TPO 11-2 Orientation and Navigation

Orientation and Navigation

Orientation and Navigation

Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring.

Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring.

The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and, in the process, raised new questions.

The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and, in the process, raised new questions.

The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and, in the process, raised new questions.

The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and, in the process, raised new questions.

The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and, in the process, raised new questions.

Kramer initiated important new kinds of research regarding how animals orient and navigate.

Kramer initiated important new kinds of research regarding how animals orient and navigate.

Kramer initiated important new kinds of research regarding how animals orient and navigate.

Orientation is simply facing in the right direction; navigation involves finding ones way from point A to point B. Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild.

Orientation is simply facing in the right direction; navigation involves finding ones way from point A to point B. Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild.

Orientation is simply facing in the right direction; navigation involves finding ones way from point A to point B. Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild.

Orientation is simply facing in the right direction; navigation involves finding ones way from point A to point B. Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild.

Orientation is simply facing in the right direction; navigation involves finding ones way from point A to point B. Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild.

Orientation is simply facing in the right direction; navigation involves finding ones way from point A to point B. Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild.

Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.

Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.

Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.

Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.

Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.

He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.

He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.

Kramer surmised, therefore, that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun.

Kramer surmised, therefore, that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun.

To test this idea, he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position.

He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun."

He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun."

He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun."

They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction.

They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction.

At the time, this idea seemed preposterous.

Obviously, more testing was in order.

So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes.

The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass.

The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass.

However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background.

However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background.

As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box.

Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion.

On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.

In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery.

In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery.

If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky.

If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky.

Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate.

Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate.

When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky.

When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky.

When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky.

In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement.

This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that.

This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that.

This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that.

What about birds that migrate at night?

To test the idea, caged night-migrating birds were placed on the floor of a planetarium during their migratory period.

A planetarium is essentially a theater with a domelike ceiling onto which a night sky can be projected for any night of the year.

A planetarium is essentially a theater with a domelike ceiling onto which a night sky can be projected for any night of the year.

A planetarium is essentially a theater with a domelike ceiling onto which a night sky can be projected for any night of the year.

But when the dome was rotated, the birds changed their direction to match the artificial sky.

But when the dome was rotated, the birds changed their direction to match the artificial sky.

The results clearly indicated that the birds were orienting according to the stars.

There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues.

There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues.

There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues.

There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues.

There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues.

Other areas under investigation include magnetism, landmarks, coastlines, sonar, and even smells.

Other areas under investigation include magnetism, landmarks, coastlines, sonar, and even smells.

Other areas under investigation include magnetism, landmarks, coastlines, sonar, and even smells.

Other areas under investigation include magnetism, landmarks, coastlines, sonar, and even smells.

Other areas under investigation include magnetism, landmarks, coastlines, sonar, and even smells.

The studies are complicated by the fact that the data are sometimes contradictory and the mechanisms apparently change from time to time.

The studies are complicated by the fact that the data are sometimes contradictory and the mechanisms apparently change from time to time.

The studies are complicated by the fact that the data are sometimes contradictory and the mechanisms apparently change from time to time.

The studies are complicated by the fact that the data are sometimes contradictory and the mechanisms apparently change from time to time.

Furthermore, one sensory ability may back up another.

Furthermore, one sensory ability may back up another.

Paragraph 1: To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring.

Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1?

○ Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat.

○ The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds.

○ The destination of birds' migration can change from year to year.

The word “perplexed” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ defeated ○ interested ○ puzzled ○ occupied

The word “perplexed” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ defeated ○ interested ○ puzzled ○ occupied

The word “perplexed” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ defeated ○ interested ○ puzzled ○ occupied

The word “perplexed” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ defeated ○ interested ○ puzzled ○ occupied

The word “perplexed” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ defeated ○ interested ○ puzzled ○ occupied

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings displayed a lack of directional sense and restless movements.

○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings displayed a lack of directional sense and restless movements.

○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings' orientation was accurate unless the weather was overcast.

○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings' orientation was accurate unless the weather was overcast.

The word “preposterous” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ unbelievable ○ inadequate ○ limited ○ creative 5.

The word “preposterous” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ unbelievable ○ inadequate ○ limited ○ creative 5.

The word “preposterous” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ unbelievable ○ inadequate ○ limited ○ creative 5.

The word “preposterous” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ unbelievable ○ inadequate ○ limited ○ creative 5.

○ To test the effect of light on the birds' restlessness

○ To simulate the shifting of light the birds would encounter along their regular migratory route

○ To simulate the shifting of light the birds would encounter along their regular migratory route

○ To simulate the shifting of light the birds would encounter along their regular migratory route

○ When they are unable to identify their normal migratory route

○ When their normal time for migration arrives

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Kramer s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?

