- Types:
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disease of the neuromuscular junction
a disease characterized by impairment of neuromuscular junctions
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aspergillosis
disease especially in agricultural workers caused by inhalation of Aspergillus spores causing lumps in skin and ears and respiratory organs
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anthrax
a disease of humans that is not communicable; caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis followed by septicemia
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blackwater
any of several human or animal diseases characterized by dark urine resulting from rapid breakdown of red blood cells
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cat scratch disease
a disease thought to be transmitted to humans by a scratch from a cat
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complication
any disease or disorder that occurs during the course of (or because of) another disease
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crud
an ill-defined bodily ailment
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endemic, endemic disease
a disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location
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enteropathy
a disease of the intestinal tract
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incompetence
inability of a part or organ to function properly
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Kawasaki disease, mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
an acute disease of young children characterized by a rash and swollen lymph nodes and fever; of unknown cause
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pycnosis, pyknosis
a degenerative state of the cell nucleus
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Indian tick fever, Kenya fever, Marseilles fever, boutonneuse fever
a disease (common in India and around the Mediterranean area) caused by a rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by a reddish brown tick (ixodid) that lives on dogs and other mammals
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Meniere's disease
a disease of the inner ear characterized by episodes of dizziness and tinnitus and progressive hearing loss (usually unilateral)
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milk sickness
caused by consuming milk from cattle suffering from trembles
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mimesis
any disease that shows symptoms characteristic of another disease
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industrial disease, occupational disease
disease or disability resulting from conditions of employment (usually from long exposure to a noxious substance or from continuous repetition of certain acts)
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onychosis
any disease or disorder of the nails
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rheumatism
any painful disorder of the joints or muscles or connective tissues
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periarteritis nodosa, polyarteritis nodosa
a progressive disease of connective tissue that is characterized by nodules along arteries; nodules may block the artery and result in inadequate circulation to the particular area
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periodontal disease, periodontitis
a disease that attacks the gum and bone and around the teeth
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liver disease
a disease affecting the liver
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communicable disease
a disease that can be communicated from one person to another
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exanthema subitum, pseudorubella, roseola infantilis, roseola infantum
a viral disease of infants and young children; characterized by abrupt high fever and mild sore throat; a few days later there is a faint pinkish rash that lasts for a few hours to a few days
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respiratory disease, respiratory disorder, respiratory illness
a disease affecting the respiratory system
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congenital disease, genetic abnormality, genetic defect, genetic disease, genetic disorder, hereditary condition, hereditary disease, inherited disease, inherited disorder
a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically
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inflammatory disease
a disease characterized by inflammation
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autoimmune disease, autoimmune disorder
any of a large group of diseases characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against your own tissues
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deficiency disease
any disease caused by a lack of an essential nutrient (as a vitamin or mineral)
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cystic breast disease, cystic mastitis, fibrocystic breast disease, fibrocystic disease of the breast
the presence of one or more cysts in a breast
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goiter, goitre, struma, thyromegaly
abnormally enlarged thyroid gland; can result from underproduction or overproduction of hormone or from a deficiency of iodine in the diet
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pappataci fever, phlebotomus, sandfly fever
a mild viral disease transmitted by the bite of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasii
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disease of the skin, skin disease, skin disorder
a disease affecting the skin
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malignance, malignancy
(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death
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eye disease
any disease of the eye
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animal disease
a disease that typically does not affect human beings
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plant disease
a disease that affects plants
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ozaena, ozena
a chronic disease of the nose characterized by a foul-smelling nasal discharge and atrophy of nasal structures
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filariasis
a disease caused by nematodes in the blood or tissues of the body causing blockage of lymphatic vessels
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warble
a lumpy abscess under the hide of domestic mammals caused by larvae of a botfly or warble fly
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ARDS, adult respiratory distress syndrome, wet lung, white lung
acute lung injury characterized by coughing and rales; inflammation of the lungs which become stiff and fibrous and cannot exchange oxygen; occurs among persons exposed to irritants such as corrosive chemical vapors or ammonia or chlorine etc.
