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exotic species

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  1. myxoma virus
    a poxvirus closely related to smallpox virus
    -+ In 1951, government workers introduced a myxoma virus by way of mildly
    ~
    infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts.
  2. Oryctolagus
    Old World rabbits
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  3. Oryctolagus cuniculus
    common greyish-brown burrowing animal native to southern Europe and northern Africa but introduced elsewhere; widely domesticated and developed in various colors and for various needs; young are born naked and helpless
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  4. Pueraria
    genus of woody Asiatic vines: kudzu
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  5. kudzu
    a type of fast-growing vine
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  6. southeastern United States
    the southeastern region of the United States
    It seemed like a good idea to use it to control erosion on hills and highway embankments in the southeastern United States.
  7. myxomatosis
    a viral disease (usually fatal) of rabbits
    This virus causes myxomatosis.
  8. home range
    the area in which an animal normally ranges
    This is a name for a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.
  9. myxoma
    a benign tumor of connective tissue containing jellylike material
    -+ In 1951, government workers introduced a myxoma virus by way of mildly
    ~
    infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts.
  10. herbivore
    any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  11. herbicide
    a chemical agent that destroys plants or inhibits growth
    Grazing goats and herbicides help, but goats eat other plants, too, and herbicides contaminate water supplies.
  12. root system
    a developed system of roots
    In temperate parts of Asia, it is a well-behaved legume with a well-developed root system.
  13. fumigate
    treat with smoke, especially with the aim of disinfecting
    Their warrens have been plowed under, fumigated, and dynamited.
  14. rabbit
    any of various burrowing animals of the family Leporidae having long ears and short tails; some domesticated and raised for pets or food
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  15. koala
    a tailless, gray marsupial that lives in trees
    During the 1800s, British settlers in Australia just couldn't J:)6(l<:1 with the koalas and kangaroos, so they started to import familiar animals from their homeland.
  16. pathogen
    any disease-producing agent
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  17. virus
    infectious agent that replicates itself within living hosts
    -+ In 1951, government workers introduced a myxoma virus by way of mildly
    ~
    infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts.
  18. painlessly
    without pain
    The rabbits died quickly and relatively painlessly 'from blood clots in their lungs, hearts, and kidneys.
  19. vector
    a quantity that has magnitude and direction
    In 1995, the test virus escaped from the island, possibly on insect
    vectors.
  20. telephone pole
    tall pole supporting telephone wires
    Vines now blanket streambanks, trees, telephone poles, houses, and almost everything else in their path.
  21. ecologist
    a biologist who studies organisms and their environment
    ~ When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet the speaker isn't an ecologist.
  22. grassland
    land where grass or grasslike vegetation grows and is the dominant form of plant life
    You know where they've been; they transform grasslands and shrublands into eroded deserts.
  23. blood clot
    a semisolid mass of coagulated red and white blood cells
    The rabbits died quickly and relatively painlessly 'from blood clots in their lungs, hearts, and kidneys.
  24. legume
    an erect or climbing bean or pea plant
    In temperate parts of Asia, it is a well-behaved legume with a well-developed root system.
  25. contaminate
    make impure
    Grazing goats and herbicides help, but goats eat other plants, too, and herbicides contaminate water supplies.
  26. exotic
    characteristic of another place or part of the world
    ~ When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet the speaker isn't an ecologist.
  27. erode
    remove soil or rock
    You know where they've been; they transform grasslands and shrublands into eroded deserts.
  28. bright side
    a consoling aspect of a difficult situation
    Ipsi ~ On the, bright side, a Japanese firm is constructing a kudzu farm and processing plant in Alabama.
  29. endanger
    pose a threat to
    More often, they make native species endangered species, which by definition are extremely vulnerable to extinction.
  30. South American
    of or pertaining to or characteristic of the continent or countries of South America or their peoples
    -+ In 1951, government workers introduced a myxoma virus by way of mildly
    ~
    infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts.
  31. landowner
    a holder or proprietor of land
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  32. eroded
    worn away as by water or ice or wind
    You know where they've been; they transform grasslands and shrublands into eroded deserts.
  33. percent
    a proportion in relation to a whole
    Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to displacement by exotic species.
  34. kangaroo
    a leaping marsupial with powerful hind legs and a thick tail
    During the 1800s, British settlers in Australia just couldn't J:)6(l<:1 with the koalas and kangaroos, so they started to import familiar animals from their homeland.
  35. well-behaved
    (usually of children) someone who behaves in a manner that the speaker believes is correct
    In temperate parts of Asia, it is a well-behaved legume with a well-developed root system.
