Learning First Aid: What to do until medical help arrives

Nelly A. (United States of America)
428 words 10 learners

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words only definitions & notes
  1. defibrillator
    electronic device to restore the normal rhythm of the heart
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: Most CPR training now includes how to use an automated external defibrillator, or AED.
  2. hipbone
    large flaring bone forming one half of the pelvis
    The abdomen is the area between the chest and the hipbones.
  3. defibrillation
    treatment by stopping fibrillation of heart muscles
    Then he followed this rubbing with electrical defibrillation.
  4. CPR
    an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing; attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: CPR is cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
  5. shoulder bone
    either of two flat triangular bones one on each side of the shoulder in human beings
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  6. cardiopulmonary resuscitation
    an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing; attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: CPR is cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
  7. re-start
    take up or begin anew
    They say using the method could delay other ways to re-start breathing in the victim.
  8. milliliter
    a metric unit of volume equal to one thousandth of a liter
    Add nine and one-half milliliters of salt to each liter of boiled water.
  9. cardiopulmonary
    of or pertaining to or affecting both the heart and the lungs and their functions
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: CPR is cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
  10. ipecac
    a medicinal drug used to evoke vomiting
    They used a liquid -- syrup of ipecac -- to do this.
  11. airway
    the passages through which air enters and leaves the body
    If the airway is still blocked, the Red Cross suggests pushing hard five times along the victim's abdomen.
  12. emergency medicine
    the branch of medicine concerned with the prompt diagnosis and treatment of injuries or trauma or sudden illness
    But an expert in emergency medicine says a person cannot be worse than dead.
  13. heart rhythm
    the rhythm of a beating heart
    Today small, moveable AED’s can identify heart rhythms and produce electricity to treat victims of heart stoppage.
  14. measuring stick
    measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements
    Doctor Sayre says you do not need a measuring stick or a timing device.
  15. compression
    the act of applying force
    You can do chest compressions that help to keep blood flowing to the brain, heart and other organs.
  16. tourniquet
    a bandage that stops the flow of blood by applying pressure
    BOB DOUGHTY: In the past, people were advised to stop severe bleeding with a tourniquet.
  17. automate
    operate or make run by machines rather than human action
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: Most CPR training now includes how to use an automated external defibrillator, or AED.
  18. abdominal
    relating to or near the middle region of the body
    BOB DOUGHTY: Millions of people know how to give abdominal thrusts to save a person choking on something trapped in the throat.
  19. hard surface
    cover with asphalt or a similar surface
    Find a hard surface like a chair and rest your body on it.
  20. first aid
    emergency care given before regular medical aid can be obtained
    Today, we will provide a short guide to first aid.
  21. push down
    cause to come or go down
    Push down about five centimeters.
  22. heartbeat
    the steady movement of the body's blood-pumping organ
    For a choking victim who is unconscious with no heartbeat, clear the airway first.
  23. breastbone
    the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs
    Place the hands at the base of the breastbone -- just above the place where the lowest ribs join.
  24. centimeter
    a metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a meter
    Push down about five centimeters.
  25. Ohio State University
    a university in Columbus, Ohio
    Doctor Michael Sayre works at Ohio State University.
  26. brain damage
    injury to the brain that impairs its functions
    It increases the chances that he or she will suffer little or no brain damage.
  27. surgical operation
    a medical procedure involving an incision with instruments
    BOB DOUGHTY: In the 1920's, American Claude Beck performed the first surgical operations to repair damaged hearts.
  28. liter
    a metric unit of capacity; equal to 1,000 cubic centimeters
    Add nine and one-half milliliters of salt to each liter of boiled water.
  29. bleed
    lose blood from one's body
    The Mayo Clinic health centers suggest several steps if bleeding is severe.
  30. pediatric
    of or relating to the medical care of children
    The American Academy of Pediatrics says some poisons can cause additional damage when they come back up the throat.
  31. poisoning
    the act of giving poison to a person or animal with the intent to kill
    (MUSIC)

    BOB DOUGHTY: Doctors in hospital emergency rooms often see accidental poisonings.
  32. choke
    struggle for breath; have insufficient oxygen intake
    BOB DOUGHTY: Millions of people know how to give abdominal thrusts to save a person choking on something trapped in the throat.
  33. pat
    hit lightly
    PAT BODNAR: And I’m Pat Bodnar.
  34. victim
    an unfortunate person who suffers from adverse circumstances
    Save anything expelled from the mouth of the victim.
  35. breathing in
    the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air as in breathing
    They say using the method could delay other ways to re-start breathing in the victim.
  36. emergency room
    a room in a hospital or clinic staffed and equipped to provide emergency care to persons requiring immediate medical treatment
    (MUSIC)

    BOB DOUGHTY: Doctors in hospital emergency rooms often see accidental poisonings.
  37. resuscitation
    reviving a person and returning them to consciousness
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: CPR is cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
  38. stoppage
    the act of stopping something
    Another doctor, Carl J. Wiggers, had kept laboratory animals with heart stoppage alive by massaging their hearts.
  39. moveable
    capable of being moved or conveyed from one place to another
    Today small, moveable AED’s can identify heart rhythms and produce electricity to treat victims of heart stoppage.
  40. beck
    a beckoning gesture
    BOB DOUGHTY: In the 1920's, American Claude Beck performed the first surgical operations to repair damaged hearts.
  41. Red Cross
    an international organization that cares for the sick or wounded or homeless in wartime
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  42. electric shock
    trauma caused by the passage of electric current through the body (as from contact with high voltage lines or being struck by lightning); usually involves burns and abnormal heart rhythm and unconsciousness
    Defibrillators use electric shocks to correct abnormal heartbeats that can lead to sudden death.
  43. pediatrics
    branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of children
    The American Academy of Pediatrics says some poisons can cause additional damage when they come back up the throat.
  44. abdomen
    the region of the body between the thorax and the pelvis
    If the airway is still blocked, the Red Cross suggests pushing hard five times along the victim's abdomen.
  45. breathe in
    draw in (air)
    They say using the method could delay other ways to re-start breathing in the victim.
  46. piece of cloth
    a separate part consisting of fabric
    This device is made with a stick and a piece of cloth or a belt.