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cutaneous anthrax, malignant pustule
a form of anthrax infection that begins as papule that becomes a vesicle and breaks with a discharge of toxins; symptoms of septicemia are severe with vomiting and high fever and profuse sweating; the infection is often fatal
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anthrax pneumonia, inhalation anthrax, pulmonary anthrax, ragpicker's disease, ragsorter's disease, woolsorter's disease, woolsorter's pneumonia
a form of anthrax infection acquired by inhalation of dust containing Bacillus anthracis; initial symptoms (chill and cough and dyspnea and rapid pulse) are followed by extreme cardiovascular collapse
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monogenic disease, monogenic disorder
an inherited disease controlled by a single pair of genes
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polygenic disease, polygenic disorder
an inherited disease controlled by several genes at once
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hypogonadism
incompetence of the gonads (especially in the male with low testosterone); results in deficient development of secondary sex characteristics and (in prepubertal males) a body with long legs and a short trunk
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valvular incompetence
inability of a bodily valve to close completely
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myasthenia, myasthenia gravis
a chronic progressive disease characterized by chronic fatigue and muscular weakness (especially in the face and neck); caused by a deficiency of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions
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Eaton-Lambert syndrome, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, carcinomatous myopathy, myasthenic syndrome
a disease seen in patients with lung cancer and characterized by weakness and fatigue of hip and thigh muscles and an aching back; caused by antibodies directed against the neuromuscular junctions
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onycholysis
separation of a nail from its normal attachment to the nail bed
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Riggs' disease, pyorrhea, pyorrhea alveolaris, pyorrhoea
chronic periodontitis; purulent inflammation of the teeth sockets
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alveolar resorption
wasting of the bony socket
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gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
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ulatrophia
recession of the gums
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MS, disseminated multiple sclerosis, disseminated sclerosis, multiple sclerosis
a chronic progressive nervous disorder involving loss of myelin sheath around certain nerve fibers
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cirrhosis, cirrhosis of the liver
a chronic disease interfering with the normal functioning of the liver; the major cause is chronic alcoholism
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fatty liver
yellow discoloration as a result of the accumulation of certain fats (triglycerides) in the liver; can be caused by alcoholic cirrhosis or pregnancy or exposure to certain toxins
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IDDM, autoimmune diabetes, growth-onset diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, juvenile diabetes, juvenile-onset diabetes, ketoacidosis-prone diabetes, ketosis-prone diabetes, type I diabetes
severe diabetes mellitus with an early onset; characterized by polyuria and excessive thirst and increased appetite and weight loss and episodic ketoacidosis; diet and insulin injections are required to control the disease
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Graves' disease, exophthalmic goiter
exophthalmos occurring in association with goiter; hyperthyroidism with protrusion of the eyeballs
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achondroplasia, achondroplasty, chondrodystrophy, osteosclerosis congenita
an inherited skeletal disorder beginning before birth; cartilage is converted to bone resulting in dwarfism
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contagion, contagious disease
any disease easily transmitted by contact
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flu, grippe, influenza
an acute febrile highly contagious viral disease
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infectious disease
a disease transmitted only by a specific kind of contact
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hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin
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cancer of the liver, liver cancer
malignant neoplastic disease of the liver usually occurring as a metastasis from another cancer; symptoms include loss of appetite and weakness and bloating and jaundice and upper abdominal discomfort
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NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
an acute inflammatory disease occurring in the intestines of premature infants; necrosis of intestinal tissue may follow
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pertussis, whooping cough
a disease of the respiratory mucous membrane
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cold, common cold
a mild viral infection involving the nose and respiratory passages (but not the lungs)
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asthma, asthma attack, bronchial asthma
respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing; usually of allergic origin
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bronchitis
inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes
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emphysema, pulmonary emphysema
an abnormal condition of the lungs marked by decreased respiratory function; associated with smoking or chronic bronchitis or old age
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pneumonia
respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants
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atypical pneumonia, mycoplasmal pneumonia, primary atypical pneumonia
an acute respiratory disease marked by high fever and coughing; caused by mycoplasma; primarily affecting children and young adults
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interstitial pneumonia
chronic lung disease affecting the interstitial tissue of the lungs
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pneumoconiosis, pneumonoconiosis
chronic respiratory disease caused by inhaling metallic or mineral particles
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hyaline membrane disease, respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