  36. predator
    any animal that lives by preying on other animals
    An ideal rabbit habitat with no natural predators was the reality.
  37. rapid growth
    a rapid rise
    But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of 0. cuniculus resistant to the virus.

    released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus.
  38. endangered
    in imminent threat of extinction
    More often, they make native species endangered species, which by definition are extremely vulnerable to extinction.
  39. endangered species
    a species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction
    More often, they make native species endangered species, which by definition are extremely vulnerable to extinction.
  40. logging
    the work of cutting down trees for timber
    [Q] Also, kudzu may eventually help reduce logging operations.
  41. displace
    cause to move, usually with force or pressure
    ,The rabbits displaced livestock, even kangaroos.
  42. species
    taxonomic group whose members can interbreed
    ~ When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet the speaker isn't an ecologist.
  43. import
    bring in from abroad
    Unlike most imports, which can't take hold outside their home range, an exotic species permanently insinuates~s{f into a new community.
  44. specie
    coins collectively
    ~ When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet the speaker isn't an ecologist.
  45. besiege
    surround so as to force to give up
    §J Six years later, the landowner had killed 20,000 rabbits and was besieged by 20,000 more.
  46. warren
    a colony of rabbits
    Their warrens have been plowed under, fumigated, and dynamited.
  47. Great Lakes
    a group of five large, interconnected lakes in central North America
    Kudzu could reach the Great Lakes by the year 2040.
  48. displacement
    the act of moving something from its natural environment
    Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to displacement by exotic species.
  49. southeastern
    situated in or oriented toward the southeast
    It seemed like a good idea to use it to control erosion on hills and highway embankments in the southeastern United States.
  50. erosion
    the process of wearing or grinding something down
    It seemed like a good idea to use it to control erosion on hills and highway embankments in the southeastern United States.
  51. insinuate
    suggest in an indirect or covert way; give to understand
    Unlike most imports, which can't take hold outside their home range, an exotic species permanently insinuates~s{f into a new community.
  52. two dozen
    the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-three and one
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  53. water supply
    a facility that provides a source of water
    Grazing goats and herbicides help, but goats eat other plants, too, and herbicides contaminate water supplies.
  54. resistant
    disposed to or engaged in defiance of established authority
    But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of 0. cuniculus resistant to the virus.

    released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus.
  55. infect
    contaminate with a disease
    -+ In 1951, government workers introduced a myxoma virus by way of mildly
    ~
    infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts.
  56. demise
    the time when something ends
    Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to displacement by exotic species.
  57. all-out
    using all available resources
    Even when all-out assaults reduced their population size by 70 percent, the rapidly reproducing imports made a comeback in less than a year.
  58. plowed
    (of farmland) broken and turned over with a plow
    Their warrens have been plowed under, fumigated, and dynamited.
  59. livestock
    any animals kept for use or profit
    ,The rabbits displaced livestock, even kangaroos.
  60. natural selection
    a process in which organisms evolve to adapt to environment
    But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of 0. cuniculus resistant to the virus.

    released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus.
  61. lethal
    of an instrument of certain death
    The disease has mitd effects on South American rabbits that coevolved with the virus but nearly always had lethal effects on 0. cuniculus.
  62. comeback
    a quick reply to a question or remark
    Even when all-out assaults reduced their population size by 70 percent, the rapidly reproducing imports made a comeback in less than a year.
  63. Australia
    the smallest continent
    During the 1800s, British settlers in Australia just couldn't J:)6(l<:1 with the koalas and kangaroos, so they started to import familiar animals from their homeland.
  64. clot
    a lump of material formed from the content of a liquid
    The rabbits died quickly and relatively painlessly 'from blood clots in their lungs, hearts, and kidneys.
  65. researcher
    a scientist devoted to systematic investigation
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  66. imported
    purchased from a foreign source
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  67. embankment
    a long artificial mound of stone or earth
    It seemed like a good idea to use it to control erosion on hills and highway embankments in the southeastern United States.
  68. habitat
    the type of environment in which an organism normally lives
    An ideal rabbit habitat with no natural predators was the reality.
  69. processing
    preparing or putting through a prescribed procedure
    Ipsi ~ On the, bright side, a Japanese firm is constructing a kudzu farm and processing plant in Alabama.
  70. bubbling
    emitting or filled with bubbles as from carbonation or fermentation
    ~ When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet the speaker isn't an ecologist.
  71. Australian
    of or relating to or characteristic of Australia or its inhabitants or its languages
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  72. inject
    force or drive (a fluid or gas) into by piercing
    But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of 0. cuniculus resistant to the virus.

