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TPO 8-1 The Rise of Teotihuacán

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  1. modern
    ahead of the times
    The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200-100 B.C.
  2. probably
    with considerable certainty; without much doubt
    150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers.
  3. population
    the people who inhabit a territory or state
    150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers.
  4. complex
    complicated in structure
    It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.
  5. industrial
    of or relating to commercial enterprise
    It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.
  6. workshop
    a place where handcrafts or manufacturing are done
    It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.
  7. administrative
    responsible for managing the affairs of a group of people
    It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.
  8. center
    an area that is in the middle of some larger region
    It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.
  9. massive
    containing a great quantity of matter
    It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.
  10. religious
    having or showing belief in and reverence for a deity
    It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.
  11. edifice
    a structure that has a roof and walls
    It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.
  12. grid
    a pattern of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines
    It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.
  13. pattern
    a repeated design, structure, or arrangement
    It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.
  14. planning
    an act of formulating a program for a course of action
    Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis.
  15. control
    power to direct or determine
    Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis.
  16. involved
    connected by participation or association or use
    Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis.
  17. expansion
    the act of increasing in size or volume or quantity or scope
    Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis.
  18. metropolis
    a large and densely populated urban area
    Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis.
  19. economic
    of or relating to production and management of wealth
    Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico).
  20. contact
    the act of touching physically
    Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico).
  21. tremendous
    extraordinarily large in extent or amount or power
    How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley?
  22. development
    a process in which something passes to a different stage
    How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley?
  23. valley
    a long depression in the surface of the land
    How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley?
  24. factor
    anything that contributes causally to a result
    Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation.
  25. location
    the act of putting something in a certain place
    Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation.
  26. trade
    the commercial exchange of goods and services
    Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation.
  27. route
    an established line of travel or access
    Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation.
  28. obsidian
    glass formed by the cooling of lava without crystallization
    Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation.
  29. resource
    aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed
    Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation.
  30. potential
    existing in possibility
    Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation.
  31. extensive
    large in spatial extent or range or scope or quantity
    Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation.
  32. irrigation
    the act of supplying dry land with water by artificial means
    Among the main factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley’s potential for extensive irrigation.
  33. exact
    marked by strict and complete accordance with fact
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  34. role
    the actions and activities assigned to a person or group
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  35. difficult
    requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  36. instance
    an item of information that is typical of a class or group
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  37. significance
    the quality of being important
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  38. shrine
    a place of worship associated with something sacred
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  39. situation
    physical position in relation to the surroundings
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  40. millennium
    a span of 1000 years
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  41. ingenuity
    the power of creative imagination
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  42. elite
    a group or class of persons enjoying superior status
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  43. impact
    the striking of one body against another
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  44. disaster
    an event resulting in great loss and misfortune
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  45. eruption
    the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge
    The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.
  46. implicated
    culpably involved
    This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihuacán’s rise.
  47. prior
    earlier in time
    Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico.
  48. relatively
    by comparison to something else
    Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico.
  49. affected
    influenced
    Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava.
  50. eliminate
    end, take out, or do away with
    With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico.
  51. rival
    the contestant you hope to defeat
    With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico.
  52. modest
    marked by simplicity; having a humble opinion of yourself
    With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico.
  53. emerge
    come out into view, as from concealment
    With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico.
  54. political
    involving or characteristic of governing or social power
    With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico.
  55. evidence
    knowledge on which to base belief
    The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.
  56. indicate
    designate a place, direction, person, or thing
    The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.
  57. arise
    move upward
    The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.
  58. predominant
    having superior power or influence
    The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.
  59. area
    the extent of a two-dimensional surface within a boundary
    The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.
  60. century
    a period of 100 years
    The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.
  61. likely
    having a good chance of being the case or of coming about
    It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors.
  62. ability
    the quality of having the means or skills to do something
    It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors.
  63. recognize
    perceive to be something or something you can identify
    It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors.
  64. competitive
    involving rivalry over something
    It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors.
