group action

the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660

a widespread rebellion in 1381 against poll taxes and other inequities that oppressed the poorer people of England; suppressed by Richard II

the transaction in 1867 in which the United States Secretary of State William Henry Seward purchased Alaska from Russia

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor; organized as a protest against taxes on tea

a ruling by the Supreme Court on affirmative action; the Court ruled in 1978 that medical schools are entitled to consider race as a factor in their admission policy

the naval battle in which Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian's fleet under Agrippa in 31 BC

islands west of Sicily (now known as the Egadi Islands) where the Romans won a naval victory over the Carthaginians that ended the first Punic War in 241 BC

a river in ancient Thrace (now Turkey); in the mouth of this river the Spartan fleet under Lysander destroyed the Athenian fleet in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC)

a battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army in 1415

a siege and massacre at a mission in San Antonio in 1836; Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico

a siege in which Federal troops under Sherman cut off the railroads supplying the city and then burned it; 1864

a decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805); the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II

a battle in which the Scots under Robert the Bruce defeated the English and assured the independence of Scotland

the peninsula and island in the Philippines where Japanese forces besieged American forces in World War II; United States forces surrendered in 1942 and recaptured the area in 1945

the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it

a battle in 680 in which the grandson of Mohammed and his followers were killed

a battle during World War II; in December 1944 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the forest at Ardennes and caught the Allies by surprise

a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918

a naval battle in World War II; Allied land-based bombers destroyed a Japanese convoy in the Bismarck Sea in March 1943

the First Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the French in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession

Napoleon defeated the Russians in 1812 in a pitched battle at a village in western Russia west of Moscow, but irreparably weakened his army

the battle that ended the Wars of the Roses (1485); Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor was crowned as Henry VII

in 1214 the French under Philip Augustus defeated a coalition formed against him in one of the greatest battles of the middle ages

a battle in the War of the Grand Alliance in Ireland in 1690; William III defeated the deposed James II and so ended the Catholicism that had been reintroduced in England by the Stuarts

a battle in 937 when Athelstan defeated the Scots

a pitched battle in the Mexican War in 1847; United States forces under Zachary Taylor defeated the Mexican forces under Santa Anna at a locality in northern Mexico

either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862); Confederate forces defeated the Federal army in both battles

the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) which was fought at Breed's Hill; the British defeated the colonial forces

ancient city is southeastern Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216 BC

battle of World War I (1917); Italians were defeated by the Austrian and German forces

a battle in the Apennines in 321 BC in which the Samnites defeated the Romans

a battle in which Philip II of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans (338 BC) and also Sulla defeated Mithridates (86 BC)

the battle in which Attila the Hun was defeated by the Romans and Visigoths in 451

a major battle in the American Civil War (1863); the Confederates under Robert E. Lee defeated the Union forces under Joseph Hooker

a pitched battle in the Mexican War that resulted in a major victory for American forces over Mexican forces at a locality south of Mexico City (1847)

in the American Civil War (1863) the Union armies of Hooker, Thomas, and Sherman under the command of Ulysses S. Grant won a decisive victory over the Confederate Army under Braxton Bragg

a Confederate victory in the American Civil War (1863); Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg defeated Union forces

a war between China and Japan (1894 and 1895) over the control of the Korean Peninsula; China was overwhelmingly defeated at Port Arthur

a Japanese defeat in World War II (May 1942); the first naval battle fought entirely by planes based on aircraft carriers

battle in the American Revolution; Americans under Daniel Morgan defeated the British

the first decisive battle of the Hundred Years' War; in 1346 the English under Edward III defeated the French under Philip of Valois

battle in 401 BC when the Artaxerxes II defeated his younger brother who tried to usurp the throne

the battle that ended the second Macedonian War (197 BC); the Romans defeated Philip V who lost his control of Greece

the French military base fell after a siege by Vietnam troops that lasted 56 days; ended the involvement of France in Indochina in 1954

in 1649 the place was captured by Oliver Cromwell, who massacred the Catholic inhabitants

a pitched battle in World War II (1942) resulting in a decisive Allied victory by British troops under Montgomery over German troops under Rommel

a battle in 1513; the English defeated the invading Scots and James IV was killed

a battle in 1745 in which the French army under Marshal Saxe defeated the English army and their allies under the duke of Cumberland

a pitched battle in which American revolutionary troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775