    released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus.
  73. dynamite
    an explosive that contains nitroglycerin
    Their warrens have been plowed under, fumigated, and dynamited.
  74. flea
    any wingless bloodsucking parasitic insect noted for ability to leap
    Biting insects, mainly mosquitoes and fleas, quickly transmit the virus from host to host.
  75. dig up
    find by digging in the ground
    Attempts to dig up or burn kudzu are futile.
  76. homeland
    the country where you were born
    During the 1800s, British settlers in Australia just couldn't J:)6(l<:1 with the koalas and kangaroos, so they started to import familiar animals from their homeland.
  77. perennial
    lasting an indefinitely long time
    They overgraze perennial grasses in good times and strip bark from shrubs and trees during droughts.
  78. vine
    a plant with a weak stem that derives support from climbing, twining, or creeping along a surface
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  79. goat
    any of numerous agile ruminants related to sheep but having a beard and straight horns
    Grazing goats and herbicides help, but goats eat other plants, too, and herbicides contaminate water supplies.
  80. enthusiastically
    in an eager manner
    ~ When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet the speaker isn't an ecologist.
  81. deliberately
    in a careful unhurried manner
    This is a name for a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.
  82. insect
    a small creature with six legs, a hard body, and two antennae
    Biting insects, mainly mosquitoes and fleas, quickly transmit the virus from host to host.
  83. reproduce
    make a copy or equivalent of
    Even when all-out assaults reduced their population size by 70 percent, the rapidly reproducing imports made a comeback in less than a year.
  84. grazing
    the act of grazing
    Grazing goats and herbicides help, but goats eat other plants, too, and herbicides contaminate water supplies.
  85. humans
    all of the living human inhabitants of the earth
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  86. effects
    property of a personal character that is portable
    Sometimes the additions are harmless and even have beneficial effects.
  87. extinction
    the state of being no longer in existence
    More often, they make native species endangered species, which by definition are extremely vulnerable to extinction.
  88. temperate
    not extreme
    In temperate parts of Asia, it is a well-behaved legume with a well-developed root system.
  89. precarious
    not secure; beset with difficulties
    Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to displacement by exotic species.
  90. starch
    a complex carbohydrate in seeds, fruits, and pith of plants
    The idea is to export the starch to Asia, where the demand currently exceeds the supply.
  91. reduce
    make smaller
    Even when all-out assaults reduced their population size by 70 percent, the rapidly reproducing imports made a comeback in less than a year.
  92. host
    a person who invites guests to a social event
    -+ In 1951, government workers introduced a myxoma virus by way of mildly
    ~
    infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts.
  93. long-term
    relating to or extending over a relatively long time
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  94. mildly
    to a moderate degree
    -+ In 1951, government workers introduced a myxoma virus by way of mildly
    ~
    infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts.
  95. vulnerable
    capable of being wounded or hurt
    More often, they make native species endangered species, which by definition are extremely vulnerable to extinction.
  96. kidney
    either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine
    The rabbits died quickly and relatively painlessly 'from blood clots in their lungs, hearts, and kidneys.
  97. deserts
    an outcome (good or bad) that is well merited
    You know where they've been; they transform grasslands and shrublands into eroded deserts.
  98. drought
    a shortage of rainfall
    They overgraze perennial grasses in good times and strip bark from shrubs and trees during droughts.
  99. fence
    a barrier that serves to enclose an area
    Did the construction of a 2,000-mile-long fence protect western Australia?
  100. mosquito
    two-winged insect that sucks the blood of humans and animals
    Biting insects, mainly mosquitoes and fleas, quickly transmit the virus from host to host.
  101. release
    grant freedom to; free from confinement
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  102. infected
    containing or resulting from disease-causing organisms
    -+ In 1951, government workers introduced a myxoma virus by way of mildly
    ~
    infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts.
  103. biting
    causing a sharply painful or stinging sensation
    Biting insects, mainly mosquitoes and fleas, quickly transmit the virus from host to host.
  104. extinct
    no longer in existence
    Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to displacement by exotic species.
  105. meter
    a basic unit of length (approximately 1.094 yards)
    [A] With nothing to stop it, though, kudzu'S shoots grew a third of a meter per day.
  106. wholesale
    the selling of goods to merchants
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  107. beneficial
    promoting or enhancing well-being
    Sometimes the additions are harmless and even have beneficial effects.
  108. accidentally
    without intention; in an unintentional manner
    This is a name for a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.
