NYS Regents - Living Environment

Edward A. (United States of America)
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You'll need these words for the NYS Living Environment Regents exam.

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words only definitions & notes
  1. autotroph
    an organism capable of synthesizing its own food
    This bird may best be described as
    (1) a decomposer that most likely feeds on
    nectar (a sugary liquid) from flowers
    (2) a heterotroph that may eat insects and is
    more closely related to a robin than to an
    earthworm
    (3) a scavenger that feeds on animals an
  2. organelle
    a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ
    These symptoms are
    evidence of
    (1) a disruption of homeostasis
    (2) a decrease in allergic reactions
    (3) an increased number of cell organelles
    (4) hormone destruction
    21 An activity that occurs in the human body is
    shown below.
  3. heterotroph
    an organism that cannot make its own food supply
    This bird may best be described as
    (1) a decomposer that most likely feeds on
    nectar (a sugary liquid) from flowers
    (2) a heterotroph that may eat insects and is
    more closely related to a robin than to an
    earthworm
    (3) a scavenger that feeds on ani
  4. mitochondrion
    part of a cell involved in energy production
    (1) ribosome–protein synthesis
    (2) mitochondrion–movement
    (3) vacuole–cell division
    (4) nucleus–storage of nutrients
    4 The diagram below represents many species of
    plants and animals and their surroundings.
  5. head louse
    infests the head and body of humans
    Blown Away
    Head Lice Meet Hair Dryer of Death
    Head lice are becoming indestructible.
  6. meiosis
    cell division that produces reproductive cells
    (1) starch (3) water
    (2) DNA (4) fat
    Row
    Formation
    of Egg
    Formation
    of Sperm
    Growth of
    Embryo
    (1) mitosis mitosis meiosis
    (2) mitosis meiosis mitosis
    (3) meiosis mitosis meiosis
    (4) meiosis meiosis mitosis
    Living Environment–Aug. ’11 [4]
    19 The enz
  7. corn snake
    large harmless snake of southeastern United States
    Based on the food web, a likely consequence
    of this change would be
    (1) an increase in the number of clams (3) an increase in the number of crabs
    (2) a decrease in the number of water plants (4) a decrease in the number of crayfish
    Small invertebrates
    Cra
  8. restriction enzyme
    any of the enzymes that cut nucleic acid at specific restriction sites and produce restriction fragments; obtained from bacteria (where they cripple viral invaders); used in recombinant DNA technology
    Plant Species A: A C C G C A G G G A T T C G C
    Plant Species B: A C C G G A G C G A T T C G C
    79 A restriction enzyme is used to cut the DNA from species A and B. The enzyme binds to the sequence
    G G G A T T and cuts between G and A. State how many
  9. Ephemeroptera
    mayflies
    Mayflies
    Mayflies belong to a group of insects known as Ephemeroptera, which means “shortlived
    wings.”
  10. sex cell
    a spermatozoon or an ovum
    (1) a small population of rabbits living in a field
    of grass
    (2) a large population of red ants living in a
    forest
    (3) an endangered population of polar bears
    living near an iceberg
    (4) one species of bird that nests only in sugar
    maple trees
    13 When chan
  11. fish species
    a species of fish
    The data table shows the number of fish species found at various ocean depths.
  12. heterotrophic
    nourished by organic compounds (such as plants or animals)
    (4) Autotrophic nutrition will replace heterotrophic
    nutrition in the two populations.
  13. homeostasis
    metabolic equilibrium maintained by biological mechanisms
    These symptoms are
    evidence of
    (1) a disruption of homeostasis
    (2) a decrease in allergic reactions
    (3) an increased number of cell organelles
    (4) hormone destruction
    21 An activity that occurs in the human body is
    shown below.
  14. mayfly
    slender insect with delicate membranous wings having an aquatic larval stage and terrestrial adult stage usually lasting less than two days
    Mayflies
    Mayflies belong to a group of insects known as Ephemeroptera, which means “shortlived
    wings.”
  15. ribosome
    a particle in a cell that helps synthesize proteins
    (1) ribosome–protein synthesis
    (2) mitochondrion–movement
    (3) vacuole–cell division
    (4) nucleus–storage of nutrients
    4 The diagram below represents many species of
    plants and animals and their surroundings.