an acute lung disease of the newborn (especially the premature newborn); lungs cannot expand because of a wetting agent is lacking; characterized by rapid shallow breathing and cyanosis and the formation of a glassy hyaline membrane over the alveoli
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abetalipoproteinemia
a rare inherited disorder of fat metabolism; characterized by severe deficiency of beta-lipoproteins and abnormal red blood cells (acanthocytes) and abnormally low cholesterol levels
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inborn error of metabolism
any of a number of diseases in which an inherited defect (usually a missing or inadequate enzyme) results in an abnormality of metabolism
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Hirschsprung's disease, congenital megacolon
congenital condition in which the colon does not have the normal network of nerves; there is little urge to defecate so the feces accumulate and cause megacolon
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mucopolysaccharidosis
any of a group of genetic disorders involving a defect in the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides resulting in greater than normal levels of mucopolysaccharides in tissues
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hyperbetalipoproteinemia
a genetic disorder characterized by high levels of beta-lipoproteins and cholesterol; can lead to atherosclerosis at an early age
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ichthyosis
any of several congenital diseases in which the skin is dry and scaly like a fish
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branched chain ketoaciduria, maple syrup urine disease
an inherited disorder of metabolism in which the urine has a odor characteristic of maple syrup; if untreated it can lead to mental retardation and death in early childhood
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McArdle's disease
an inherited disease in which abnormal amounts of glycogen accumulate in skeletal muscle; results in weakness and cramping
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dystrophy, muscular dystrophy
any of several hereditary diseases of the muscular system characterized by weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles
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oligodactyly
congenital condition in which some fingers or toes are missing
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oligodontia
congenital condition in which some of the teeth are missing
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otosclerosis
hereditary disorder in which ossification of the labyrinth of the inner ear causes tinnitus and eventual deafness
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autosomal dominant disease, autosomal dominant disorder
a disease caused by a dominant mutant gene on an autosome
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autosomal recessive defect, autosomal recessive disease
a disease caused by the presence of two recessive mutant genes on an autosome
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Fanconi's anaemia, Fanconi's anemia, congenital pancytopenia
a rare congenital anemia characterized by pancytopenia and hypoplasia of the bone marrow
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Spielmeyer-Vogt disease, juvenile amaurotic idiocy
a congenital progressive disorder of lipid metabolism having an onset at age 5 and characterized by blindness and dementia and early death
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congenital afibrinogenemia
a rare congenital disorder of blood coagulation in which no fibrinogen is found in the blood plasma
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gastroenteritis, intestinal flu, stomach flu
inflammation of the stomach and intestines; can be caused by Salmonella enteritidis
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PID, pelvic inflammatory disease
inflammation of the female pelvic organs (especially the Fallopian tubes) caused by infection by any of several microorganisms (chiefly gonococci and chlamydia); symptoms are abdominal pain and fever and foul-smelling vaginal discharge
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empyema
a collection of pus in a body cavity (especially in the lung cavity)
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pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura of the lungs (especially the parietal layer)
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pyelitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
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pharyngitis, raw throat, sore throat
inflammation of the fauces and pharynx
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angina
any disease of the throat or fauces marked by spasmodic attacks of intense suffocative pain
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SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
a respiratory disease of unknown etiology that apparently originated in mainland China in 2003; characterized by fever and coughing or difficulty breathing or hypoxia; can be fatal
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arthritis
inflammation of a joint or joints
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atrophic arthritis, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis
a chronic autoimmune disease with inflammation of the joints and marked deformities; something (possibly a virus) triggers an attack on the synovium by the immune system, which releases cytokines that stimulate an inflammatory reaction that can lead to the destruction of all components of the joint
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malnutrition
a state of poor nutrition; can result from insufficient or excessive or unbalanced diet or from inability to absorb foods
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zinc deficiency
a deficiency caused by inadequate zinc in the diet or by liver disease or cystic fibrosis or other diseases
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Albers-Schonberg disease, marble bones disease, osteopetrosis
an inherited disorder characterized by an increase in bone density; in severe forms the bone marrow cavity may be obliterated
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blight
any plant disease resulting in withering without rotting
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leaf disease
any plant disease localized in the foliage
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Marie-Strumpell disease, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid spondylitis
a chronic form of spondylitis primarily in males and marked by impaired mobility of the spine; sometimes leads to ankylosis