  47. choking
    a condition caused by blocking the airways to the lungs
    BOB DOUGHTY: Millions of people know how to give abdominal thrusts to save a person choking on something trapped in the throat.
  48. chest
    the part of the human torso between the neck and the diaphragm or the corresponding part in other vertebrates
    The abdomen is the area between the chest and the hipbones.
  49. container
    any object that can be used to hold things
    Save the container of whatever caused the poisoning.
  50. rib
    any of the 12 pairs of curved arches of bone extending from the spine to or toward the sternum in humans (and similar bones in most vertebrates)
    Place it over the upper part of the stomach, below the ribs.
  51. school of medicine
    a graduate school offering study leading to a medical degree
    Doctor Beck worked at what is now called Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Ohio.
  52. forcefully
    with full force
    Then push forcefully inward and upward.
  53. expel
    eliminate
    Save anything expelled from the mouth of the victim.
  54. rescuer
    a person who saves someone from harm or danger
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  55. breathe
    draw air into, and expel out of, the lungs
    They say using the method could delay other ways to re-start breathing in the victim.
  56. automated
    operated with minimal human intervention
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: Most CPR training now includes how to use an automated external defibrillator, or AED.
  57. infect
    contaminate with a disease
    If a wound seems infected, let the victim rest.
  58. device
    an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose
    Doctor Sayre says you do not need a measuring stick or a timing device.
  59. office building
    a building containing offices where work is done
    Such devices are found increasingly in public places like airports, restaurants and office buildings.
  60. breathing
    the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation
    They say using the method could delay other ways to re-start breathing in the victim.
  61. poison
    any substance that causes injury or illness or death
    (MUSIC)

    BOB DOUGHTY: Doctors in hospital emergency rooms often see accidental poisonings.
  62. Doctor
    (Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints who distinguished themselves through the orthodoxy of their theological teaching
    (MUSIC)

    BOB DOUGHTY: Doctors in hospital emergency rooms often see accidental poisonings.
  63. bleeding
    the flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel
    The Mayo Clinic health centers suggest several steps if bleeding is severe.
  64. Cross
    a representation of the structure on which Jesus was crucified; used as an emblem of Christianity or in heraldry
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  65. syrup
    a thick sweet sticky liquid
    They used a liquid -- syrup of ipecac -- to do this.
  66. thrust
    push forcefully
    BOB DOUGHTY: Millions of people know how to give abdominal thrusts to save a person choking on something trapped in the throat.
  67. massage
    kneading and rubbing parts of the body
    Another doctor, Carl J. Wiggers, had kept laboratory animals with heart stoppage alive by massaging their hearts.
  68. press on
    continue moving forward
    Remove dirt from the wound and press on it with a clean cloth or piece of clothing.
  69. bob
    move up and down repeatedly
    BOB DOUGHTY: This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English.
  70. wound
    an injury to living tissue
    So medical experts advise people to treat all wounds.
  71. putt
    strike a golf ball lightly
    Keep putting pressure on the wound until the bleeding stops or medical help arrives.
  72. take hold of
    take hold of so as to seize or restrain or stop the motion of
    Take hold of that hand with your other hand.
  73. advise
    give advice to
    But a leading medical organization no longer advises parents to keep syrup of ipecac.
  74. stops
    a gambling card game in which chips are placed on the ace and king and queen and jack of separate suits (taken from a separate deck); a player plays the lowest card of a suit in his hand and successively higher cards are played until the sequence stops; the player who plays a card matching one in the layout wins all the chips on that card
    And look on the container for information about anything that stops the effects of the poison.
  75. sudden death
    an instant end to a tied game as soon as one contestant or team scores
    Defibrillators use electric shocks to correct abnormal heartbeats that can lead to sudden death.
  76. expert
    a person with special knowledge who performs skillfully
    Red Cross experts say taking these steps can save many lives.
  77. hand over
    to surrender someone or something to another
    Place a closed hand over the middle of your abdomen just above your waist.
  78. push
    move with force, "He pushed the table into a corner"
    If the airway is still blocked, the Red Cross suggests pushing hard five times along the victim's abdomen.
  79. infection
    the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
    Some people fear infection.
  80. medical
    relating to the study or practice of medicine
    In cases like this, seek medical help as soon as possible.
  81. suggest
    make a proposal; declare a plan for something
    If the airway is still blocked, the Red Cross suggests pushing hard five times along the victim's abdomen.
  82. artery
    a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body
    If the bleeding does not stop with direct pressure, put pressure on the artery that carries blood to the wound.
  83. accidental
    happening by chance or unexpectedly or unintentionally
    (MUSIC)

    BOB DOUGHTY: Doctors in hospital emergency rooms often see accidental poisonings.
  84. mayo
    egg yolks and oil and vinegar
    The Mayo Clinic health centers suggest several steps if bleeding is severe.
  85. cloth
    artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers
    Remove dirt from the wound and press on it with a clean cloth or piece of clothing.
  86. pump
    a device that moves fluid or gas by pressure or suction
    It forces air into the lungs and pumps blood and oxygen to the brain.
  87. take hold
    have or hold in one's hands or grip
    Take hold of that hand with your other hand.
  88. react
    show a response to something
    He or she is unconscious -- unable to communicate or react to surroundings or speech.
  89. arrive
    reach a destination
    A frightened parent arrives with a child who swallowed a cleaning liquid.
  90. back up
    move backwards from a certain position
    The American Academy of Pediatrics says some poisons can cause additional damage when they come back up the throat.
  91. perform
    get done
    BOB DOUGHTY: “Hands-Only” is for people who are unwilling or unable to perform rescue breathing.
  92. work at
    to exert effort in order to do, make, or perform something
    Doctor Michael Sayre works at Ohio State University.
  93. come through
    penetrate
    Do not remove the cloth if the blood comes through it.
  94. clothe
    provide with clothes or put clothes on
    Remove dirt from the wound and press on it with a clean cloth or piece of clothing.
  95. harmful
    causing or capable of causing damage
    Or perhaps the harmful substance is a medicine.
  96. emergency
    a sudden unforeseen crisis that requires immediate action
    (MUSIC)

    BOB DOUGHTY: Doctors in hospital emergency rooms often see accidental poisonings.