  16. mitosis
    the process by which a cell divides into two new cells
    (1) starch (3) water
    (2) DNA (4) fat
    Row
    Formation
    of Egg
    Formation
    of Sperm
    Growth of
    Embryo
    (1) mitosis mitosis meiosis
    (2) mitosis meiosis mitosis
    (3) meiosis mitosis meiosis
    (4) meiosis meiosis mitosis
    Living Environment–Aug. ’11 [4]
    19 The enz
  17. autotrophic
    able to synthesize its own food
    (4) Autotrophic nutrition will replace heterotrophic
    nutrition in the two populations.
  18. red blood cell
    a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus
    The ability of an enzyme
    molecule to interact with specific molecules is
    most directly determined by the
    (1) shapes of the molecules involved
    (2) number of molecules involved
    (3) sequence of bases present in ATP
    (4) amount of glucose present in the cell
    2
  19. blood cell
    either of two types of cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and sometimes including platelets
    This observation is best explained by
    the
    (1) presence of pathogens in antibiotics
    (2) production of antibiotics by white blood cells
    (3) replication of viruses that attack bacteria
    (4) survival and reproduction of unaffected
    bacteria
    12 Which grou
  20. stickleback
    small (2-4 inches) pugnacious mostly scaleless spiny-backed fishes of northern fresh and littoral waters having elaborate courtship; subjects of much research
    (1) knowledge of sexual reproduction in plants
    (2) knowledge of the structure of starch
    molecules
    (3) knowledge of the development of embryos
    (4) knowledge of the structure of a DNA
    molecule
    32 Male stickleback fish with red undersides attack
    other
  21. amylase
    any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar
    (1) starch (3) water
    (2) DNA (4) fat
    Row
    Formation
    of Egg
    Formation
    of Sperm
    Growth of
    Embryo
    (1) mitosis mitosis meiosis
    (2) mitosis meiosis mitosis
    (3) meiosis mitosis meiosis
    (4) meiosis meiosis mitosis
    Living Environment–Aug. ’11 [4]
    19 The enzyme
  22. food web
    community of organisms with several interrelated food chains
    43 A food web is represented below.
  23. water plant
    a plant that grows partly or wholly in water whether rooted in the mud, as a lotus, or floating without anchorage, as the water hyacinth
    Based on the food web, a likely consequence
    of this change would be
    (1) an increase in the number of clams (3) an increase in the number of crabs
    (2) a decrease in the number of water plants (4) a decrease in the number of crayfish
    Small invertebra
  24. white blood cell
    blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi
    This observation is best explained by
    the
    (1) presence of pathogens in antibiotics
    (2) production of antibiotics by white blood cells
    (3) replication of viruses that attack bacteria
    (4) survival and reproduction of unaffected
    bacteria
    12 Which grou
  25. biotic
    of or relating to living organisms
    The purpose of this research is to
    (1) reduce the use of finite resources
    (2) increase the rate of air pollution
    (3) reduce the rate of homeostasis in organisms
    (4) cause a loss of biodiversity in the rain forests
    28 The presence of wastes, such as plasti
  26. louse
    a wingless, parasitic insect
    Blown Away
    Head Lice Meet Hair Dryer of Death
    Head lice are becoming indestructible.
  27. herbivore
    any animal that feeds chiefly on grass and other plants
    Hans Thewissen of the Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of
    Medicine and Pharmacy recovered the skeleton in rocks from Kashmir, a disputed region
    between India and Pakistan, where the deer-like herbivore lived during the Eocene epoch,
    56 to 34
  28. gamete
    a mature sexual reproductive cell
    This information shows that
    (1) DDT and other pesticides cause glacier
    runoff during the summer
    (2) it takes humans over 50 years to analyze a
    glacier
    (3) precipitation helps to break down pesticides
    (4) the decision of one human generation may
    have an im
  29. chromatography
    a process used for separating mixtures by virtue of differences in absorbency
    81 The dependent variable for this experiment is the
    (1) time the student was squeezing the clothespin
    (2) number of times the student was able to squeeze the clothespin
    (3) strength of the student
    (4) length of the clothespin
    82 The experimental results
  30. ecosystem
    organisms interacting with their physical environment
    The diagram best represents
    (1) a population (3) an ecosystem
    (2) a community (4) the biosphere
    5 The cytoplasm in a cell carries out a function
    similar to a function of which human system?