  109. futile
    producing no result or effect
    Attempts to dig up or burn kudzu are futile.
  110. Asia
    the largest continent with 60% of the earth's population
    In temperate parts of Asia, it is a well-behaved legume with a well-developed root system.
  111. population
    the people who inhabit a territory or state
    Even when all-out assaults reduced their population size by 70 percent, the rapidly reproducing imports made a comeback in less than a year.
  112. take hold
    have or hold in one's hands or grip
    Unlike most imports, which can't take hold outside their home range, an exotic species permanently insinuates~s{f into a new community.
  113. plow
    a farm tool for breaking up or turning over soil
    Their warrens have been plowed under, fumigated, and dynamited.
  114. permanently
    for a long time without essential change
    Unlike most imports, which can't take hold outside their home range, an exotic species permanently insinuates~s{f into a new community.
  115. besieged
    surrounded by hostile forces
    §J Six years later, the landowner had killed 20,000 rabbits and was besieged by 20,000 more.
  116. widespread
    widely circulated or diffused
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  117. graze
    feed as in a meadow or pasture
    Grazing goats and herbicides help, but goats eat other plants, too, and herbicides contaminate water supplies.
  118. shrub
    a low woody plant usually having several stems
    They overgraze perennial grasses in good times and strip bark from shrubs and trees during droughts.
  119. bubble
    a hollow globule of gas (e.g., air or carbon dioxide)
    ~ When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet the speaker isn't an ecologist.
  120. Alabama
    a state in the southeastern United States on the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War
    Ipsi ~ On the, bright side, a Japanese firm is constructing a kudzu farm and processing plant in Alabama.
  121. currently
    at this time or period
    The idea is to export the starch to Asia, where the demand currently exceeds the supply.
  122. behave
    act in a certain manner
    In temperate parts of Asia, it is a well-behaved legume with a well-developed root system.
  123. good time
    a highly pleasurable or exciting experience
    They overgraze perennial grasses in good times and strip bark from shrubs and trees during droughts.
  124. harmless
    not causing or capable of causing harm
    Sometimes the additions are harmless and even have beneficial effects.
  125. questioning
    a request for information
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  126. competitor
    the contestant you hope to defeat
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  127. illustrate
    depict with a visual representation
    Two examples are included here to illustrate the problem.
  128. favored
    preferred above all others and treated with partiality
    But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of 0. cuniculus resistant to the virus.

    released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus.
  129. escape from
    get rid of
    In 1995, the test virus escaped from the island, possibly on insect
    vectors.
  130. plant
    a living organism without the power to move
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  131. relatively
    by comparison to something else
    The rabbits died quickly and relatively painlessly 'from blood clots in their lungs, hearts, and kidneys.
  132. settler
    a person who resides in a new colony or country
    During the 1800s, British settlers in Australia just couldn't J:)6(l<:1 with the koalas and kangaroos, so they started to import familiar animals from their homeland.
  133. definition
    a brief explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase
    More often, they make native species endangered species, which by definition are extremely vulnerable to extinction.
  134. lung
    either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates; serves to remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the blood
    The rabbits died quickly and relatively painlessly 'from blood clots in their lungs, hearts, and kidneys.
  135. European
    of or relating to or characteristic of Europe
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  136. range
    a variety of different things or activities
    This is a name for a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.
  137. worker
    a person who works at a specific occupation
    No. Rabbits made it to the other side before workers finished the fence.
  138. community
    a group of people living in a particular local area
    This is a name for a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.
  139. transmit
    send from one person or place to another
    Biting insects, mainly mosquitoes and fleas, quickly transmit the virus from host to host.
  140. established
    brought about or set up or accepted
    This is a name for a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.
  141. technology
    the practical application of science to commerce or industry
    [QJ At the Georgia Institute of Technology, researchers report that kudzu might become an alternative source for paper
  142. alternative
    one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen
    [QJ At the Georgia Institute of Technology, researchers report that kudzu might become an alternative source for paper
  143. transform
    change or alter in appearance or nature
    You know where they've been; they transform grasslands and shrublands into eroded deserts.
  144. boundary
    the line indicating the limit or extent of something
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  145. introduce
    bring something new to an environment
    -+ In 1951, government workers introduced a myxoma virus by way of mildly
    ~
    infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts.
  146. other than
    in another and different manner
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  147. adult
    a fully developed person from maturity onward
    It has been killing 80 to 95 percent of the adult rabbits in Australian regions.
  148. selection
    the act of choosing
    But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of 0. cuniculus resistant to the virus.

    released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus.