  97. clinic
    a medical establishment run by a group of specialists
    The Mayo Clinic health centers suggest several steps if bleeding is severe.
  98. surgical
    of or relating to a medical operation
    BOB DOUGHTY: In the 1920's, American Claude Beck performed the first surgical operations to repair damaged hearts.
  99. method
    a way of doing something, especially a systematic way
    The American Heart Association suggests another method in this case.
  100. timing
    the regulation of occurrence, pace, or coordination to achieve a desired effect (as in music, theater, athletics, mechanics)
    Doctor Sayre says you do not need a measuring stick or a timing device.
  101. Red
    a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows eastward from Texas along the southern boundary of Oklahoma and through Louisiana
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  102. pregnancy
    the state of being pregnant
    PAT BODNAR: For someone in late pregnancy or who is very fat, place your hands higher than with normal abdominal thrusts.
  103. lung
    either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates; serves to remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the blood
    It forces air into the lungs and pumps blood and oxygen to the brain.
  104. bacteria
    single-celled organisms that can cause disease
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: Bacteria can enter the body through even the smallest cut in the skin.
  105. damage
    the occurrence of a change for the worse
    The American Academy of Pediatrics says some poisons can cause additional damage when they come back up the throat.
  106. crescent
    having a curved shape that tapers at the ends
    PAT BODNAR: To learn more about first aid, ask a hospital or organization like a Red Cross or Red Crescent Society for information.
  107. rescue
    free from harm or evil
    One combines the use of hands to pump the victim’s chest with rescue breathing.
  108. abnormal
    not typical or usual or regular
    Defibrillators use electric shocks to correct abnormal heartbeats that can lead to sudden death.
  109. user
    someone who employs or takes advantage of something
    A recorded voice on the AED guides the user.
  110. devices
    an inclination or desire
    Such devices are found increasingly in public places like airports, restaurants and office buildings.
  111. clean
    free from dirt or impurities
    A frightened parent arrives with a child who swallowed a cleaning liquid.
  112. trapped
    forced to turn and face attackers
    BOB DOUGHTY: Millions of people know how to give abdominal thrusts to save a person choking on something trapped in the throat.
  113. liquid
    fluid matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume
    A frightened parent arrives with a child who swallowed a cleaning liquid.
  114. waist
    the narrowing of the body between the ribs and hips
    Put your arms around the victim's waist.
  115. doctor
    a person who holds Ph.D. degree from an academic institution
    That way, doctors can examine it.
  116. drown
    kill by submerging in water
    But they also say abdominal thrusts are not for people who have almost drowned.
  117. infected
    containing or resulting from disease-causing organisms
    If a wound seems infected, let the victim rest.
  118. medicine
    the profession devoted to alleviating diseases and injuries
    Or perhaps the harmful substance is a medicine.
  119. surround
    extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle
    He or she is unconscious -- unable to communicate or react to surroundings or speech.
  120. treat
    apply a process to with the aim of preparing for a purpose
    Today small, moveable AED’s can identify heart rhythms and produce electricity to treat victims of heart stoppage.
  121. heal
    recover
    Then cover the wound while it heals.
  122. person
    a human being
    BOB DOUGHTY: Millions of people know how to give abdominal thrusts to save a person choking on something trapped in the throat.
  123. pushing
    the act of applying force in order to move something away
    If the airway is still blocked, the Red Cross suggests pushing hard five times along the victim's abdomen.
  124. pressure
    the act of putting pressure on something
    Keep putting pressure on the wound until the bleeding stops or medical help arrives.
  125. parent
    a father or mother
    A frightened parent arrives with a child who swallowed a cleaning liquid.
  126. measuring
    the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule
    Doctor Sayre says you do not need a measuring stick or a timing device.
  127. cleaning
    the act of making something clean
    A frightened parent arrives with a child who swallowed a cleaning liquid.
  128. frighten
    cause fear in
    A frightened parent arrives with a child who swallowed a cleaning liquid.
  129. mixture
    a collection containing a variety of sorts of things
    Treat the wound with a mixture of salt and water until medical help arrives.
  130. stop
    have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense
    And look on the container for information about anything that stops the effects of the poison.
  131. stomach
    enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal
    PAT BODNAR: In the past, some people forced poisoning victims to empty the stomach.
  132. helpful
    providing assistance or serving a useful function
    If you know first aid methods, you can be calmer and more helpful in case of emergency.
  133. mouth
    the opening through which food is taken in
    Save anything expelled from the mouth of the victim.
  134. electrical
    relating to or concerned with electricity
    Then he followed this rubbing with electrical defibrillation.
  135. insect
    a small creature with six legs, a hard body, and two antennae
    Or it might be a product meant to kill insects.
  136. develop
    progress or evolve through a process of natural growth
    The defibrillator of today has developed from the first defibrillators.
  137. rhythm
    an interval during which a recurring sequence occurs
    Today small, moveable AED’s can identify heart rhythms and produce electricity to treat victims of heart stoppage.
  138. unconscious
    lacking awareness and the capacity for sensory perception
    He or she is unconscious -- unable to communicate or react to surroundings or speech.
  139. organization
    a methodical and orderly manner or approach
    But a leading medical organization no longer advises parents to keep syrup of ipecac.
  140. blocked
    completely obstructed or closed off
    If the airway is still blocked, the Red Cross suggests pushing hard five times along the victim's abdomen.
  141. combine
    put or add together
    One combines the use of hands to pump the victim’s chest with rescue breathing.
  142. lie down
    assume a reclining position
    First, if possible, have the person lie down and raise the legs.
  143. oxygen
    a colorless, odorless gas that is essential for respiration
    It forces air into the lungs and pumps blood and oxygen to the brain.
  144. rub
    move over something with pressure
    Then he followed this rubbing with electrical defibrillation.
  145. heart
    the hollow muscular organ located behind the sternum
    The American Heart Association suggests another method in this case.
  146. identify
    recognize as being
    Today small, moveable AED’s can identify heart rhythms and produce electricity to treat victims of heart stoppage.
  147. salt
    white crystalline form of especially sodium chloride used to season and preserve food
    Treat the wound with a mixture of salt and water until medical help arrives.