  31. sperm cell
    the male reproductive cell; the male gamete
    In your
    answer, be sure to:
    • identify the term used to describe a change in DNA [1]
    • state why changes that take place in a sperm cell can affect an embryo [1]
    • identify one factor, other than smoking and drinking alcohol, that may negatively af
  32. ameba
    naked freshwater or marine or parasitic protozoa that form temporary pseudopods for feeding and locomotion
    In a single-celled organism such as an ameba, all these functions can be performed by the
    (1) nucleus (3) mitochondria
    (2) ribosomes (4) cell membrane
    9 The diagram below can be used to illustrate cellular changes.
  33. cell membrane
    a thin membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell
    In a single-celled organism such as an ameba, all these functions can be performed by the
    (1) nucleus (3) mitochondria
    (2) ribosomes (4) cell membrane
    9 The diagram below can be used to illustrate cellular changes.
  34. pesticide
    a chemical used to kill destructive insects or animals
    A negative consequence of this
    action is that the new bird species may
    (1) limit the population of the pest insect
    (2) consume beneficial insects
    (3) disrupt mineral availability in the ecosystem
    (4) cause an increase of pesticide-resistant
    insects
  35. cytoplasm
    the substance inside a cell, not including the nucleus
    The diagram best represents
    (1) a population (3) an ecosystem
    (2) a community (4) the biosphere
    5 The cytoplasm in a cell carries out a function
    similar to a function of which human system?
  36. pathogen
    any disease-producing agent
    This observation is best explained by
    the
    (1) presence of pathogens in antibiotics
    (2) production of antibiotics by white blood cells
    (3) replication of viruses that attack bacteria
    (4) survival and reproduction of unaffected
    bacteria
    12 Which grou
  37. zygote
    a fertilized egg
    In
    order to do this after fertilization, she would
    change the DNA in the
    (1) zygote
    (2) placenta
    (3) testes of the father
    (4) ovaries of the mother
    11 If the same antibiotic is used too many times, it
    can become less effective against a certain typ
  38. food chain
    community of organisms where each member is eaten by another
    41 Reasons for conducting peer review include all
    of the following except
    (1) analyzing the experimental design
    (2) pointing out possible bias
    (3) identifying an illogical conclusion
    (4) changing data to support the hypothesis
    D
    C
    A
    B
    Present time
    25 mill
  39. California condor
    North American condor; chiefly dull black; almost extinct
    The California condor is the largest bird species in North America, with a wingspan of
    about 3.5 meters.
  40. asexual reproduction
    reproduction without the fusion of gametes
    (1) a small population of rabbits living in a field
    of grass
    (2) a large population of red ants living in a
    forest
    (3) an endangered population of polar bears
    living near an iceberg
    (4) one species of bird that nests only in sugar
    maple trees
    13 When chan
  41. alveolus
    a tiny sac for holding air in the lungs
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Functions
    <
  42. borer
    a drill for penetrating rock
    Corn borers, insects that eat corn, die
    when they feed on corn containing the Bt
    protein.
  43. finch
    any of numerous small songbirds with short bills
    Although an icicle may grow in
    size over time, it is considered nonliving because
    there is
    (1) an increase in matter, but no increase in the
    number of icicles
    (2) an interaction between the icicle and the
    environment
    (3) no way for the icicle to move away
  44. molecule
    the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
    Living Environment–Aug. ’11 [2]
    7 Four different segments of a DNA molecule are represented below.
  45. interbreed
    breed animals or plants using parents of different races and varieties
    (2) The finches would interbreed and produce a
    new species of finch.
  46. hemoglobin
    a red protein in blood that transports oxygen
    A change in hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells, causes sickle-cell disease.
  47. enzyme
    a complex protein produced by cells that acts as a catalyst
    (2) It contains genes that may code for the
    production of enzymes.