  149. highway
    a major road for any form of motor transport
    It seemed like a good idea to use it to control erosion on hills and highway embankments in the southeastern United States.
  150. Georgia
    a state in southeastern United States
    [QJ At the Georgia Institute of Technology, researchers report that kudzu might become an alternative source for paper
  151. mainly
    for the most part
    Biting insects, mainly mosquitoes and fleas, quickly transmit the virus from host to host.
  152. resident
    someone who lives at a particular place for a long period
    This is a name for a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.
  153. institute
    set up or lay the groundwork for
    [QJ At the Georgia Institute of Technology, researchers report that kudzu might become an alternative source for paper
  154. effect
    a phenomenon that is caused by some previous phenomenon
    Sometimes the additions are harmless and even have beneficial effects.
  155. blanket
    bedding that keeps a person warm in bed
    Vines now blanket streambanks, trees, telephone poles, houses, and almost everything else in their path.
  156. bet
    stake on the outcome of an issue
    ~ When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet the speaker isn't an ecologist.
  157. speaker
    someone who expresses in language
    ~ When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet the speaker isn't an ecologist.
  158. construct
    make by combining materials and parts
    Ipsi ~ On the, bright side, a Japanese firm is constructing a kudzu farm and processing plant in Alabama.
  159. export
    sell or transfer abroad
    The idea is to export the starch to Asia, where the demand currently exceeds the supply.
  160. United States
    North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  161. safely
    in a manner unlikely to cause damage or harm
    ~ When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet the speaker isn't an ecologist.
  162. disaster
    an event resulting in great loss and misfortune
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  163. quickly
    with little or no delay
    Biting insects, mainly mosquitoes and fleas, quickly transmit the virus from host to host.
  164. establish
    set up or found
    This is a name for a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.
  165. killing
    the act of terminating a life
    It has been killing 80 to 95 percent of the adult rabbits in Australian regions.
  166. exceed
    be or do something to a greater degree
    The idea is to export the starch to Asia, where the demand currently exceeds the supply.
  167. idea
    the content of cognition
    Good food and good sport hunting-that was the idea.
  168. assault
    attack someone physically or emotionally
    Even when all-out assaults reduced their population size by 70 percent, the rapidly reproducing imports made a comeback in less than a year.
  169. owe
    be obliged to pay or repay
    Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to displacement by exotic species.
  170. unlike
    marked by dissimilarity
    Unlike most imports, which can't take hold outside their home range, an exotic species permanently insinuates~s{f into a new community.
  171. normal
    being approximately average or within certain limits
    -+ In 1951, government workers introduced a myxoma virus by way of mildly
    ~
    infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts.
  172. eventually
    after an unspecified period of time or a long delay
    [Q] Also, kudzu may eventually help reduce logging operations.
  173. pole
    a long rod of wood, metal, or plastic
    Vines now blanket streambanks, trees, telephone poles, houses, and almost everything else in their path.
  174. supply
    circulate or distribute or equip with
    Grazing goats and herbicides help, but goats eat other plants, too, and herbicides contaminate water supplies.
  175. log
    a segment of the trunk of a tree when stripped of branches
    [Q] Also, kudzu may eventually help reduce logging operations.
  176. bark
    the sound made by a dog
    They overgraze perennial grasses in good times and strip bark from shrubs and trees during droughts.
  177. South
    the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line
    -+ In 1951, government workers introduced a myxoma virus by way of mildly
    ~
    infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts.
  178. included
    enclosed in the same envelope or package
    Two examples are included here to illustrate the problem.
  179. elsewhere
    in or to another place
    This is a name for a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.
  180. animal
    a living organism characterized by voluntary movement
    During the 1800s, British settlers in Australia just couldn't J:)6(l<:1 with the koalas and kangaroos, so they started to import familiar animals from their homeland.
  181. western
    lying toward or situated in the west
    Did the construction of a 2,000-mile-long fence protect western Australia?
  182. telephone
    electronic equipment that transmits sound over distances
    Vines now blanket streambanks, trees, telephone poles, houses, and almost everything else in their path.
  183. poison
    any substance that causes injury or illness or death
    They have been shot and poisoned.
  184. northern
    situated in or oriented toward the north
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  185. threat
    declaration of an intention to inflict harm on another
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  186. 300
    being one hundred more than two hundred
    Now Australia has 200 to 300 million hippityhopping through the southern half of the country.
  187. someone
    a human being
    ~ When you hear someone bubbling enthusiastically about an exotic species, you can safely bet the speaker isn't an ecologist.
  188. construction
    the act of building something
    Did the construction of a 2,000-mile-long fence protect western Australia?