  65. edge
    a line determining the limits of an area
    It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors.
  66. neighbor
    a person who lives near another
    It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors.
  67. demand
    request urgently and forcefully
    The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market.
  68. flourish
    grow vigorously
    The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market.
  69. apparently
    seemingly; as far as one can tell
    The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market.
  70. secure
    free from danger or risk
    The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market.
  71. recent
    of the immediate past or just previous to the present time
    Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán.
  72. research
    a seeking for knowledge
    Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán.
  73. site
    the piece of land on which something is located
    Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán.
  74. obtain
    come into possession of
    Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán.
  75. originate
    come into existence; take on form or shape
    Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán.
  76. valuable
    having worth or merit
    Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose.
  77. commodity
    any good that can be bought and sold
    Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose.
  78. resident
    someone who lives at a particular place for a long period
    Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life.
  79. access
    the right to enter
    Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life.
  80. variety
    a category of things distinguished by a common quality
    Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life.
  81. exotic
    characteristic of another place or part of the world
    Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life.
  82. prosperous
    in fortunate circumstances financially
    Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life.
  83. success
    an event that accomplishes its intended purpose
    Such success may have attracted immigrants to Teotihuacán.
  84. attract
    exert a force on
    Such success may have attracted immigrants to Teotihuacán.
  85. immigrant
    a person who comes to a country in order to settle there
    Such success may have attracted immigrants to Teotihuacán.
  86. attempt
    make an effort
    In addition, Teotihuacán’s elite may have consciously attempted to attract new inhabitants.
  87. inhabitant
    a person who lives in a particular place
    In addition, Teotihuacán’s elite may have consciously attempted to attract new inhabitants.
  88. probable
    likely but not certain to be or become true or real
    It is also probable that as early as 200 B.C.
  89. achieve
    gain with effort
    Teotihuacán may have achieved some religious significance and its shrine (or shrines) may have served as an additional population magnet.
  90. additional
    further or extra
    Teotihuacán may have achieved some religious significance and its shrine (or shrines) may have served as an additional population magnet.
  91. increase
    a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous
    Finally, the growing population was probably fed by increasing the number and size of irrigated fields.
  92. irrigate
    supply with water, as with channels or ditches or streams
    Finally, the growing population was probably fed by increasing the number and size of irrigated fields.
  93. classic
    of recognized authority or excellence
    The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious tourism.
  94. positive
    characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance
    The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious tourism.
  95. feedback
    the process in which output of a system is returned to input
    The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious tourism.
  96. tourism
    the business of providing services to travelers for pleasure
    The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious tourism.
  97. thrive
    make steady progress
    The thriving obsidian operation, for example, would necessitate more miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools, and additional traders to carry the goods to new markets.
  98. example
    an item of information that is typical of a class or group
    The thriving obsidian operation, for example, would necessitate more miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools, and additional traders to carry the goods to new markets.
  99. necessitate
    require as useful, just, or proper
    The thriving obsidian operation, for example, would necessitate more miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools, and additional traders to carry the goods to new markets.
  100. miner
    laborer who extracts ores and minerals
    The thriving obsidian operation, for example, would necessitate more miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools, and additional traders to carry the goods to new markets.
  101. economy
    the system of production and distribution and consumption
    The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force.
  102. coerce
    cause to do through pressure or necessity
    The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force.
  103. labor
    any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted
    The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force.
  104. paragraph
    one of several distinct subdivisions of a text
    Paragraph 1: The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200-100 B.C.
  105. passage
    the act of moving from one state or place to the next
    The word “massive” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ancient ○carefully ○very large ○carefully protected 2.
  106. meaning
    the message that is intended or expressed or signified
    The word “massive” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ancient ○carefully ○very large ○carefully protected 2.
  107. ancient
    belonging to times long past
    The word “massive” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ancient ○carefully ○very large ○carefully protected 2.
  108. protect
    shield from danger, injury, destruction, or damage
    The word “massive” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ancient ○carefully ○very large ○carefully protected 2.