  48. egg cell
    the female reproductive cell; the female gamete
    This information shows that
    (1) DDT and other pesticides cause glacier
    runoff during the summer
    (2) it takes humans over 50 years to analyze a
    glacier
    (3) precipitation helps to break down pesticides
    (4) the decision of one human generation may
    have an im
  49. antibiotic
    a substance used to kill microorganisms and cure infections
    In
    order to do this after fertilization, she would
    change the DNA in the
    (1) zygote
    (2) placenta
    (3) testes of the father
    (4) ovaries of the mother
    11 If the same antibiotic is used too many times, it
    can become less effective against a certain typ
  50. wader
    any of many long-legged birds that wade in water in search of food
    The extreme thickness of its bones is a trait seen often in animals that are aquatic
    waders (thick, heavy bones counteract buoyancy and allow the animal to stay underwater
    more easily), and chemical traces in its teeth indicate that the animal ate
  51. recombination
    the rearrangement of genes (by crossing over) in offspring
    (1) mutation and cloning
    (2) genetic engineering and selective breeding
    (3) unchanging environment and the need to
    reproduce
    (4) variation and recombination
    76 The most likely explanation for this variation in
    the beak size of the medium ground fin
  52. mutation
    a change or alteration in form or qualities
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Func
  53. vacuole
    a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell
    (1) ribosome–protein synthesis
    (2) mitochondrion–movement
    (3) vacuole–cell division
    (4) nucleus–storage of nutrients
    4 The diagram below represents many species of
    plants and animals and their surroundings.
  54. antibacterial
    destroying or inhibiting microscopic living organisms
    [1]
    Method: ________________
    72 Scientists have recently discovered that two toxic chemicals in most antibacterial soap products do not
    break down when treated at wastewater facilities.
  55. reproductive system
    organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring
    (1) respiratory system (3) circulatory system
    (2) reproductive system (4) nervous system
    6 Which statement best describes a human
    chromosome?
  56. single-celled
    having a single cell (and thus not divided into cells)
    In a single-celled organism such as an ameba, all these functions can be performed by the
    (1) nucleus (3) mitochondria
    (2) ribosomes (4) cell membrane
    9 The diagram below can be used to illustrate cellular changes.
  57. ATP
    a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions
    The ability of an enzyme
    molecule to interact with specific molecules is
    most directly determined by the
    (1) shapes of the molecules involved
    (2) number of molecules involved
    (3) sequence of bases present in ATP
    (4) amount of glucose present in the
  58. biology
    the science that studies living organisms
    Solar energy is used to produce energy-rich
    compounds in structure
    (1) A (3) C
    (2) B (4) D
    Base your answers to questions 39 and 40 on the
    diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
  59. respiratory system
    the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide; in terrestrial animals this is accomplished by breathing
    (1) respiratory system (3) circulatory system
    (2) reproductive system (4) nervous system
    6 Which statement best describes a human
    chromosome?
  60. DNA
    material that carries genetic information in a cell
    Living Environment–Aug. ’11 [2]
    7 Four different segments of a DNA molecule are represented below.
  61. amino acid
    organic compounds containing an amino group and acid group
    (1) It is made of amino acid subunits that form
    genes.
  62. excrete
    eliminate from the body
    This is most damaging early in a pregnancy
    because during this time
    (1) the lungs of the fetus become functional
    (2) alcohol can easily enter the mouth of the fetus
    (3) many of the essential organs of the fetus are
    forming
    (4) the fetus cannot excrete<
  63. banding
    a stripe or stripes of contrasting color
    The protein banding patterns of three samples are shown below.
  64. wingspan
    linear distance between the extremities of an airfoil
    The California condor is the largest bird species in North America, with a wingspan of
    about 3.5 meters.
  65. fetus
    an unborn vertebrate in the later stages of development
    17 The drinking of alcoholic beverages by a pregnant
    woman is harmful to the development of her
    fetus.
  66. excretion
    the bodily process of discharging waste matter
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Functions
    a
  67. protein
    an organic compound essential to living cells
    (1) ribosome–protein synthesis
    (2) mitochondrion–movement
    (3) vacuole–cell division
    (4) nucleus–storage of nutrients
    4 The diagram below represents many species of
    plants and animals and their surroundings.