  189. strip
    take off or remove
    They overgraze perennial grasses in good times and strip bark from shrubs and trees during droughts.
  190. hunting
    the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone
    Good food and good sport hunting-that was the idea.
  191. natural
    relating to or concerning the physical world
    An ideal rabbit habitat with no natural predators was the reality.
  192. dig
    turn up, loosen, or remove earth
    Attempts to dig up or burn kudzu are futile.
  193. extremely
    to the greatest possible degree
    More often, they make native species endangered species, which by definition are extremely vulnerable to extinction.
  194. reduced
    made less in size or amount or degree
    Even when all-out assaults reduced their population size by 70 percent, the rapidly reproducing imports made a comeback in less than a year.
  195. united
    being or joined into a single entity
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  196. operations
    financial transactions at a brokerage
    [Q] Also, kudzu may eventually help reduce logging operations.
  197. die
    lose all bodily functions necessary to sustain life
    Having no coevolved defenses against the novel virus, the European rabbits died in droves.
  198. shoot
    fire a shot
    They have been shot and poisoned.
  199. rapid
    characterized by speed
    But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of 0. cuniculus resistant to the virus.

    released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus.
  200. escaped
    having escaped, especially from confinement
    In 1995, the test virus escaped from the island, possibly on insect
    vectors.
  201. developed
    being changed over time, as to be stronger or more complete
    In temperate parts of Asia, it is a well-behaved legume with a well-developed root system.
  202. defense
    the act of guarding someone or something against attack
    Having no coevolved defenses against the novel virus, the European rabbits died in droves.
  203. scale
    an ordered reference standard
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  204. Japan
    a constitutional monarchy occupying the Japanese Archipelago
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  205. include
    have as a part; be made up out of
    Two examples are included here to illustrate the problem.
  206. ideal
    a principle or value that one hopes to attain or conform to
    An ideal rabbit habitat with no natural predators was the reality.
  207. More
    English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded; recalled for his concept of Utopia, the ideal state
    More often, they make native species endangered species, which by definition are extremely vulnerable to extinction.
  208. rare
    especially good, remarkable, or superlative
    Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to displacement by exotic species.
  209. kill
    cause to die
    §J Six years later, the landowner had killed 20,000 rabbits and was besieged by 20,000 more.
  210. addition
    the arithmetic operation of summing
    Sometimes the additions are harmless and even have beneficial effects.
  211. Japanese
    of or relating to or characteristic of Japan or its people or their culture or language
    Ipsi ~ On the, bright side, a Japanese firm is constructing a kudzu farm and processing plant in Alabama.
  212. 200
    being ten more than one hundred ninety
    Now Australia has 200 to 300 million hippityhopping through the southern half of the country.
  213. drove
    a group of animals (a herd or flock) moving together
    Having no coevolved defenses against the novel virus, the European rabbits died in droves.
  214. reality
    the state of being actual
    An ideal rabbit habitat with no natural predators was the reality.
  215. novel
    an extended fictional work in prose
    Having no coevolved defenses against the novel virus, the European rabbits died in droves.
  216. recently
    in the recent past
    Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to displacement by exotic species.
  217. rapidly
    with quick movements
    Even when all-out assaults reduced their population size by 70 percent, the rapidly reproducing imports made a comeback in less than a year.
  218. growth
    changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level
    But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of 0. cuniculus resistant to the virus.

    released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus.
  219. close to
    (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct
    Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to displacement by exotic species.
  220. possibly
    to a degree possible of achievement or by possible means
    In 1995, the test virus escaped from the island, possibly on insect
    vectors.
  221. root
    underground plant organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes
    In temperate parts of Asia, it is a well-behaved legume with a well-developed root system.
  222. tree
    a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms
    They overgraze perennial grasses in good times and strip bark from shrubs and trees during droughts.
  223. familiar
    a friend who is frequently in the company of another
    During the 1800s, British settlers in Australia just couldn't J:)6(l<:1 with the koalas and kangaroos, so they started to import familiar animals from their homeland.
  224. sport
    active diversion requiring physical exertion and competition
    Good food and good sport hunting-that was the idea.
  225. III
    the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one
    !III
  226. hearts
    a form of whist in which players avoid winning tricks containing hearts or the queen of spades
    The rabbits died quickly and relatively painlessly 'from blood clots in their lungs, hearts, and kidneys.
  227. become
    come into existence
    This is a name for a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.
  228. jump
    move forward by leaps and bounds
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  229. grass
    narrow-leaved green herbage: grown as lawns
    They overgraze perennial grasses in good times and strip bark from shrubs and trees during droughts.