an important battle in the American Civil War (1862); the Union Army under A. E. Burnside was defeated by the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee

a battle of the American Civil War (1863); the defeat of Robert E. Lee's invading Confederate Army was a major victory for the Union

the battle in which Alexander won his first major victory against the Persians (334 BC)

a battle in World War II in the Pacific (1942-1943); the island was occupied by the Japanese and later recaptured by American forces

a naval battle of the American Civil War (1862); the indecisive battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac

the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest

a battle during the Napoleonic Wars (1800); the French defeated the Austrians

discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858; the revolt was put down after several battles and sieges (notably the siege at Lucknow)

a battle between the successors of Alexander the Great (301 BC); Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated Antigonus and Demetrius

a battle (333 BC) in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under Darius III

a battle (1590) in which the Huguenots under Henry IV defeated the Catholics under the duke of Mayenne

the battle in 1806 in which Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians

an indecisive naval battle in World War I (1916); fought between the British and German fleets off the northwestern coast of Denmark

battle of the American Civil War (1864); Union forces under William Tecumseh Sherman were repulsed by Confederate troops under Joseph Eggleston Johnston

a battle in 217 BC in which Hannibal ambushed a Roman army led by Flaminius

(1568) Catholic forces supporting Mary Queen of Scots were routed by Protestants

Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope

Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC; the battle ended Sparta's military supremacy in Greece

the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)

the British residents of Lucknow were besieged by Indian insurgents during the Indian Mutiny (1857)

the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks

a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1632); Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Holy Roman Empire under Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus was killed

one the four wars between Macedonia and Rome in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, which ended in the defeat of Macedonia and its annexation as a Roman province

a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I

a battle in which the Danes defeated the Saxons in 991; celebrated in an old English poem

a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the American fleet under Admiral Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet

the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC

a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians

a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians

a battle in 1644 in which the Parliamentarians under the earl of Manchester defeated the Royalists under Prince Rupert

a battle during the second Punic War (207 BC); Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was defeated by the Romans which ended Hannibal's hopes for success in Italy

naval battle of World War II (June 1942); American planes based on land and on carriers decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands

a battle in the Seven Years' War (1759) in which the English forces and their allies defeated the French

a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces

a battle in 1645 that settled the outcome of the first English Civil War as the Parliamentarians won a major victory over the Royalists

a decisive naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by an allied fleet of British and French and Russian warships

a battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Kitchener defeated the Sudanese

a long siege of Orleans by the English was relieved by Joan of Arc in 1429

battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761

a naval battle in the Mediterranean Sea off Cape Passero in which the Spanish navy was destroyed by France and England while attempting to recover Sicily and Sardinia from Italy (1719)

the final campaign of the American Civil War (1864-65); Union forces under Grant besieged and finally defeated Confederate forces under Lee

Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC

Octavian and Mark Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC

a naval battle in World War II (1944); a decisive naval victory for the United States fleet over the Japanese who were trying to block supplies from reaching American troops on Leyte

the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal

a defeat of the Persian army by the Greeks at Plataea in 479 BC

the town was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1877 after a siege of 143 days

the battle in 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French

a battle in the Chino-Japanese War (1894); Japanese captured the port and fortifications from the Chinese

a battle in which Mexican forces defeated the French in 1862

a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom

a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512

a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1643); the French defeated the Spanish invaders

a battle in the Seven Years' War (1757); Prussian forces under Frederick the Great defeated the armies of France and Austria

a battle in the Meuse-Argonne operation in World War I (1918); the battle in which American troops launched their first offensive in France

a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the United States fleet bottled up the Spanish ships in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba and destroyed them when they tried to escape

a battle during the American Revolution (1777); the British under Burgoyne were defeated

the Swiss Confederation escaped Hapsburg domination by their victory in 1386

the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862); the battle ended with the withdrawal of Confederate troops but it was not a Union victory

a battle in World War I (May 1918); the Germans tried to attack before the American numbers were too great to defeat; the tactical success of the Germans proved to be a strategic failure

an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Napoleon III and the Austrians under Francis Joseph I

battle in World War I (1916)

battle of World War II (1944)

in the English Channel a small fleet of British ships successfully defeated the large armada sent from Spain by Philip II to invade England

a battle between the armies of Grant and Lee during the Wilderness Campaign

the Athenian siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC) was eventually won by Syracuse