  68. sexual reproduction
    reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete
    (1) knowledge of sexual reproduction in plants
    (2) knowledge of the structure of starch
    molecules
    (3) knowledge of the development of embryos
    (4) knowledge of the structure of a DNA
    molecule
    32 Male stickleback fish with red undersides attack
    other
  69. biosphere
    the regions of the Earth where living organisms exist
    The diagram best represents
    (1) a population (3) an ecosystem
    (2) a community (4) the biosphere
    5 The cytoplasm in a cell carries out a function
    similar to a function of which human system?
  70. DDT
    an insecticide that is also toxic to animals and humans
    Living Environment–Aug. ’11 [7] [OVER]
    36 DDT and other pesticides used over 50 years
    ago are still affecting the environment today.
  71. multicellular
    consisting of many basic structural and functional units
    33 Specialized cells and organs are necessary in
    multicellular organisms because in these organisms
    (1) fewer cells are in direct contact with the
    external environment
    (2) all cells are in direct contact with the external
    environment
    (3) a body typ
  72. antigen
    any substance that stimulates an immune response in the body
    The doubling of ground-level
    ozone since 1850 is most likely due to
    (1) the chemical composition of the upper
    atmosphere
    (2) emissions from vehicles and industrial
    processes
    (3) the extinction of certain animal species
    (4) a greater use of nuclear fuel
    26
  73. invertebrate
    any animal lacking a backbone or notochord
    This causes a sharp decline in small invertebrate populations.
  74. mutate
    undergo a change or alteration in form or qualities
    (1) mutation and cloning
    (2) genetic engineering and selective breeding
    (3) unchanging environment and the need to
    reproduce
    (4) variation and recombination
    76 The most likely explanation for this variation in
    the beak size of the medium ground finch is t
  75. sludge
    any thick, viscous matter
    These chemicals are in the nutrient-rich sludge that
    remains after wastewater treatment.
  76. cell division
    the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells
    (1) ribosome–protein synthesis
    (2) mitochondrion–movement
    (3) vacuole–cell division
    (4) nucleus–storage of nutrients
    4 The diagram below represents many species of
    plants and animals and their surroundings.
  77. insulin
    a glucose-regulating hormone produced in the pancreas
    60 In the past, diabetics used horse or cow insulin to control their glucose levels.
  78. cell
    the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
    This bird may best be described as
    (1) a decomposer that most likely feeds on
    nectar (a sugary liquid) from flowers
    (2) a heterotroph that may eat insects and is
    more closely related to a robin than to an
    earthworm
    (3) a scavenger that feeds on animals an
  79. environment
    the totality of surrounding conditions
    LIVING ENVIRONMENT
    LIVING ENVIRONMENT
    The University of the State of New York
    REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION
    LIVING ENVIRONMENT
    Thursday, August 18, 2011 — 12:30 to 3:30 p.m., only
    Student Name _____________________________________________________
  80. nutrient
    any substance that can be metabolized to give energy
    (1) ribosome–protein synthesis
    (2) mitochondrion–movement
    (3) vacuole–cell division
    (4) nucleus–storage of nutrients
    4 The diagram below represents many species of
    plants and animals and their surroundings.
  81. dialysis
    separation of mixed substances using a special filter
    State what cell structure the dialysis tubing represents.
  82. organism
    a living thing that can act or function independently
    1 The ability to grow in size is a characteristic of
    living organisms.
  83. circulatory system
    the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body
    (1) respiratory system (3) circulatory system
    (2) reproductive system (4) nervous system
    6 Which statement best describes a human
    chromosome?
  84. genetic
    relating to the study of heredity and variation in organisms
    (1) a small population of rabbits living in a field
    of grass
    (2) a large population of red ants living in a
    forest
    (3) an endangered population of polar bears
    living near an iceberg
    (4) one species of bird that nests only in sugar
    maple trees
    13 When chan
  85. condor
    the largest flying bird in the western hemisphere
    The California condor is the largest bird species in North America, with a wingspan of
    about 3.5 meters.