  230. start
    take the first step or steps in carrying out an action
    During the 1800s, British settlers in Australia just couldn't J:)6(l<:1 with the koalas and kangaroos, so they started to import familiar animals from their homeland.
  231. disease
    an impairment of health
    The disease has mitd effects on South American rabbits that coevolved with the virus but nearly always had lethal effects on 0. cuniculus.
  232. good
    having desirable or positive qualities
    Good food and good sport hunting-that was the idea.
  233. source
    the place where something begins
    [QJ At the Georgia Institute of Technology, researchers report that kudzu might become an alternative source for paper
  234. region
    the extended spatial location of something
    It has been killing 80 to 95 percent of the adult rabbits in Australian regions.
  235. protect
    shield from danger, injury, destruction, or damage
    Did the construction of a 2,000-mile-long fence protect western Australia?
  236. list
    a database containing an ordered array of items
    Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to displacement by exotic species.
  237. hunt
    pursue for food or sport (as of wild animals)
    Good food and good sport hunting-that was the idea.
  238. southern
    situated in or oriented toward the south
    Now Australia has 200 to 300 million hippityhopping through the southern half of the country.
  239. dozen
    the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  240. finished
    ended or brought to an end
    No. Rabbits made it to the other side before workers finished the fence.
  241. favor
    an act of gracious kindness
    But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of 0. cuniculus resistant to the virus.

    released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus.
  242. path
    an established line of travel or access
    Vines now blanket streambanks, trees, telephone poles, houses, and almost everything else in their path.
  243. test
    standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or aptitude
    In 1995, the test virus escaped from the island, possibly on insect
    vectors.
  244. process
    a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
    Ipsi ~ On the, bright side, a Japanese firm is constructing a kudzu farm and processing plant in Alabama.
  245. desert
    leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch
    You know where they've been; they transform grasslands and shrublands into eroded deserts.
  246. existence
    the state or fact of being
    Of all species on the rare or endangered lists or that recently became extinct, close to 70 percent owe their precarious existence or demise to displacement by exotic species.
  247. firm
    not soft or yielding to pressure
    Ipsi ~ On the, bright side, a Japanese firm is constructing a kudzu farm and processing plant in Alabama.
  248. American
    of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture
    -+ In 1951, government workers introduced a myxoma virus by way of mildly
    ~
    infected South American rabbits, its normal hosts.
  249. consequence
    a phenomenon that is caused by some previous phenomenon
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  250. size
    the physical magnitude of something (how big it is)
    Even when all-out assaults reduced their population size by 70 percent, the rapidly reproducing imports made a comeback in less than a year.
  251. farm
    workplace or land used for growing crops or raising animals
    Ipsi ~ On the, bright side, a Japanese firm is constructing a kudzu farm and processing plant in Alabama.
  252. develop
    progress or evolve through a process of natural growth
    In temperate parts of Asia, it is a well-behaved legume with a well-developed root system.
  253. help
    give assistance; be of service
    Grazing goats and herbicides help, but goats eat other plants, too, and herbicides contaminate water supplies.
  254. lake
    a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land
    Kudzu could reach the Great Lakes by the year 2040.
  255. serious
    of great consequence
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  256. operation
    process or manner of functioning
    [Q] Also, kudzu may eventually help reduce logging operations.
  257. escape
    run away from confinement
    In 1995, the test virus escaped from the island, possibly on insect
    vectors.
  258. bright
    emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts
    Ipsi ~ On the, bright side, a Japanese firm is constructing a kudzu farm and processing plant in Alabama.
  259. writing
    symbols imprinted on a surface to represent sounds or words
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  260. finish
    come or bring to an end
    No. Rabbits made it to the other side before workers finished the fence.
  261. parts
    the local environment
    In temperate parts of Asia, it is a well-behaved legume with a well-developed root system.
  262. make it
    succeed in a big way; get to the top
    No. Rabbits made it to the other side before workers finished the fence.
  263. problem
    a question raised for consideration or solution
    Two examples are included here to illustrate the problem.
  264. even
    being level or straight or regular and without variation
    Sometimes the additions are harmless and even have beneficial effects.
  265. moved
    being excited or provoked to the expression of an emotion
    This is a name for a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.
  266. outside
    the region that is outside of something
    Unlike most imports, which can't take hold outside their home range, an exotic species permanently insinuates~s{f into a new community.
  267. example
    an item of information that is typical of a class or group
    Two examples are included here to illustrate the problem.