the Roman siege of Syracuse (214-212 BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city (killing Archimedes)

a battle in World War I (1914); decisive German victory over the Russians

a battle in France in 687 among the descendants of Clovis

a battle in 9 AD in which the Germans under Arminius annihilated three Roman Legions

the final battle of the War of the Roses in 1471 in which Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians

a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece

a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded)

a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC

a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War (1905); the Japanese fleet defeated the Russian fleet in the Korean Strait

the French defeated the Austrian and Prussian troops in 1792 (with a famous cannonade from the French artillery)

a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped

a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863); after being besieged for nearly seven weeks the Confederates surrendered

a battle in the Napoleonic campaigns (1809); Napoleon defeated the Austrians

the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Prussian and British forces under Blucher and the Duke of Wellington routed the French forces under Napoleon

a battle in the Korean War (November 1950); when UN troops advanced north to the Yalu River 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the river and drove them back

in 1781 the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops; the surrender ended the American Revolution

battle in World War I (1914); heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others

battle in World War I (1915); Germans wanted to try chlorine (a toxic yellow gas) as a weapon and succeeded in taking considerable territory from the Allied salient

battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery

the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War

civil war in the United States between the North and the South; 1861-1865

the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783

tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur); Israel counterattacked and drove the Syrians back and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt

two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe

either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902)

the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912

a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia; 1853-1856

the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba; 1956-1959

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I; 1644-1648

the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689)

a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871

a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by American Indian tribes); 1755-1760

the revolution in France against the Bourbons; 1789-1799

the series of wars fought intermittently between France and England; 1337-1453

a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution

a war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; 1950-1953

a revolution for agrarian reforms led in northern Mexico by Pancho Villa and in southern Mexico by Emiliano Zapata (1910-1911)

after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000

a series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times; 1799-1815

a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta; 431-404 BC

a war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991

one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome; 264-241 BC, 218-201 BC, 149-146 BC

the revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922

Japanese victory in the war with Russia (1904-1905) gave Japan power over Korea and Manchuria

a war of England and Prussia against France and Austria (1756-1763); Britain and Prussia got the better of it

a war between the United States and Spain in 1898

civil war in Spain in which Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government; during the war Spain became a battleground for fascists and socialists from all countries; 1936-1939

a series of conflicts (1618-1648) between Protestants and Catholics starting in Germany and spreading until France and Denmark and Sweden were opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain

(Greek mythology) a great war fought between Greece and Troy; the Greeks sailed to Troy to recover Helen of Troy, the beautiful wife of Menelaus who had been abducted by Paris; after ten years the Greeks (via the Trojan Horse) achieved final victory and burned Troy to the ground

a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

the Greeks rebelled against Turkish rule in 1821; with the support of England and France and Russia they won independence in 1828 at Navarino (although the country included only half its present size)

Prussia and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides; 1740-1748

an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)

a general war in Europe (1701-1714) that broke out when Louis XIV installed his grandson on the throne of Spain; England and Holland hoped to limit Louis' power

struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII

a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France

a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918

a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945

a paramilitary group of Protestants in Northern Ireland that tries to prevent any political settlement with the Irish Republic; attacks interests of Catholic civilians in Northern Ireland; responsible for arson and bombing and murder

the day in 2001 when Arab suicide bombers hijacked United States airliners and used them as bombs

the opinion of a group as determined by voting

the group action of a collection of people or animals or vehicles moving ahead in more or less regular formation

a military engagement

an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

the overthrow of a government by those who are governed

activity considered appropriate on social occasions

the practice of communal living and common ownership

the act of forming an alliance or confederation

the action of changing from colonial to independent status

the act of disbanding

the act terminating an established state of affairs; especially ending a connection with the Church of England

the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities)

a headlong rush of people on a common impulse

control exerted (actively or passively) by group action

a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force

the act of bringing something under international control

the action of forming or becoming a nation

the act of changing one thing for another thing

(sports) an unbroken sequence of several successive strokes

the act of submitting; usually surrendering power to another

the act of competing as for profit or a prize

group action in opposition to those in power

group refusal to resort to violence even in defense against violence

(law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles; based on the principle that a person cannot be deprived of life or liberty or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards

an act by a government body or supranational organization

the act of making lawful

the social act of separating or parting company

the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community

joint operation or action

a group problem-solving technique in which members spontaneously share ideas and solutions

