarbon—one of a special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is benzene.

Aromatic hydrocarbon—one of a special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is benzene.

It has formula C6H6, and a planar structure in which all of the bond angles are 120 degrees.

Functional group—an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon derivatives that contains elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen.

Alcohol—an organic compound in which the hydroxyl group is a substituent on a hydrocarbon.

Biotechonology- uses nature’s “machinery” to synthesize desired substances

Essential elements- the elements known to be essential to human life

Trace elements- metals present only in trace amounts in the human body

Cell- the smallest unit in living things that exhibits the properties normally associated with life; life is organized around the function of the cell

Cell- the smallest unit in living things that exhibits the properties normally associated with life; life is organized around the function of the cell

Protein- a natural polymer formed by condensation reactions between amino acids.

Fibrous protein- provide structural integrity and strength for many types of tissue and are the main components of muscle, hair, and cartilage.

Fibrous protein- provide structural integrity and strength for many types of tissue and are the main components of muscle, hair, and cartilage.

Fibrous protein- provide structural integrity and strength for many types of tissue and are the main components of muscle, hair, and cartilage.

Fibrous protein- provide structural integrity and strength for many types of tissue and are the main components of muscle, hair, and cartilage.

Globular protein- have roughly spherical shape, are the “worker” molecules of the body a-amino acid- an organic acid in which an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group are attached to the carbon atom next to the carboxyl group.

Globular protein- have roughly spherical shape, are the “worker” molecules of the body a-amino acid- an organic acid in which an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group are attached to the carbon atom next to the carboxyl group.

Primary structure- the order (sequence) of amino acids in the protein chain

Primary structure- the order (sequence) of amino acids in the protein chain

Secondary structure- the three dimensional structure of the protein chain (for example, a-helix, random coil, or pleated sheet). a-helix – the spiral staircase structure that gives the protein elasticity and is found in the fibrous proteins in wool, hair, and tendons

Secondary structure- the three dimensional structure of the protein chain (for example, a-helix, random coil, or pleated sheet). a-helix – the spiral staircase structure that gives the protein elasticity and is found in the fibrous proteins in wool, hair, and tendons

Tertiary Structure- the overall shape of a protein, long and narrow or globular, maintained by different types of intramolecular interactions.

Tertiary Structure- the overall shape of a protein, long and narrow or globular, maintained by different types of intramolecular interactions.

Tertiary Structure- the overall shape of a protein, long and narrow or globular, maintained by different types of intramolecular interactions.

Denaturation Enzyme-

Active Site-

Active Site-

Carbohydrate- a polyhydroxyl ketone or polyhydroxyl aldehyde or a polymer composed of these.

Starch- carbohydrate reservoir in plants

Starch- carbohydrate reservoir in plants

Cellulose- the major structural component of woody plants and natural fivers such as cotton; also a polymer of glucose

Deoxyribonucleic Acid- a huge nucleotide polymer having a double-helical structure with complementary bases on the two strands.

Its major functions are protein synthesis and the storage and transport of genetic information.

Its major functions are protein synthesis and the storage and transport of genetic information.

Ribonucleic Acid- RNA; DNA’s similar nucleic acids which are found in the cytoplasm outside the cell nucleus, and are much smaller than DNA polymers

Gene- a given segment of the DNA molecule that contains the code for a specific protein.

Gene- a given segment of the DNA molecule that contains the code for a specific protein.

Gene- a given segment of the DNA molecule that contains the code for a specific protein.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)- built in the cell nucleus, where a specific section of DNA is used as the pattern, mRNA then migrates from the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell, where, with the assistance of the ribosomes, the protein is synthesized.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)- built in the cell nucleus, where a specific section of DNA is used as the pattern, mRNA then migrates from the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell, where, with the assistance of the ribosomes, the protein is synthesized.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)- built in the cell nucleus, where a specific section of DNA is used as the pattern, mRNA then migrates from the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell, where, with the assistance of the ribosomes, the protein is synthesized.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)- built in the cell nucleus, where a specific section of DNA is used as the pattern, mRNA then migrates from the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell, where, with the assistance of the ribosomes, the protein is synthesized.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)- small RNA fragments which attach themselves to specific amino acids and bring them to the growing protein chain as dictated by the pattern built into the mRNA

Lipid- water-insoluble substances that can be extracted from cells by nonpolar organic solvents.

Lipid- water-insoluble substances that can be extracted from cells by nonpolar organic solvents.

The products are glycerol and the fatty acid salts; the latter are known as soaps.

Micelle—these aggregates of fatty-acid anions have the water-incompatible tails in the interior; the anionic parts (the polar heads) point outward and interact with the polar water molecules.

Micelle—these aggregates of fatty-acid anions have the water-incompatible tails in the interior; the anionic parts (the polar heads) point outward and interact with the polar water molecules.

Micelle—these aggregates of fatty-acid anions have the water-incompatible tails in the interior; the anionic parts (the polar heads) point outward and interact with the polar water molecules.

Micelle—these aggregates of fatty-acid anions have the water-incompatible tails in the interior; the anionic parts (the polar heads) point outward and interact with the polar water molecules.

Surfactant—wetting agent

The third group bound to glycerol is a phosphate group.

It has the long nonpolar “tail” and the polar substituted-phosphate “head”.

Cholesterol—a class of steroids found in virtually all organisms and is the starting material for the formation of the many other steroid-based molecules, such as vitamin D. Adrenocorticoid Hormone—steroid that is synthesized in the adrenal glands and are involved in various regulatory functions.

Cholesterol—a class of steroids found in virtually all organisms and is the starting material for the formation of the many other steroid-based molecules, such as vitamin D. Adrenocorticoid Hormone—steroid that is synthesized in the adrenal glands and are involved in various regulatory functions.

Cholesterol—a class of steroids found in virtually all organisms and is the starting material for the formation of the many other steroid-based molecules, such as vitamin D. Adrenocorticoid Hormone—steroid that is synthesized in the adrenal glands and are involved in various regulatory functions.

Bile Acid—a class of steroids produced from cholesterol in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Bile Acid—a class of steroids produced from cholesterol in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.