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DLE, discoid lupus erythematosus
a chronic skin disease occurring primarily in women between the ages of 20 and 40; characterized by an eruption of red lesions over the cheeks and bridge of the nose
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Hashimoto's disease
autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland; most common in middle-aged women
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LE, lupus erythematosus
a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints)
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acantholysis
a breakdown of a cell layer in the epidermis (as in pemphigus)
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acanthosis
an abnormal but benign thickening of the prickle-cell layer of the skin (as in psoriasis)
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acanthosis nigricans, keratosis nigricans
a skin disease characterized by dark wartlike patches in the body folds; can be benign or malignant
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acne
an inflammatory disease involving the sebaceous glands of the skin; characterized by papules or pustules or comedones
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dermatosis
disorder involving lesions or eruptions of the skin (in which there is usually no inflammation)
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eczema
generic term for inflammatory conditions of the skin; particularly with vesiculation in the acute stages
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erythroderma
any skin disorder involving abnormal redness
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furunculosis
acute skin disease characterized by the presence of many furuncles
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impetigo
a very contagious infection of the skin; common in children; localized redness develops into small blisters that gradually crust and erode
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jungle rot
skin disorder induced by a tropical climate
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keratoderma, keratodermia
any skin disorder consisting of a growth that appears horny
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keratonosis
any abnormal condition of the outer skin (epidermis)
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keratosis
a skin condition marked by an overgrowth of layers of horny skin
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leukoderma
a congenital skin condition characterized by spots or bands of unpigmented skin
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lichen
any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks
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livedo
skin disorder characterized by patchy bluish discolorations on the skin
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lupus
any of several forms of ulcerative skin disease
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melanism, melanosis
a condition characterized by abnormal deposits of melanin (especially in the skin)
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molluscum
any skin disease characterized by soft pulpy nodules
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necrobiosis lipoidica, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum
skin disease marked by thin shiny patches (especially on the legs); often associated with diabetes mellitus
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pemphigus
a skin disease characterized by large thin-walled blisters (bullae) arising from normal skin or mucous membrane
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prurigo
chronic inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by blister capped papules and intense itching
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psoriasis
a chronic skin disease characterized by dry red patches covered with scales; occurs especially on the scalp and ears and genitalia and the skin over bony prominences
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rhagades
cracks or fissures in the skin (especially around the mouth or anus)
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Saint Anthony's fire
any of several inflammatory or gangrenous skin conditions
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seborrhea
a condition in which overactivity of the sebaceous glands causes the skin to become oily
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vitiligo
an acquired skin disease characterized by patches of unpigmented skin (often surrounded by a heavily pigmented border)
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xanthoma
a skin problem marked by the development (on the eyelids and neck and back) of irregular yellow nodules; sometimes attributable to disturbances of cholesterol metabolism
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xanthosis
an abnormal yellow discoloration of the skin
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malignant neoplasm, malignant tumor, metastatic tumor
a tumor that is malignant and tends to spread to other parts of the body
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cataract
an eye disease that involves the clouding or opacification of the natural lens of the eye
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macular edema
an eye disease caused by a swelling of the macula resulting from leakage and accumulation of fluid
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cystoid macular edema
a specific pattern of swelling in the central retina
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drusen
(plural) an eye disease resulting from small accumulations of hyaline bodies underneath the retina
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glaucoma
an eye disease that damages the optic nerve and impairs vision (sometimes progressing to blindness)
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keratonosus
any disease of the cornea
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macular degeneration
eye disease caused by degeneration of the cells of the macula lutea and results in blurred vision; can cause blindness
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retinopathy
a disease of the retina that can result in loss of vision
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trachoma
a chronic contagious viral disease marked by inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye and the formation of scar tissue
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leucoma, leukoma
eye disease consisting of an opaque white spot on the cornea
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anaplasmosis
a disease of cattle that is transmitted by cattle ticks; similar to Texas fever
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aspergillosis, brooder pneumonia