  148. rubbing
    effort expended in moving one object over another with pressure
    Then he followed this rubbing with electrical defibrillation.
  149. cut in
    break into a conversation
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: Bacteria can enter the body through even the smallest cut in the skin.
  150. nineteenth
    position 19 in a countable series of things
    Medical historians say the devices appeared late in the nineteenth century.
  151. beating
    the act of overcoming or outdoing
    If such conditions describe the situation, chances are the heart has stopped beating.
  152. damaged
    harmed or injured or spoiled
    BOB DOUGHTY: In the 1920's, American Claude Beck performed the first surgical operations to repair damaged hearts.
  153. patient
    enduring trying circumstances with even temper
    Others say they are afraid of making the patient worse.
  154. association
    a formal organization of people or groups of people
    The American Heart Association suggests another method in this case.
  155. skin
    a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch
    His or her skin has lost color.
  156. Ohio
    a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region
    Doctor Michael Sayre works at Ohio State University.
  157. crush
    compress with force, out of natural shape or condition
    But experts now say tourniquets are dangerous because they can crush blood passages and nerves.
  158. hand
    the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb
    Close one hand to form a ball.
  159. normal
    being approximately average or within certain limits
    PAT BODNAR: For someone in late pregnancy or who is very fat, place your hands higher than with normal abdominal thrusts.
  160. collapse
    break down, literally or metaphorically
    It says you can recognize a person needing CPR because the person has collapsed.
  161. help
    give assistance; be of service
    In cases like this, seek medical help as soon as possible.
  162. laboratory
    a workplace for the conduct of scientific research
    Another doctor, Carl J. Wiggers, had kept laboratory animals with heart stoppage alive by massaging their hearts.
  163. one-half
    one of two equal parts of a divisible whole
    Add nine and one-half milliliters of salt to each liter of boiled water.
  164. soap
    a cleansing agent made from the salts of vegetable or animal fats
    Clean the cut with soap and water.
  165. remove
    take something away as by lifting, pushing, or taking off
    Remove dirt from the wound and press on it with a clean cloth or piece of clothing.
  166. brain
    the organ that is the center of the nervous system
    It forces air into the lungs and pumps blood and oxygen to the brain.
  167. airport
    an airfield equipped with control tower and hangars as well as accommodations for passengers and cargo
    Such devices are found increasingly in public places like airports, restaurants and office buildings.
  168. look on
    observe with attention
    And look on the container for information about anything that stops the effects of the poison.
  169. swallow
    pass through the esophagus as part of eating or drinking
    A frightened parent arrives with a child who swallowed a cleaning liquid.
  170. save
    bring into safety
    Save the container of whatever caused the poisoning.
  171. include
    have as a part; be made up out of
    He says some victims, including babies, need the mouth-to-mouth breathing with the compressions.
  172. center
    an area that is in the middle of some larger region
    For chest thrusts, put your arms under the victim’s arms and your hands on the center of the victim’s chest.
  173. worker
    a person who works at a specific occupation
    Doctor Sayre suggests that medical workers do both the breathing method and chest compressions.
  174. survive
    continue in existence after
    Doctors say CPR greatly increases the chances that a person whose heart stops will survive.
  175. communicate
    transfer to another
    He or she is unconscious -- unable to communicate or react to surroundings or speech.
  176. urge
    urge or force in an indicated direction
    He strongly urges people in contact with a victim to take action.
  177. dirt
    the part of the earth's surface consisting of humus and disintegrated rock
    Remove dirt from the wound and press on it with a clean cloth or piece of clothing.
  178. inward
    directed or moving inward or toward a center
    Then push forcefully inward and upward.
  179. historian
    a person who is an authority on the past and who studies it
    Medical historians say the devices appeared late in the nineteenth century.
  180. increasingly
    advancing in amount or intensity
    Such devices are found increasingly in public places like airports, restaurants and office buildings.
  181. throat
    the passage to the stomach and lungs
    The American Academy of Pediatrics says some poisons can cause additional damage when they come back up the throat.
  182. detailed
    developed with careful treatment of particulars
    The voice provides detailed information about what to do.
  183. surroundings
    the environment in which something exists or lives
    He or she is unconscious -- unable to communicate or react to surroundings or speech.
  184. blood
    the fluid that is pumped through the body by the heart
    It forces air into the lungs and pumps blood and oxygen to the brain.
  185. lead
    take somebody somewhere
    But a leading medical organization no longer advises parents to keep syrup of ipecac.
  186. boiled
    cooked in hot water
    Add nine and one-half milliliters of salt to each liter of boiled water.
  187. organs
    edible viscera of a butchered animal
    You can do chest compressions that help to keep blood flowing to the brain, heart and other organs.
  188. stick
    a long thin implement resembling a length of wood
    Doctor Sayre says you do not need a measuring stick or a timing device.
  189. restaurant
    a building where people go to eat
    Such devices are found increasingly in public places like airports, restaurants and office buildings.
  190. unwilling
    not disposed or inclined toward
    BOB DOUGHTY: “Hands-Only” is for people who are unwilling or unable to perform rescue breathing.
  191. someone
    a human being
    PAT BODNAR: For someone in late pregnancy or who is very fat, place your hands higher than with normal abdominal thrusts.
  192. say
    utter aloud
    The American Academy of Pediatrics says some poisons can cause additional damage when they come back up the throat.
  193. severe
    very harsh or strict, especially when dealing with others
    The Mayo Clinic health centers suggest several steps if bleeding is severe.
  194. in public
    in a manner accessible to or observable by the public
    Such devices are found increasingly in public places like airports, restaurants and office buildings.
  195. nerve
    a bundle of fibers running to organs and tissues of the body
    But experts now say tourniquets are dangerous because they can crush blood passages and nerves.
  196. repair
    fix by putting together what is torn or broken
    BOB DOUGHTY: In the 1920's, American Claude Beck performed the first surgical operations to repair damaged hearts.
  197. aid
    the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need
    Today, we will provide a short guide to first aid.
  198. boil
    change from a liquid to vapor
    Add nine and one-half milliliters of salt to each liter of boiled water.