  86. gene
    part of DNA controlling physical characteristics and growth
    (1) It is made of amino acid subunits that form
    genes.
  87. synthesize
    combine and form a complex whole
    Today, as a result of genetic
    engineering, human insulin can be synthesized by bacteria.
  88. missing link
    hypothetical organism formerly thought to be intermediate between apes and human beings
    When Whales Walked the Earth
    A newly unearthed fossil is the missing link between land and marine mammals
    Standing two to three feet tall on legs adapted to wade through shallow water, the
    48-million-year-old Indohyus is the missing link between mo
  89. placenta
    the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus
    (3) It is normally passed to the next generation
    through a placenta.
  90. bacterium
    a single-celled or noncellular organism lacking chlorophyll
    33 Specialized cells and organs are necessary in
    multicellular organisms because in these organisms
    (1) fewer cells are in direct contact with the
    external environment
    (2) all cells are in direct contact with the external
    environment
    (3) a body type evolv
  91. asexual
    not having or involving sex
    (1) a small population of rabbits living in a field
    of grass
    (2) a large population of red ants living in a
    forest
    (3) an endangered population of polar bears
    living near an iceberg
    (4) one species of bird that nests only in sugar
    maple trees
    13 When chan
  92. embryo
    an animal organism in the early stages of growth
    One of the functions of this part of the system is to
    (1) supply essential nutrients to the offspring in
    the form of milk
    (2) provide nutritional support for the embryo
    (3) provide a structure that allows the mixing of
    maternal and fetal blood
    (4)
  93. replication
    the act of making copies
    This observation is best explained by
    the
    (1) presence of pathogens in antibiotics
    (2) production of antibiotics by white blood cells
    (3) replication of viruses that attack bacteria
    (4) survival and reproduction of unaffected
    bacteria
    12 Which grou
  94. crayfish
    small freshwater decapod crustacean that resembles a lobster
    Based on the food web, a likely consequence
    of this change would be
    (1) an increase in the number of clams (3) an increase in the number of crabs
    (2) a decrease in the number of water plants (4) a decrease in the number of crayfish