○ He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds' ability to navigate toward the box with food.

○ He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this would distract the birds from following their migratory route.

○ He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food at any particular point of the compass.

○ He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food at any particular point of the compass.

The experiment described in paragraph 5 caused Kramer to conclude that birds possess a biological clock because ○ when birds navigate they are able to compensate for the changing position of the Sun in the sky ○ birds innate bearings keep them oriented in a direction that is within 15 degrees of the Suns direction ○ birds' migration is triggered by natural environmental cues, such as the position of the Sun ○ birds shift their direction at a rate of 15 degrees per hour whether the Sun is visible

The experiment described in paragraph 5 caused Kramer to conclude that birds possess a biological clock because ○ when birds navigate they are able to compensate for the changing position of the Sun in the sky ○ birds innate bearings keep them oriented in a direction that is within 15 degrees of the Suns direction ○ birds' migration is triggered by natural environmental cues, such as the position of the Sun ○ birds shift their direction at a rate of 15 degrees per hour whether the Sun is visible

The experiment described in paragraph 5 caused Kramer to conclude that birds possess a biological clock because ○ when birds navigate they are able to compensate for the changing position of the Sun in the sky ○ birds innate bearings keep them oriented in a direction that is within 15 degrees of the Suns direction ○ birds' migration is triggered by natural environmental cues, such as the position of the Sun ○ birds shift their direction at a rate of 15 degrees per hour whether the Sun is visible

The experiment described in paragraph 5 caused Kramer to conclude that birds possess a biological clock because ○ when birds navigate they are able to compensate for the changing position of the Sun in the sky ○ birds innate bearings keep them oriented in a direction that is within 15 degrees of the Suns direction ○ birds' migration is triggered by natural environmental cues, such as the position of the Sun ○ birds shift their direction at a rate of 15 degrees per hour whether the Sun is visible

The experiment described in paragraph 5 caused Kramer to conclude that birds possess a biological clock because ○ when birds navigate they are able to compensate for the changing position of the Sun in the sky ○ birds innate bearings keep them oriented in a direction that is within 15 degrees of the Suns direction ○ birds' migration is triggered by natural environmental cues, such as the position of the Sun ○ birds shift their direction at a rate of 15 degrees per hour whether the Sun is visible

The experiment described in paragraph 5 caused Kramer to conclude that birds possess a biological clock because ○ when birds navigate they are able to compensate for the changing position of the Sun in the sky ○ birds innate bearings keep them oriented in a direction that is within 15 degrees of the Suns direction ○ birds' migration is triggered by natural environmental cues, such as the position of the Sun ○ birds shift their direction at a rate of 15 degrees per hour whether the Sun is visible

According to paragraph 6, how did the birds navigate in the planetarium's nighttime environment?

Which of the following best describes the author's presentation of information in the passage?

○ The author uses logic to show that the biological clock in birds is inaccurate.

○ A structured argument about the importance of internal versus external cues for navigation is presented.

○ A structured argument about the importance of internal versus external cues for navigation is presented.

○ A structured argument about the importance of internal versus external cues for navigation is presented.

○ A structured argument about the importance of internal versus external cues for navigation is presented.

○ The opposing points of view about bird migration are clarified through the study of contrasting experiments.

○ The opposing points of view about bird migration are clarified through the study of contrasting experiments.

○ The opposing points of view about bird migration are clarified through the study of contrasting experiments.

○ The opposing points of view about bird migration are clarified through the study of contrasting experiments.

The word “accumulating” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ new ○ increasing ○ convincing ○ extensive

The word “accumulating” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ new ○ increasing ○ convincing ○ extensive

The word “accumulating” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ new ○ increasing ○ convincing ○ extensive

He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass.

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage.

Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage.

Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

Gustave Kramer conducted important research related to the ability of birds to orient and navigate.

Gustave Kramer conducted important research related to the ability of birds to orient and navigate.

○ Because caged birds become disoriented when the sky is overcast, Kramer hypothesized that birds orient themselves according to the Sun's position.

○ Kramer demonstrated that an internal biological clock allows starlings to compensate for the Sun's movement.

○ Kramer demonstrated that an internal biological clock allows starlings to compensate for the Sun's movement.

○ After several studies, Kramer surmised that an internal biological clock allows some species of birds to navigate at night.

○ The role of environmental cues in birds' navigation is clear, for on overcast days, birds use objects besides the Sun to orient themselves.

○ The role of environmental cues in birds' navigation is clear, for on overcast days, birds use objects besides the Sun to orient themselves.