  199. American
    of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture
    The American Academy of Pediatrics says some poisons can cause additional damage when they come back up the throat.
  200. today
    on this day as distinct from yesterday or tomorrow
    Today, we will provide a short guide to first aid.
  201. provide
    give something useful or necessary to
    Today, we will provide a short guide to first aid.
  202. on it
    on that
    Find a hard surface like a chair and rest your body on it.
  203. music
    an artistic form of auditory communication
    (MUSIC)

    BOB DOUGHTY: Doctors in hospital emergency rooms often see accidental poisonings.
  204. training
    activity leading to skilled behavior
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: Most CPR training now includes how to use an automated external defibrillator, or AED.
  205. can
    airtight sealed metal container for food or drink, etc.
    That way, doctors can examine it.
  206. trap
    a device in which something can be caught and penned
    BOB DOUGHTY: Millions of people know how to give abdominal thrusts to save a person choking on something trapped in the throat.
  207. flowing
    designed to offer the least resistance while moving through air
    You can do chest compressions that help to keep blood flowing to the brain, heart and other organs.
  208. hospital
    a medical institution where sick or injured people are given medical or surgical care
    (MUSIC)

    BOB DOUGHTY: Doctors in hospital emergency rooms often see accidental poisonings.
  209. organ
    a structure in an animal specialized for some function
    You can do chest compressions that help to keep blood flowing to the brain, heart and other organs.
  210. unable
    lacking necessary physical or mental ability
    BOB DOUGHTY: “Hands-Only” is for people who are unwilling or unable to perform rescue breathing.
  211. belt
    a band to tie or buckle around the body
    This device is made with a stick and a piece of cloth or a belt.
  212. hands
    guardianship over
    PAT BODNAR: For someone in late pregnancy or who is very fat, place your hands higher than with normal abdominal thrusts.
  213. electricity
    a physical phenomenon that can produce light, heat and power
    Today small, moveable AED’s can identify heart rhythms and produce electricity to treat victims of heart stoppage.
  214. area
    the extent of a two-dimensional surface within a boundary
    The abdomen is the area between the chest and the hipbones.
  215. guide
    someone employed to conduct others
    Today, we will provide a short guide to first aid.
  216. information
    knowledge acquired through study or experience
    And look on the container for information about anything that stops the effects of the poison.
  217. bone
    rigid tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  218. academy
    a learned establishment for the advancement of knowledge
    The American Academy of Pediatrics says some poisons can cause additional damage when they come back up the throat.
  219. upward
    spatially or metaphorically from a lower to a higher position
    Then push forcefully inward and upward.
  220. advised
    having received information
    BOB DOUGHTY: In the past, people were advised to stop severe bleeding with a tourniquet.
  221. nerves
    control of your emotions
    But experts now say tourniquets are dangerous because they can crush blood passages and nerves.
  222. surrounding
    closely encircling
    He or she is unconscious -- unable to communicate or react to surroundings or speech.
  223. place
    a point located with respect to surface features of a region
    Place it over the upper part of the stomach, below the ribs.
  224. use
    put into service
    They used a liquid -- syrup of ipecac -- to do this.
  225. hearts
    a form of whist in which players avoid winning tricks containing hearts or the queen of spades
    BOB DOUGHTY: In the 1920's, American Claude Beck performed the first surgical operations to repair damaged hearts.
  226. examine
    observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect
    That way, doctors can examine it.
  227. continue
    keep or maintain in unaltered condition
    BOB DOUGHTY: If the heart does not start beating, continue with chest compressions until help arrives.
  228. helping
    an individual quantity of food or drink taken as part of a meal
    The American Heart Association suggests two ways of helping.
  229. recorded
    set down or registered in a permanent form especially on film or tape for reproduction
    A recorded voice on the AED guides the user.
  230. arm
    a human limb
    Put your arms around the victim's waist.
  231. increase
    a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous
    Doctors say CPR greatly increases the chances that a person whose heart stops will survive.
  232. lowest
    lowest in rank or importance
    Place the hands at the base of the breastbone -- just above the place where the lowest ribs join.
  233. external
    happening or arising outside some limits or surface
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: Most CPR training now includes how to use an automated external defibrillator, or AED.
  234. in case
    if there happens to be need
    If you know first aid methods, you can be calmer and more helpful in case of emergency.
  235. recognize
    perceive to be something or something you can identify
    It says you can recognize a person needing CPR because the person has collapsed.
  236. beat
    hit repeatedly
    If such conditions describe the situation, chances are the heart has stopped beating.
  237. clothing
    a covering designed to be worn on a person's body
    Remove dirt from the wound and press on it with a clean cloth or piece of clothing.
  238. burn
    destroy by fire
    But be sure not to burn the skin.
  239. chance
    an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon
    Doctors say CPR greatly increases the chances that a person whose heart stops will survive.
  240. action
    something done (usually as opposed to something said)
    He strongly urges people in contact with a victim to take action.
  241. repeat
    say or state again
    Repeat the abdominal thrusts until the object is expelled from the mouth.
  242. product
    an artifact that has been created by someone or some process
    Or it might be a product meant to kill insects.
  243. electric
    using or providing the flow of charge through a conductor
    Defibrillators use electric shocks to correct abnormal heartbeats that can lead to sudden death.
  244. describe
    give a statement representing something
    If such conditions describe the situation, chances are the heart has stopped beating.
  245. flow
    move along, of liquids
    You can do chest compressions that help to keep blood flowing to the brain, heart and other organs.
  246. train
    educate for a future role or function
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: Most CPR training now includes how to use an automated external defibrillator, or AED.
  247. worse
    inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability
    Others say they are afraid of making the patient worse.
  248. one hundred
    being ten more than ninety
    Aim for one hundred compressions each minute.
  249. detail
    a small part considered separately from the whole
    The voice provides detailed information about what to do.
  250. steps
    the course along which a person has walked or is walking in
    Red Cross experts say taking these steps can save many lives.
  251. reserve
    hold back or set aside, especially for future use
    Doctor Beck worked at what is now called Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Ohio.
  252. press
    put pressure or force upon something
    To perform the compressions, place one hand over the other and press firmly on the center of the victim’s chest.
  253. ways
    structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired
    They say using the method could delay other ways to re-start breathing in the victim.