severe respiratory disease of birds that takes the form of an acute rapidly fatal pneumonia in young chickens and turkeys
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bighead
any of various diseases of animals characterized by edema of the head and neck
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BSE, bovine spongiform encephalitis, mad cow disease
a fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system; causes staggering and agitation
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bull nose
a disease of pigs resulting in swelling of the snout
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camelpox
a viral disease of camels closely related to smallpox
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canine chorea, chorea
chorea in dogs
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catarrhal fever
any of several disease of livestock marked by fever and edema of the respiratory tract
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chronic wasting disease
a wildlife disease (akin to bovine spongiform encephalitis) that affects deer and elk
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costiasis
a fatal disease of freshwater fish caused by a flagellated protozoan invading the skin
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cowpox, vaccinia
a viral disease of cattle causing a mild skin disease affecting the udder; formerly used to inoculate humans against smallpox
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creeps
a disease of cattle and sheep attributed to a dietary deficiency; characterized by anemia and softening of the bones and a slow stiff gait
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hemorrhagic septicemia, pasteurellosis
an acute infectious disease characterized by pneumonia and blood infection
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fistula, fistulous withers
a chronic inflammation of the withers of a horse
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fowl cholera
an acute diarrheal disease (especially of chickens) caused by the microorganism that causes hemorrhagic septicemia
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fowl pest
either of two acute viral diseases of domestic fowl; characterized by refusal to eat and high temperature and discoloration of the comb
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hog cholera
highly infectious virus disease of swine
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distemper
any of various infectious viral diseases of animals
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enterotoxemia
a disease of cattle and sheep that is attributed to toxins absorbed from the intestines
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foot-and-mouth disease, hoof-and-mouth disease
acute contagious disease of cloven-footed animals marked by ulcers in the mouth and around the hoofs
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foot rot
contagious degenerative infection of the feet of hoofed animals (especially cattle and sheep)
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black disease, distomatosis, liver rot, sheep rot
a disease of the liver (especially in sheep and cattle) caused by liver flukes and their by-products
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broken wind, heaves
a chronic emphysema of the horse that causes difficult expiration and heaving of the flanks
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red water
a disease of cattle; characterized by hematuria
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rhinotracheitis
a respiratory infection of the nose and throat in cattle
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cattle plague, rinderpest
an acute infectious viral disease of cattle (usually fatal); characterized by fever and diarrhea and inflammation of mucous membranes
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scours
diarrhea in livestock
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scrapie
a fatal disease of sheep characterized by chronic itching and loss of muscular control and progressive degeneration of the central nervous system
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shipping fever, shipping pneumonia
a deadly form of septicemia in cattle and sheep; involves high fever and pneumonia; contracted under conditions of exposure or exhaustion (as often happens when the animals are shipped to market)
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spavin
a swelling of the hock joint of a horse; resulting in lameness
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loco disease, locoism
a disease of livestock caused by locoweed poisoning; characterized by weakness and lack of coordination and trembling and partial paralysis
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looping ill
an acute viral disease of the nervous system in sheep; can be transmitted by Ixodes ricinus
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mange
a persistent and contagious disease of the skin causing inflammation and itching and loss of hair; affects domestic animals (and sometimes people)
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moon blindness, mooneye
recurrent eye inflammation in horses; sometimes resulting in blindness
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murrain
any disease of domestic animals that resembles a plague
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myxomatosis
a viral disease (usually fatal) of rabbits
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Newcastle disease
disease of domestic fowl and other birds
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pip
a disease of poultry
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parrot disease, psittacosis
infectious disease of birds
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bacillary white diarrhea, bacillary white diarrhoea, pullorum disease
a serious bacterial disease of young chickens
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gall, saddle sore
an open sore on the back of a horse caused by ill-fitting or badly adjusted saddle
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sand crack
a fissure in the wall of a horse's hoof often causing lameness
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blind staggers, staggers
a disease of the central nervous system affecting especially horses and cattle; characterized by an unsteady swaying gait and frequent falling
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sweating sickness
a disease of cattle (especially calves)
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Texas fever
an infectious disease of cattle transmitted by the cattle tick
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milk sickness, trembles
