TPO 3-1 Architecture

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.

Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values.

Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values.

Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values.

Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values.

Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color.

It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color.

To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements.

To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements.

To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements.

To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements.

Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life.

Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life.

It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight.

It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight.

It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight.

It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight.

It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight.

Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.

Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.

Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.

Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.

Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.

Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.

Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.

The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team.

The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team.

The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team.

The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.

The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.

The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.

The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials.

The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials.

Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity.

Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity.

They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.

They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.

They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.

Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes.

Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes.

Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures.

In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.

In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.

In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.

Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired.

Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired.

Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired.

Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired.

Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired.

Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material.

Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material.

Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material.

Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material.

Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material.

Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material.

Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.

Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.

Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.

Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.

Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.

Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.

Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.

Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.

Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.

Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.

Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.

Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.

The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning.

The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning.

The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning.

Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability.

Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability.

In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon.

In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon.

In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon.

Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru.

Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru.

A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created.

A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created.

That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments.

That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments.

The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures.

The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures.

The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures.

Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone.

As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam.

It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch.

The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.

The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.

Paragraph 1: Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.

According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:

○Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.

○Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.

○Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.

○Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.

○Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.

○Architecture has an indirect effect on life.

○Architecture has an indirect effect on life.

2.The word “feasible” in the passage is closet in meaning to ○in existence ○without question ○achievable ○most likely 3.

2.The word “feasible” in the passage is closet in meaning to ○in existence ○without question ○achievable ○most likely 3.

2.The word “feasible” in the passage is closet in meaning to ○in existence ○without question ○achievable ○most likely 3.

2.The word “feasible” in the passage is closet in meaning to ○in existence ○without question ○achievable ○most likely 3.

2.The word “feasible” in the passage is closet in meaning to ○in existence ○without question ○achievable ○most likely 3.

The word “enhance” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○protect ○improve ○organize ○match

The word “enhance” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○protect ○improve ○organize ○match

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

○Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.

○Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.

○When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.

The word “devised” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○combined ○created ○introduced ○suggested

The word “devised” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○combined ○created ○introduced ○suggested

The word “devised” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○combined ○created ○introduced ○suggested

The word “integral” is closet in meaning to ○essential ○variable ○practical ○independent 7.

The word “integral” is closet in meaning to ○essential ○variable ○practical ○independent 7.

○The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.

In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?

In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?

○They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.

○They weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.

○They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph 5?

Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph 5?

○Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.

○Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.

○The components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.

The word “arduous” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○difficult ○necessary ○skilled ○shared 11.

Why does the author include a description of how the “doorways and windows” of Machu Picchu were constructed?

○To indicate that the combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu were similar to igloos and adobe structures

○To provide an illustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches were invented

○To provide an illustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches were invented

○To explain how ancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildings from stone 12．According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is true of the arch?

○The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.

○The arch worked by distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of the arch.

○The arch worked by distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of the arch.

○The Romans followed earlier practices in their use of arches.

However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.

However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.

14．Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

14．Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

14．Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.

Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.

Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

○Architects seek to create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for human use.

○Over the course of the history of building, innovations in material and methods of construction have given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.

○Throughout history buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct “organ” systems in order to function.

○Both clients and architects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.

○The discovery and use of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developing more efficient types of structures.

○The discovery and use of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developing more efficient types of structures.

○The discovery and use of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developing more efficient types of structures.