  254. substance
    the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists
    Or perhaps the harmful substance is a medicine.
  255. university
    an institution of higher learning that grants degrees
    Doctor Michael Sayre works at Ohio State University.
  256. closed
    not open
    Place a closed hand over the middle of your abdomen just above your waist.
  257. shock
    an unpleasant or disappointing surprise
    Defibrillators use electric shocks to correct abnormal heartbeats that can lead to sudden death.
  258. firmly
    with force
    To perform the compressions, place one hand over the other and press firmly on the center of the victim’s chest.
  259. learn
    gain knowledge or skills
    CPR is not difficult to learn.
  260. aim
    point or cause to go towards
    Aim for one hundred compressions each minute.
  261. leg
    a human limb
    First, if possible, have the person lie down and raise the legs.
  262. sending
    the act of causing something to go (especially messages)
    You should act by calling for help, or sending someone else.
  263. bones
    a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  264. correct
    free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth
    Defibrillators use electric shocks to correct abnormal heartbeats that can lead to sudden death.
  265. piece
    a separate part of a whole
    Remove dirt from the wound and press on it with a clean cloth or piece of clothing.
  266. teach
    impart skills or knowledge to
    Many organizations teach it.
  267. block
    obstruct
    If the airway is still blocked, the Red Cross suggests pushing hard five times along the victim's abdomen.
  268. arms
    weapons considered collectively
    Put your arms around the victim's waist.
  269. step
    the act of changing location by raising the foot and setting it down
    Red Cross experts say taking these steps can save many lives.
  270. people
    any group of human beings collectively
    PAT BODNAR: In the past, some people forced poisoning victims to empty the stomach.
  271. cause
    events that provide the generative force of something
    These are common causes of accidental poisoning.
  272. ball
    an object with a spherical shape
    Close one hand to form a ball.
  273. case
    an occurrence of something
    In cases like this, seek medical help as soon as possible.
  274. activity
    any specific behavior
    Physical activity can spread the infection.
  275. base
    lowest support of a structure
    Place the hands at the base of the breastbone -- just above the place where the lowest ribs join.
  276. strongly
    with power
    He strongly urges people in contact with a victim to take action.
  277. keep
    continue a certain state, condition, or activity
    But a leading medical organization no longer advises parents to keep syrup of ipecac.
  278. delay
    time during which some action is awaited
    They say using the method could delay other ways to re-start breathing in the victim.
  279. frightened
    made afraid
    A frightened parent arrives with a child who swallowed a cleaning liquid.
  280. start
    take the first step or steps in carrying out an action
    They say using the method could delay other ways to re-start breathing in the victim.
  281. additional
    further or extra
    The American Academy of Pediatrics says some poisons can cause additional damage when they come back up the throat.
  282. Western
    a film or novel about life in the western United States during the period of exploration and development
    Doctor Beck worked at what is now called Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Ohio.
  283. operations
    financial transactions at a brokerage
    BOB DOUGHTY: In the 1920's, American Claude Beck performed the first surgical operations to repair damaged hearts.
  284. operation
    process or manner of functioning
    BOB DOUGHTY: In the 1920's, American Claude Beck performed the first surgical operations to repair damaged hearts.
  285. ease
    freedom from difficulty or hardship or effort
    These back blows may ease the choking.
  286. come back
    go back to something earlier
    The American Academy of Pediatrics says some poisons can cause additional damage when they come back up the throat.
  287. first
    preceding all others in time or space or degree
    Today, we will provide a short guide to first aid.
  288. need
    require or want
    It says you can recognize a person needing CPR because the person has collapsed.
  289. developed
    being changed over time, as to be stronger or more complete
    The defibrillator of today has developed from the first defibrillators.
  290. fat
    a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue
    PAT BODNAR: For someone in late pregnancy or who is very fat, place your hands higher than with normal abdominal thrusts.
  291. close
    at or within a short distance in space or time
    Close one hand to form a ball.
  292. put
    cause to be in a certain state
    Put your arms around the victim's waist.
  293. effects
    property of a personal character that is portable
    And look on the container for information about anything that stops the effects of the poison.
  294. build
    make by combining materials and parts
    Such devices are found increasingly in public places like airports, restaurants and office buildings.
  295. suffer
    undergo or be subjected to
    It increases the chances that he or she will suffer little or no brain damage.
  296. five
    the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  297. rooms
    apartment consisting of a series of connected rooms used as a living unit (as in a hotel)
    (MUSIC)

    BOB DOUGHTY: Doctors in hospital emergency rooms often see accidental poisonings.
  298. for the first time
    the initial time
    In 1947, Doctor Beck saved a patient with a defibrillator device for the first time.
  299. for one
    as a particular one of several possibilities
    Aim for one hundred compressions each minute.
  300. contact
    the act of touching physically
    He strongly urges people in contact with a victim to take action.
  301. Michael
    (Old Testament) the guardian archangel of the Jews
    Doctor Michael Sayre works at Ohio State University.
  302. other
    not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied
    Place the other hand on top.
  303. instead
    in place of, or as an alternative to
    The group advises chest thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts.
  304. empty
    holding or containing nothing
    PAT BODNAR: In the past, some people forced poisoning victims to empty the stomach.
  305. raise
    move upwards
    First, if possible, have the person lie down and raise the legs.
  306. color
    a visual attribute of things from the light they emit
    His or her skin has lost color.
  307. baby
    a very young mammal
    He says some victims, including babies, need the mouth-to-mouth breathing with the compressions.
  308. calm
    not agitated; without losing self-possession
    If you know first aid methods, you can be calmer and more helpful in case of emergency.
  309. legs
    staying power
    First, if possible, have the person lie down and raise the legs.
  310. top
    the upper part of anything
    Place the other hand on top.
  311. join
    cause to become joined or linked
    Place the hands at the base of the breastbone -- just above the place where the lowest ribs join.
  312. add
    join or combine or unite with others
    Add nine and one-half milliliters of salt to each liter of boiled water.
  313. calling
    the particular occupation for which you are trained
    You should act by calling for help, or sending someone else.
  314. saved
    rescued; especially from the power and consequences of sin
    In 1947, Doctor Beck saved a patient with a defibrillator device for the first time.