  268. native
    belonging to one by birth
    More often, they make native species endangered species, which by definition are extremely vulnerable to extinction.
  269. side
    a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location
    No. Rabbits made it to the other side before workers finished the fence.
  270. home
    where you live at a particular time
    This is a name for a resident of an established community that was deliberately or accidentally moved from its home range and became established elsewhere.
  271. shot
    the act of firing a projectile
    They have been shot and poisoned.
  272. bite
    to grip, cut off, or tear with or as if with the teeth or jaws
    Biting insects, mainly mosquitoes and fleas, quickly transmit the virus from host to host.
  273. control
    power to direct or determine
    It seemed like a good idea to use it to control erosion on hills and highway embankments in the southeastern United States.
  274. wild
    wild, free, and not controlled or touched by humans
    In 1859, in what would be the start of a wholesale disaster, a northern Australian landowner imported and then released two dozen wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  275. hill
    a local and well-defined elevation of the land
    It seemed like a good idea to use it to control erosion on hills and highway embankments in the southeastern United States.
  276. food
    any substance that can be metabolized by an animal
    Good food and good sport hunting-that was the idea.
  277. state
    the way something is with respect to its main attributes
    IP71 A vine called kudzu (Pueraria /obata) was deliberately imported from Japan to the United States, where it faces no serious threats from herbivores, pathogens, or competitor plants.
  278. year
    the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun
    §J Six years later, the landowner had killed 20,000 rabbits and was besieged by 20,000 more.
  279. burn
    destroy by fire
    Attempts to dig up or burn kudzu are futile.
  280. other
    not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied
    No. Rabbits made it to the other side before workers finished the fence.
  281. term
    a limited period of time during which something lasts
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  282. demand
    request urgently and forcefully
    The idea is to export the starch to Asia, where the demand currently exceeds the supply.
  283. third
    one of three equal parts of a divisible whole
    [A] With nothing to stop it, though, kudzu'S shoots grew a third of a meter per day.
  284. eat
    take in solid food
    Grazing goats and herbicides help, but goats eat other plants, too, and herbicides contaminate water supplies.
  285. system
    a group of independent elements comprising a unified whole
    In temperate parts of Asia, it is a well-behaved legume with a well-developed root system.
  286. British
    of or relating to or characteristic of Great Britain or its people or culture
    During the 1800s, British settlers in Australia just couldn't J:)6(l<:1 with the koalas and kangaroos, so they started to import familiar animals from their homeland.
  287. attempt
    make an effort
    Attempts to dig up or burn kudzu are futile.
  288. now
    at the present moment
    Now Australia has 200 to 300 million hippityhopping through the southern half of the country.
  289. blood
    the fluid that is pumped through the body by the heart
    The rabbits died quickly and relatively painlessly 'from blood clots in their lungs, hearts, and kidneys.
  290. nearly
    slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but
    The disease has mitd effects on South American rabbits that coevolved with the virus but nearly always had lethal effects on 0. cuniculus.
  291. might
    physical strength
    But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of 0. cuniculus resistant to the virus.

    released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus.
  292. island
    a land mass that is surrounded by water
    In 1995, the test virus escaped from the island, possibly on insect
    vectors.
  293. may
    thorny shrub of a small tree having white to scarlet flowers
    But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of 0. cuniculus resistant to the virus.

    released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus.
  294. million
    the number that is represented as a one followed by 6 zeros
    Now Australia has 200 to 300 million hippityhopping through the southern half of the country.
  295. paper
    a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses
    [QJ At the Georgia Institute of Technology, researchers report that kudzu might become an alternative source for paper
  296. sometimes
    on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always
    Sometimes the additions are harmless and even have beneficial effects.
  297. report
    to give an account or representation of in words
    [QJ At the Georgia Institute of Technology, researchers report that kudzu might become an alternative source for paper
  298. long
    primarily spatial sense
    Did the construction of a 2,000-mile-long fence protect western Australia?
  299. expect
    regard something as probable or likely
    But, as you might expect, natural selection has since favored rapid growth of populations of 0. cuniculus resistant to the virus.

    released a population of rabbits that they had injected with a calcivirus.
  300. human
    a person; a hominid with a large brain and articulate speech
    At this writing, researchers are now questioning whether the calcivirus should be used on a widespread scale, whether it can jump boundaries and infect animals other than rabbits (such as humans), and what the long-term consequences will be.
  301. six
    the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one
    §J Six years later, the landowner had killed 20,000 rabbits and was besieged by 20,000 more.
Created on Wed Nov 03 20:46:23 EDT 2010

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