  109. mention
    make reference to
    In paragraph 1, each of the following is mentioned as a feature of the city of Teotihuacán between A.D.
  110. feature
    a prominent attribute or aspect of something
    In paragraph 1, each of the following is mentioned as a feature of the city of Teotihuacán between A.D.
  111. arrange
    put into a proper or systematic order
    150 and 700 EXCEPT ○regularly arranged streets ○several administrative centers spread across the city ○many manufacturing workshops ○apartment complexes
  112. manufacture
    put together out of artificial or natural components
    150 and 700 EXCEPT ○regularly arranged streets ○several administrative centers spread across the city ○many manufacturing workshops ○apartment complexes
  113. identify
    recognize as being
    The word “pinpoint” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○identify precisely ○make an argument for ○describe ○understand 4.
  114. precisely
    in a sharply exact manner
    The word “pinpoint” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○identify precisely ○make an argument for ○describe ○understand 4.
  115. argument
    a dispute where there is strong disagreement
    The word “pinpoint” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○identify precisely ○make an argument for ○describe ○understand 4.
  116. describe
    give a statement representing something
    The word “pinpoint” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○identify precisely ○make an argument for ○describe ○understand 4.
  117. ambition
    a strong drive for success
    The word “ingenuity” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ambition ○sincerity ○faith ○cleverness 5.
  118. sincerity
    the quality of being open and truthful
    The word “ingenuity” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ambition ○sincerity ○faith ○cleverness 5.
  119. faith
    complete confidence in a person or plan, etc.
    The word “ingenuity” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ambition ○sincerity ○faith ○cleverness 5.
  120. presence
    current existence
    ○The presence of obsidian in the Teotihuacán Valley
  121. period
    an amount of time
    ○A long period of volcanic inactivity in the Teotihuacán Valley
  122. infer
    conclude by reasoning
    Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the Volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.?
  123. frequent
    coming at short intervals or habitually
    ○They were more frequent than historians once thought.
  124. historian
    a person who is an authority on the past and who studies it
    ○They were more frequent than historians once thought.
  125. damage
    the occurrence of a change for the worse
    ○They may have done more damage to Teotihuacán than to neighboring centers.
  126. major
    greater in scope or effect
    ○They may have played a major role in the rise of Teotihuacán.
  127. locate
    determine the place of by searching or examining
    ○It was located outside the Valley of Mexico.
  128. economical
    using the minimum of time or resources for effectiveness
    ○It emerged rapidly as an economical and political center.
  129. rely
    have confidence or faith in
    ○Its economy relied heavily on agriculture.
  130. agriculture
    the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock
    ○Its economy relied heavily on agriculture.
  131. aggressive
    characteristic of an enemy or one eager to fight
    The word “predominant” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○most aggressive ○most productive ○principal ○earliest
  132. productive
    capable of bringing forth, especially abundantly
    The word “predominant” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○most aggressive ○most productive ○principal ○earliest
  133. principal
    main or most important
    The word “predominant” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○most aggressive ○most productive ○principal ○earliest
  134. allow
    make it possible for something to happen
    Which of the following allowed Teotihuacán to have “a competitive edge over its neighbors”?
  135. exploited
    developed or used to greatest advantage
    ○A well-exploited and readily available commodity
  136. available
    obtainable or accessible and ready for use or service
    ○A well-exploited and readily available commodity
  137. stable
    resistant to change of position or condition
    ○The presence of a highly stable elite class
  138. knowledge
    the result of perception, learning, and reasoning
    Knowledge derived directly from the Olmecs about the art of toolmaking
  139. derived
    formed or developed from something else; not original
    ○Knowledge derived directly from the Olmecs about the art of toolmaking
  140. scarce
    deficient in quantity or number compared with the demand
    Scarce natural resources in nearby areas such as those located in what are now the Guatemalan and Mexican highlands 10.
  141. accord
    concurrence of opinion
    According to paragraph 4, what has recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites shown?