  315. physical
    involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit
    Physical activity can spread the infection.
  316. lie
    be prostrate; be in a horizontal position
    First, if possible, have the person lie down and raise the legs.
  317. bad
    having undesirable or negative qualities
    Others say they are afraid of making the patient worse.
  318. alive
    possessing life
    Another doctor, Carl J. Wiggers, had kept laboratory animals with heart stoppage alive by massaging their hearts.
  319. using
    an act that exploits or victimizes someone
    They say using the method could delay other ways to re-start breathing in the victim.
  320. produce
    bring forth or yield
    Today small, moveable AED’s can identify heart rhythms and produce electricity to treat victims of heart stoppage.
  321. dangerous
    involving or causing risk; liable to hurt or harm
    But experts now say tourniquets are dangerous because they can crush blood passages and nerves.
  322. putting
    hitting a golf ball that is on the green using a putter
    Keep putting pressure on the wound until the bleeding stops or medical help arrives.
  323. upper
    higher in place or position
    Place it over the upper part of the stomach, below the ribs.
  324. cover
    provide with a covering or cause to be covered
    Then cover the wound while it heals.
  325. shoulder
    a ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerus and a cavity of the scapula
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  326. kill
    cause to die
    Or it might be a product meant to kill insects.
  327. blow
    be in motion due to some air or water current
    These back blows may ease the choking.
  328. late
    at or toward an end or late period or stage of development
    PAT BODNAR: For someone in late pregnancy or who is very fat, place your hands higher than with normal abdominal thrusts.
  329. seek
    try to locate, discover, or establish the existence of
    In cases like this, seek medical help as soon as possible.
  330. cut
    separate with or as if with an instrument
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: Bacteria can enter the body through even the smallest cut in the skin.
  331. direct
    proceeding without interruption
    If the bleeding does not stop with direct pressure, put pressure on the artery that carries blood to the wound.
  332. directly
    without turning aside from your course
    You can do these abdominal thrusts by getting directly behind a sitting or standing person.
  333. greatly
    to an extraordinary extent or degree
    Doctors say CPR greatly increases the chances that a person whose heart stops will survive.
  334. force
    influence that results in motion, stress, etc. when applied
    PAT BODNAR: In the past, some people forced poisoning victims to empty the stomach.
  335. measure
    determine the dimensions of something or somebody
    Doctor Sayre says you do not need a measuring stick or a timing device.
  336. spread
    distribute or disperse widely
    Physical activity can spread the infection.
  337. surface
    the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer
    Find a hard surface like a chair and rest your body on it.
  338. call
    utter a sudden loud cry
    The other method is called “Hands-Only CPR.”
  339. lose
    fail to keep or to maintain
    His or her skin has lost color.
  340. begin
    set in motion, cause to start
    Then begin pushing, as with other victims.
  341. past
    earlier than the present time; no longer current
    PAT BODNAR: In the past, some people forced poisoning victims to empty the stomach.
  342. animal
    a living organism characterized by voluntary movement
    Another doctor, Carl J. Wiggers, had kept laboratory animals with heart stoppage alive by massaging their hearts.
  343. nine
    the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one
    Add nine and one-half milliliters of salt to each liter of boiled water.
  344. water
    compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear liquid
    Clean the cut with soap and water.
  345. hit
    deal a blow to, either with the hand or with an instrument
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  346. record
    anything providing permanent evidence about past events
    A recorded voice on the AED guides the user.
  347. passage
    the act of moving from one state or place to the next
    But experts now say tourniquets are dangerous because they can crush blood passages and nerves.
  348. possible
    capable of happening or existing
    In cases like this, seek medical help as soon as possible.
  349. hard
    resisting weight or pressure
    If the airway is still blocked, the Red Cross suggests pushing hard five times along the victim's abdomen.
  350. forced
    forced or compelled
    PAT BODNAR: In the past, some people forced poisoning victims to empty the stomach.
  351. leading
    going or proceeding or going in advance; showing the way
    But a leading medical organization no longer advises parents to keep syrup of ipecac.
  352. find
    discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of
    Find a hard surface like a chair and rest your body on it.
  353. rest
    take a short break from one's activities in order to relax
    Find a hard surface like a chair and rest your body on it.
  354. science
    a branch of study or knowledge involving the observation, investigation, and discovery of general laws or truths that can be tested systematically
    BOB DOUGHTY: This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English.
  355. conditions
    the context that influences the performance of a process
    If such conditions describe the situation, chances are the heart has stopped beating.
  356. State
    the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies
    Doctor Michael Sayre works at Ohio State University.
  357. take
    get into one's hands
    Take hold of that hand with your other hand.
  358. offer
    present for acceptance or rejection
    Training may be offered in your area.
  359. effort
    use of physical or mental energy; hard work
    This led Claude Beck in his efforts to help return normal heart actions to human patients.
  360. body
    an individual 3-dimensional object that has mass
    Find a hard surface like a chair and rest your body on it.
  361. minute
    a unit of time equal to 60 seconds or 1/60th of an hour
    Aim for one hundred compressions each minute.
  362. enter
    to come or go into
    (MUSIC)

    PAT BODNAR: Bacteria can enter the body through even the smallest cut in the skin.
  363. sitting
    the act of assuming or maintaining a seated position
    You can do these abdominal thrusts by getting directly behind a sitting or standing person.
  364. sudden
    happening without warning or in a short space of time
    Defibrillators use electric shocks to correct abnormal heartbeats that can lead to sudden death.
  365. situation
    physical position in relation to the surroundings
    If such conditions describe the situation, chances are the heart has stopped beating.
  366. chair
    a seat for one person, with a support for the back
    Find a hard surface like a chair and rest your body on it.
  367. sit
    take a seat
    You can do these abdominal thrusts by getting directly behind a sitting or standing person.
  368. then
    at that time
    Then push forcefully inward and upward.
  369. above
    in or to a place that is higher
    Place the hands at the base of the breastbone -- just above the place where the lowest ribs join.
  370. speech
    communication by word of mouth
    He or she is unconscious -- unable to communicate or react to surroundings or speech.