    Small invertebra
  95. large intestine
    beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Functions
    a
  96. scavenger
    someone who collects things discarded by others
    This bird may best be described as
    (1) a decomposer that most likely feeds on
    nectar (a sugary liquid) from flowers
    (2) a heterotroph that may eat insects and is
    more closely related to a robin than to an
    earthworm
    (3) a scavenger that feeds on ani
  97. evolutionary
    relating to the development of a species
    (1) a small population of rabbits living in a field
    of grass
    (2) a large population of red ants living in a
    forest
    (3) an endangered population of polar bears
    living near an iceberg
    (4) one species of bird that nests only in sugar
    maple trees
    13 When chan
  98. selective
    characterized by very careful or fastidious choice
    (1) gene manipulation, natural selection,
    selective breeding
    (2) natural selection, selective breeding,
    gene manipulation
    (3) natural selection, gene manipulation,
    selective breeding
    (4) selective breeding, gene manipulation,
    natural selection
    Huma
  99. predator
    any animal that lives by preying on other animals
    Moose and Wolf Populations
    65 State how the information in the table can be used to determine that the wolves are the predators.
  100. genetic engineering
    the science of changing the DNA of organisms
    (1) mutation and cloning
    (2) genetic engineering and selective breeding
    (3) unchanging environment and the need to
    reproduce
    (4) variation and recombination
    76 The most likely explanation for this variation in
    the beak size of the medium ground fin
  101. sperm
    the male reproductive cell; the male gamete
    One of the functions of this part of the system is to
    (1) supply essential nutrients to the offspring in
    the form of milk
    (2) provide nutritional support for the embryo
    (3) provide a structure that allows the mixing of
    maternal and fetal blood
    (4) produce
  102. earthworm
    terrestrial worm that burrows into and helps aerate soil
    This bird may best be described as
    (1) a decomposer that most likely feeds on
    nectar (a sugary liquid) from flowers
    (2) a heterotroph that may eat insects and is
    more closely related to a robin than to an
    earthworm
    (3) a scavenger that feeds on ani
  103. Eocene
    relating to the epoch from about 56 to 34 million years ago
    Hans Thewissen of the Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of
    Medicine and Pharmacy recovered the skeleton in rocks from Kashmir, a disputed region
    between India and Pakistan, where the deer-like herbivore lived during the Eocene epoch,
    56 to 34
  104. natural selection
    a process in which organisms evolve to adapt to environment
    (1) gene manipulation, natural selection,
    selective breeding
    (2) natural selection, selective breeding,
    gene manipulation
    (3) natural selection, gene manipulation,
    selective breeding
    (4) selective breeding, gene manipulation,
    natural selection
    Huma
  105. testis
    one of the two male reproductive glands that produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens
    In
    order to do this after fertilization, she would
    change the DNA in the
    (1) zygote
    (2) placenta
    (3) testes of the father
    (4) ovaries of the mother
    11 If the same antibiotic is used too many times, it
    can become less effective against a certain typ
  106. antibody
    a protein that produces an immune response
    The doubling of ground-level
    ozone since 1850 is most likely due to
    (1) the chemical composition of the upper
    atmosphere
    (2) emissions from vehicles and industrial
    processes
    (3) the extinction of certain animal species
    (4) a greater use of nuclear fuel
    26
  107. nutritional
    of or relating to or providing nutrition
    One of the functions of this part of the system is to
    (1) supply essential nutrients to the offspring in
    the form of milk
    (2) provide nutritional support for the embryo
    (3) provide a structure that allows the mixing of
    maternal and fetal blood
    (4)
  108. ozone
    a colorless gas that is a screen for ultraviolet radiation
    25 The release of products of combustion into the
    air often causes the formation of ozone near the
    surface of Earth.
  109. ecological
    characterized by the interdependence of living organisms
    [1]
    66 State one possible ecological reason, other than human activity, for the change in the moose population
    between 1975 and 1980.
  110. amino
    pertaining to or containing any of a group of organic compounds of nitrogen derived from ammonia
    (1) It is made of amino acid subunits that form
    genes.
  111. dioxide
    an oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in the molecule
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Functions
    a
  112. nuclear fuel
    fuel (such as uranium) that can be used in nuclear reactors as a source of electricity
    The doubling of ground-level
    ozone since 1850 is most likely due to
    (1) the chemical composition of the upper
    atmosphere
    (2) emissions from vehicles and industrial
    processes
    (3) the extinction of certain animal species
    (4) a greater use of nuclear fuel
  113. emission
    the act of causing to flow forth
    The doubling of ground-level
    ozone since 1850 is most likely due to
    (1) the chemical composition of the upper
    atmosphere
    (2) emissions from vehicles and industrial
    processes
    (3) the extinction of certain animal species
    (4) a greater use of nuclear
  114. acid rain
    precipitation with toxic gas emissions combined with water
    Less carbon dioxide in the
    atmosphere would be expected to
    (1) reduce the rate of global warming
    (2) increase damage caused by acid rain
    (3) decrease the number of biotic factors in
    ecosystems
    (4) reduce destruction of the ozone layer
    Living Enviro
  115. ovary
    (vertebrates) one of usually two organs that produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone
    In
    order to do this after fertilization, she would
    change the DNA in the
    (1) zygote
    (2) placenta
    (3) testes of the father
    (4) ovaries of the mother
    11 If the same antibiotic is used too many times, it
    can become less effective against a certain typ
  116. glucose
    a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms
    The ability of an enzyme
    molecule to interact with specific molecules is
    most directly determined by the
    (1) shapes of the molecules involved
    (2) number of molecules involved
    (3) sequence of bases present in ATP
    (4) amount of glucose present in the
  117. solar energy
    energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy
    Solar energy is used to produce energy-rich
    compounds in structure
    (1) A (3) C
    (2) B (4) D
    Base your answers to questions 39 and 40 on the
    diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
  118. skeletal
    relating to a structure made of bones and cartilage
    Scientists know that Indohyus belongs in the evolutionary path
    with whales because it has skeletal similarities to both modern whales and known
    primordial whale ancestors.