  142. value
    the quality that renders something desirable
    ○Obsidian’s value was understood only when Teotihuacán became an important city.
  143. sophisticated
    having worldly knowledge and refinement
    ○The residents of Teotihuacán were sophisticated toolmakers.
  144. select
    pick out or choose from a number of alternatives
    Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the city.
  145. receive
    get something; come into possession of
    To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
  146. prosperity
    the condition of having good fortune
    ○The prosperity of the elite
  147. plenty
    a full supply
    Plenty of available housing
  148. opportunity
    a possibility from a favorable combination of circumstances
    Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment
  149. employment
    the state of having a job
    ○Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment
  150. author
    a person who writes professionally
    In paragraph 6, the author discusses “The thriving obsidian operation” in order to ○explain why manufacturing was the main industry of Teotihuacán ○give an example of an industry that took very little time to develop in Teotihuacán
  151. discuss
    consider or examine in speech or writing
    In paragraph 6, the author discusses “The thriving obsidian operation” in order to ○explain why manufacturing was the main industry of Teotihuacán ○give an example of an industry that took very little time to develop in Teotihuacán
  152. explain
    make plain and comprehensible
    In paragraph 6, the author discusses “The thriving obsidian operation” in order to ○explain why manufacturing was the main industry of Teotihuacán ○give an example of an industry that took very little time to develop in Teotihuacán
  153. industry
    the action of making of goods and services for sale
    In paragraph 6, the author discusses “The thriving obsidian operation” in order to ○explain why manufacturing was the main industry of Teotihuacán ○give an example of an industry that took very little time to develop in Teotihuacán
  154. develop
    progress or evolve through a process of natural growth
    In paragraph 6, the author discusses “The thriving obsidian operation” in order to ○explain why manufacturing was the main industry of Teotihuacán ○give an example of an industry that took very little time to develop in Teotihuacán
  155. illustrate
    depict with a visual representation
    Illustrate how several factors influenced each other to make Teotihuacán a powerful and wealthy city ○explain how a successful industry can be a source of wealth and a source of conflict at the same time
  156. influence
    a power to affect persons or events
    ○Illustrate how several factors influenced each other to make Teotihuacán a powerful and wealthy city ○explain how a successful industry can be a source of wealth and a source of conflict at the same time
  157. wealthy
    having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value
    ○Illustrate how several factors influenced each other to make Teotihuacán a powerful and wealthy city ○explain how a successful industry can be a source of wealth and a source of conflict at the same time
  158. successful
    having succeeded or being marked by a favorable outcome
    ○Illustrate how several factors influenced each other to make Teotihuacán a powerful and wealthy city ○explain how a successful industry can be a source of wealth and a source of conflict at the same time
  159. source
    the place where something begins
    ○Illustrate how several factors influenced each other to make Teotihuacán a powerful and wealthy city ○explain how a successful industry can be a source of wealth and a source of conflict at the same time
  160. conflict
    an open clash between two opposing groups
    ○Illustrate how several factors influenced each other to make Teotihuacán a powerful and wealthy city ○explain how a successful industry can be a source of wealth and a source of conflict at the same time
  161. sentence
    a string of words satisfying grammatical rules of a language
    Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
  162. artifact
    a man-made object
    In fact, artifacts and pottery from Teotihuacán have been discovered in sites as far away as the Mayan lowlands, the Guatemalan highlands, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of Mexico.
  163. discover
    determine the existence, presence, or fact of
    In fact, artifacts and pottery from Teotihuacán have been discovered in sites as far away as the Mayan lowlands, the Guatemalan highlands, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of Mexico.
  164. gulf
    an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land
    In fact, artifacts and pottery from Teotihuacán have been discovered in sites as far away as the Mayan lowlands, the Guatemalan highlands, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of Mexico.
  165. coast
    the shore of a sea or ocean
    In fact, artifacts and pottery from Teotihuacán have been discovered in sites as far away as the Mayan lowlands, the Guatemalan highlands, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of Mexico.