  371. no longer
    not now
    But a leading medical organization no longer advises parents to keep syrup of ipecac.
  372. higher
    advanced in complexity or elaboration
    PAT BODNAR: For someone in late pregnancy or who is very fat, place your hands higher than with normal abdominal thrusts.
  373. building
    the act of constructing something
    Such devices are found increasingly in public places like airports, restaurants and office buildings.
  374. difficult
    requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish
    CPR is not difficult to learn.
  375. appear
    come into sight or view
    Medical historians say the devices appeared late in the nineteenth century.
  376. special
    adapted to or reserved for a particular purpose
    BOB DOUGHTY: This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English.
  377. voice
    the sound made when a person speaks
    A recorded voice on the AED guides the user.
  378. middle
    an area that is approximately central within some larger region
    Place a closed hand over the middle of your abdomen just above your waist.
  379. stopped
    (of a nose) blocked
    If such conditions describe the situation, chances are the heart has stopped beating.
  380. times
    a more or less definite period of time now or previously present
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  381. afraid
    filled with fear or apprehension
    Others say they are afraid of making the patient worse.
  382. carry
    physically move while supporting, by vehicle, hands, or body
    If the bleeding does not stop with direct pressure, put pressure on the artery that carries blood to the wound.
  383. condition
    a mode of being or form of existence of a person or thing
    If such conditions describe the situation, chances are the heart has stopped beating.
  384. success
    an event that accomplishes its intended purpose
    The doctor’s success led others to further develop the method and device.
  385. century
    a period of 100 years
    Medical historians say the devices appeared late in the nineteenth century.
  386. object
    a tangible and visible entity
    Repeat the abdominal thrusts until the object is expelled from the mouth.
  387. follow
    travel behind, go after, or come after
    Then he followed this rubbing with electrical defibrillation.
  388. health
    the general condition of body and mind
    The Mayo Clinic health centers suggest several steps if bleeding is severe.
  389. low
    less than normal in degree or intensity or amount
    Place the hands at the base of the breastbone -- just above the place where the lowest ribs join.
  390. another
    an additional or different one
    The American Heart Association suggests another method in this case.
  391. works
    performance of moral or religious acts
    Doctor Michael Sayre works at Ohio State University.
  392. standing
    status or reputation
    You can do these abdominal thrusts by getting directly behind a sitting or standing person.
  393. below
    in or to a place that is lower
    Place it over the upper part of the stomach, below the ribs.
  394. send
    cause to go somewhere
    You should act by calling for help, or sending someone else.
  395. whatever
    one or some or every or all without specification
    Save the container of whatever caused the poisoning.
  396. small
    limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude
    Today small, moveable AED’s can identify heart rhythms and produce electricity to treat victims of heart stoppage.
  397. group
    any number of entities (members) considered as a unit
    The group advises chest thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts.
  398. getting
    the act of acquiring something
    You can do these abdominal thrusts by getting directly behind a sitting or standing person.
  399. still
    not in physical motion
    If the airway is still blocked, the Red Cross suggests pushing hard five times along the victim's abdomen.
  400. society
    an extended group having a distinctive cultural organization
    PAT BODNAR: To learn more about first aid, ask a hospital or organization like a Red Cross or Red Crescent Society for information.
  401. are
    a unit of surface area equal to 100 square meters
    These are common causes of accidental poisoning.
  402. effect
    a phenomenon that is caused by some previous phenomenon
    And look on the container for information about anything that stops the effects of the poison.
  403. death
    the permanent end of all life functions in an organism
    Defibrillators use electric shocks to correct abnormal heartbeats that can lead to sudden death.
  404. just
    and nothing more
    Place the hands at the base of the breastbone -- just above the place where the lowest ribs join.
  405. stand
    be standing; be upright
    You can do these abdominal thrusts by getting directly behind a sitting or standing person.
  406. million
    the number that is represented as a one followed by 6 zeros
    BOB DOUGHTY: Millions of people know how to give abdominal thrusts to save a person choking on something trapped in the throat.
  407. back
    the posterior part of a human (or animal) body
    The American Academy of Pediatrics says some poisons can cause additional damage when they come back up the throat.
  408. seem
    give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect
    If a wound seems infected, let the victim rest.
  409. even
    being level or straight or regular and without variation
    BOB DOUGHTY: Even if you are the person choking, you can still help yourself.
  410. like
    having the same or similar characteristics
    In cases like this, seek medical help as soon as possible.
  411. way
    how something is done or how it happens
    That way, doctors can examine it.
  412. clear
    readily apparent to the mind
    For a choking victim who is unconscious with no heartbeat, clear the airway first.
  413. longer
    for more time
    But a leading medical organization no longer advises parents to keep syrup of ipecac.
  414. office
    place of business where professional duties are performed
    Such devices are found increasingly in public places like airports, restaurants and office buildings.
  415. news
    information about recent and important events
    BOB DOUGHTY: This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English.
  416. further
    to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage
    The doctor’s success led others to further develop the method and device.
  417. act
    behave in a certain manner
    You should act by calling for help, or sending someone else.
  418. common
    having no special distinction or quality
    These are common causes of accidental poisoning.
  419. ask
    make a request or demand for something to somebody
    PAT BODNAR: To learn more about first aid, ask a hospital or organization like a Red Cross or Red Crescent Society for information.
  420. each
    separately for every person or thing
    Aim for one hundred compressions each minute.
  421. fear
    an emotion in anticipation of some specific pain or danger
    Some people fear infection.
  422. taking
    the act of someone who picks up or takes something
    Red Cross experts say taking these steps can save many lives.
  423. between
    in the interval
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  424. hold
    have in one's hands or grip
    Take hold of that hand with your other hand.
  425. time
    the continuum of experience in which events pass to the past
    The American Red Cross says a rescuer should first hit the person on the back five times between the shoulder bones.
  426. school
    an educational institution
    Doctor Beck worked at what is now called Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Ohio.
  427. about
    (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct
    And look on the container for information about anything that stops the effects of the poison.
  428. kept
    not violated or disregarded
    Another doctor, Carl J. Wiggers, had kept laboratory animals with heart stoppage alive by massaging their hearts.
Created on Wed Sep 28 21:45:02 EDT 2011

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