the social act of assembling

the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)

the failure to attend

a reciprocal group action

the action of making something democratic

the act of sharing in the activities of a group

withdrawing from the activities of a group

the mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area

the action of establishing on a socialist basis

a military action of coordinated land, sea, and air forces organized for an invasion

a vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

a vote to select the winner of a position or political office

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy

(military) military action or resources protecting a country against potential enemies

military action involving the use of electromagnetic energy to determine or exploit or reduce or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum

a local military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order

the military action of resisting the enemy's advance

the ostentatious display of military power (with the implied threat that it might be used)

conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes)

organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another

a revolution whose aim is to reverse the changes introduced by a previous revolution

actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency

a military action in which besieged troops burst forth from their position

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

the act of consorting with or joining with others

the action of people mingling and coming into contact

transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)

transactions of professional or public interest

financial transactions at a brokerage; having to do with the execution of trades and keeping customer records

transferring ownership

the act of giving something in return for something received

a particular instance of buying or selling

a transaction in the stock market at a price below the price of the preceding transaction

a transaction in the stock market at a price above the price of the preceding transaction

obtaining funds from a lender

the act of paying for the use of something (as an apartment or house or car)

social control achieved as a manifestation of self-will or general consent

a mechanism of social control for enforcing a society's standards

control over the growth of population; a government program

the act of governing; exercising authority

the act of enforcing; ensuring observance of or obedience to

social control by dominating

the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force

the control of a country by military forces of a foreign power

the act of managing something

a sudden and decisive overthrow of a government that gained power by a coup d'etat

act of depriving someone of food or money or rights

the act of appeasing (as by acceding to the demands of)

changing something from private to state ownership or control

changing something from state to private ownership or control

the act of causing tribal people to abandon their customs and adopt urban ways of living

unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice

(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops"

act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops

the imposition of standards or regulations

the act of punishing

the social control of offenders through a system of imprisonment and rehabilitation and probation and parole

an exchange that occurs as a compromise

the act of obeying; dutiful or submissive behavior with respect to another person

abject submission; the emotional equivalent of prostrating your body

bitter conflict; heated often violent dissension

any hard struggle between equally matched groups

a bitter struggle for territory or power or control or rights

a struggle between rivals

the act of hostile groups opposing each other

resistance by potential customers to aggressive selling practices

a defiant act

coming into conflict with

the act of fighting; any contest or struggle

deliberate interference

the act of protesting; a public (often organized) manifestation of dissent

refusal to accept some authority or code or convention

an insubordinate act

(law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked

an accusation of crime made by a grand jury on its own initiative

(law) the determination by a court of competent jurisdiction on matters submitted to it

the expulsion of someone (such as a tenant) from the possession of land by process of law

an answer indicating why a suit should be dismissed

a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against him

the legal dissolution of a marriage

the act of secluding yourself from others

the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others

the act of segregating or sequestering

advocacy of a policy of strict separation of church and state

cooperative work done by a team (especially when it is effective)

acting according to certain accepted standards

act of working jointly

act of cooperating traitorously with an enemy that is occupying your country

a middle way between two extremes

acting together, as agents or circumstances or events

the reestablishing of cordial relations

acting with less concern for yourself than for the success of the joint activity

the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action

the act of representing; standing in for someone or some group and speaking with authority in their behalf

act of marshaling and organizing and making ready for use or action

the act of convoking

the social act of assembling for some common purpose

the act of congregating

the act of convening

bringing together military forces

formal attendance (in court or at a hearing) of a party in an action

the act of being present

attendance for a particular event or purpose (as to vote in an election)

failure to appear (especially as at court)

failure to be present

failure to attend (especially school)

an act of requiting; returning in kind

action taken in return for an injury or offense

the act of making or doing something in return

a bitter quarrel between two parties

an active struggle between competing entities

an equivalent given in return

a country's withdrawal from international politics

an engagement by contract involving financial obligation

the act of intervening (as to mediate a dispute, etc.)

participation by all members of a group

nonparticipation in a dispute or war

a procession of land vehicles traveling together

a procession (of wagons or mules or camels) traveling together in single file

a procession of people traveling on horseback

a procession of people walking together

a procession of people traveling in motor cars

a ceremonial procession including people marching

a funeral procession

the withdrawal of the clergy and choir from the chancel to the vestry at the end of a church service