  166. direction
    a line leading to a place or point
    Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
  167. brief
    of short duration or distance
    Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
  168. summary
    a brief statement that presents the main points
    Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
  169. provide
    give something useful or necessary to
    Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.
  170. complete
    having all necessary qualities
    Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.
  171. minor
    inferior in number or size or amount
    Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.
  172. sophistication
    the quality or character of being intellectually worldly
    ○The number and sophistication of the architectural, administrative, commercial, and religious features of Teotihuacan indicate the existence of centralized planning and control.
  173. commercial
    connected with or engaged in the exchange of goods
    ○The number and sophistication of the architectural, administrative, commercial, and religious features of Teotihuacan indicate the existence of centralized planning and control.
  174. existence
    the state or fact of being
    ○The number and sophistication of the architectural, administrative, commercial, and religious features of Teotihuacan indicate the existence of centralized planning and control.
  175. specific
    stated explicitly or in detail
    ○Teotihuacán may have developed its own specific local religion as a result of the cultural advances made possible by the city’s great prosperity.
  176. local
    of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular area
    ○Teotihuacán may have developed its own specific local religion as a result of the cultural advances made possible by the city’s great prosperity.
  177. religion
    a strong belief in supernatural powers that control destiny
    ○Teotihuacán may have developed its own specific local religion as a result of the cultural advances made possible by the city’s great prosperity.
  178. cultural
    relating to the shared knowledge and values of a society
    ○Teotihuacán may have developed its own specific local religion as a result of the cultural advances made possible by the city’s great prosperity.
  179. advance
    move forward
    ○Teotihuacán may have developed its own specific local religion as a result of the cultural advances made possible by the city’s great prosperity.
  180. possible
    capable of happening or existing
    ○Teotihuacán may have developed its own specific local religion as a result of the cultural advances made possible by the city’s great prosperity.
  181. influential
    having or exercising power
    Teotihuacan become the most influential religious center in all of Mesoamerica.
  182. extraordinary
    highly unusual or exceptional or remarkable
    ○Several factors may account for Teotihuacán’s extraordinary development, including its location, rich natural resources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rival communities.
  183. include
    have as a part; be made up out of
    ○Several factors may account for Teotihuacán’s extraordinary development, including its location, rich natural resources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rival communities.
  184. intelligent
    having the capacity for thought and reason to a high degree
    ○Several factors may account for Teotihuacán’s extraordinary development, including its location, rich natural resources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rival communities.
  185. misfortune
    a state resulting from unfavorable outcomes
    ○Several factors may account for Teotihuacán’s extraordinary development, including its location, rich natural resources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rival communities.
  186. community
    a group of people living in a particular local area
    ○Several factors may account for Teotihuacán’s extraordinary development, including its location, rich natural resources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rival communities.
  187. typify
    embody the essential characteristics of
    ○In many important areas, from the obsidian industry to religious tourism, Teotihuacán’s success and prosperity typified the classic positive feedback cycle.
  188. cycle
    a periodically repeated sequence of events
    ○In many important areas, from the obsidian industry to religious tourism, Teotihuacán’s success and prosperity typified the classic positive feedback cycle.
  189. settle
    become resolved, fixed, established, or quiet
    ○Although many immigrants settled in Teotihuacán between A.D.150 and 700, the increasing threat of coerced labor discouraged further settlement and limited Teotihuacán’s population growth.
  190. threat
    declaration of an intention to inflict harm on another
    ○Although many immigrants settled in Teotihuacán between A.D.150 and 700, the increasing threat of coerced labor discouraged further settlement and limited Teotihuacán’s population growth.
  191. discouraged
    lacking in resolution
    ○Although many immigrants settled in Teotihuacán between A.D.150 and 700, the increasing threat of coerced labor discouraged further settlement and limited Teotihuacán’s population growth.
  192. limit
    as far as something can go
    ○Although many immigrants settled in Teotihuacán between A.D.150 and 700, the increasing threat of coerced labor discouraged further settlement and limited Teotihuacán’s population growth.
Created on Mon Feb 18 08:57:40 EST 2013

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