disease of livestock and especially cattle poisoned by eating certain kinds of snakeroot
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zoonosis, zoonotic disease
an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans
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rust
a plant disease that produces a reddish-brown discoloration of leaves and stems; caused by various rust fungi
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blackheart
any of various diseases in which the central tissues blacken
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black knot
disease of plum and cherry trees characterized by black excrescences on the branches
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black rot
a fungous disease causing darkening and decay of the leaves of fruits and vegetables
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black spot
any of several fungous diseases of plants that produce small black spots on the plant
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bottom rot
fungous disease of lettuce that first rots lower leaves and spreads upward
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brown rot
any of certain fungous diseases of plants characterized by browning and decay of tissues
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gummosis
pathological production of gummy exudates in citrus and various stone-fruit trees
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canker
a fungal disease of woody plants that causes localized damage to the bark
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cotton ball
a fungus disease of cranberries
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crown gall
a bacterial disease of plants (especially pome and stone fruits and grapes and roses) which forms excrescences on the stem near the ground
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crown wart
a fungous disease of alfalfa which forms white excrescences at the base of the stem
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damping off
a plant disease caused by a fungus; diseased condition of seedlings in excessive moisture
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dieback
a disease of plants characterized by the gradual dying of the young shoots starting at the tips and progressing to the larger branches
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dry rot
a crumbling and drying of timber or bulbs or potatoes or fruit caused by a fungus
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heartrot
any plant disease in which the central part of a plant rots (especially in trees)
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mosaic
viral disease in solanaceous plants (tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco) resulting in mottling and often shriveling of the leaves
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rhizoctinia disease
disease caused by rhizoctinia or fungi of Pellicularia and Corticium
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pink disease
serious bark disease of many tropical crop trees (coffee, citrus, rubber); branches have a covering of pink hyphae
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potato wart
fungous disease causing dark warty spongy excrescences in the eyes of potato tubers
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root rot
disease characterized by root decay; caused by various fungi
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scorch
a plant disease that produces a browning or scorched appearance of plant tissues
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sweet-potato ring rot
disease of sweet potatoes in which roots are girdled by rings of dry rot
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sclerotium disease, sclerotium rot
plant disease cause by fungi of the genus Sclerotium; also one in which sclerotia are formed
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Dutch elm disease
disease of elms caused by a fungus
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ergot
a plant disease caused by the ergot fungus
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foot rot
plant disease in which the stem or trunk rots at the base
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pinkroot
a fungal disease of onions
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wilt, wilt disease
any plant disease characterized by drooping and shriveling; usually caused by parasites attacking the roots
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smut
destructive diseases of plants (especially cereal grasses) caused by fungi that produce black powdery masses of spores
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soft rot
mushy or slimy decay of plants caused by bacteria or fungi
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yellow dwarf
any of several virus diseases of plants characterized by stunting and yellowing of the leaves
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yellow spot
any of several fungous or viral diseases characterized by yellow spotting on the leaves
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nevoid elephantiasis, pachyderma
thickening of the skin (usually unilateral on an extremity) caused by congenital enlargement of lymph vessel and lymph vessel obstruction
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dwarfism, nanism
a genetic abnormality resulting in short stature
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lactase deficiency, lactose intolerance, milk intolerance
congenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk and milk products; absence or deficiency of lactase results in an inability to hydrolyze lactose
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porphyria
a genetic abnormality of metabolism causing abdominal pains and mental confusion
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ileus, intestinal obstruction
blockage of the intestine (especially the ileum) that prevents the contents of the intestine from passing to the lower bowel
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dermatosclerosis, scleroderma
an autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels and connective tissue; fibrous connective tissue is deposited in the skin
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Werlhof's disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, purpura hemorrhagica, thrombocytopenic purpura
purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors
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urinary tract infection
any infection of any of the organs of the urinary tract
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Wilson's disease, hepatolenticular degeneration
a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism; copper accumulates in the liver and then in the red blood cells and brain