  119. rain forest
    a forest with heavy annual rainfall
    The purpose of this research is to
    (1) reduce the use of finite resources
    (2) increase the rate of air pollution
    (3) reduce the rate of homeostasis in organisms
    (4) cause a loss of biodiversity in the rain forests
    28 The presence of wastes, such as
  120. evolve
    undergo development
    (3) The two populations will evolve into separate
    species.
  121. glacier
    a slowly moving mass of ice
    Scientists have found these substances in recent
    glacier runoff.
  122. carbon dioxide
    a colorless, odorless greenhouse gas essential for photosynthesis
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Functions
    a
  123. human head
    the head of a human being
    He wondered if human head lice could
    also be killed by drying them out.
  124. abnormality
    an abnormal physical condition resulting from defective genes or developmental deficiencies
    This information shows that
    (1) DDT and other pesticides cause glacier
    runoff during the summer
    (2) it takes humans over 50 years to analyze a
    glacier
    (3) precipitation helps to break down pesticides
    (4) the decision of one human generation may
    have an im
  125. diabetic
    someone who has diabetes
    60 In the past, diabetics used horse or cow insulin to control their glucose levels.
  126. analyze
    break down into components or essential features
    Ice layers
    from existing glaciers have been analyzed.
  127. carbohydrate
    an essential component of living cells and source of energy
    (1) starch (3) water
    (2) DNA (4) fat
    Row
    Formation
    of Egg
    Formation
    of Sperm
    Growth of
    Embryo
    (1) mitosis mitosis meiosis
    (2) mitosis meiosis mitosis
    (3) meiosis mitosis meiosis
    (4) meiosis meiosis mitosis
    Living Environment–Aug. ’11 [4]
    19 The enzyme amy
  128. vaccine
    injection of weakened or dead microbes to create antibodies
    [1]
    _________________________________ and _________________________________
    Population Size
    Year Moose Wolves
    1960 610 22
    1965 733 28
    1970 1295 18
    1975 1355 41
    1980 910 50
    1985 1115 22
    1990 1216 15
    1995 2422 16
    2000 850 29
    Living Environment–Aug. ’11 [17]
  129. scientist
    a person with advanced knowledge of empirical fields
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Functions
    a
  130. metabolic
    of or relating to metabolism
    Although an icicle may grow in
    size over time, it is considered nonliving because
    there is
    (1) an increase in matter, but no increase in the
    number of icicles
    (2) an interaction between the icicle and the
    environment
    (3) no way for the icicle to move away
  131. chromosome
    a threadlike strand of DNA that carries genes
    (1) respiratory system (3) circulatory system
    (2) reproductive system (4) nervous system
    6 Which statement best describes a human
    chromosome?
  132. clone
    a genetically identical organism derived from a single cell
    (1) mutation and cloning
    (2) genetic engineering and selective breeding
    (3) unchanging environment and the need to
    reproduce
    (4) variation and recombination
    76 The most likely explanation for this variation in
    the beak size of the medium ground fin
  133. fetal
    of or relating to a fetus
    One of the functions of this part of the system is to
    (1) supply essential nutrients to the offspring in
    the form of milk
    (2) provide nutritional support for the embryo
    (3) provide a structure that allows the mixing of
    maternal and fetal blood
    (4)
  134. clam
    burrowing marine mollusk living on sand or mud
    Based on the food web, a likely consequence
    of this change would be
    (1) an increase in the number of clams (3) an increase in the number of crabs
    (2) a decrease in the number of water plants (4) a decrease in the number of crayfish
    Small invertebra
  135. microbe
    a minute life form, especially one that causes disease
    [1]
    53 State one way white blood cells protect the body from foreign microbes.
  136. reproduce
    make a copy or equivalent of
    This bird may best be described as
    (1) a decomposer that most likely feeds on
    nectar (a sugary liquid) from flowers
    (2) a heterotroph that may eat insects and is
    more closely related to a robin than to an
    earthworm
    (3) a scavenger that feeds on animals an
  137. mosquito
    two-winged insect that sucks the blood of humans and animals
    Two methods for controlling mosquitoes are listed below.
  138. allergic
    characterized by an immune response to a food or substance
    These symptoms are
    evidence of
    (1) a disruption of homeostasis
    (2) a decrease in allergic reactions
    (3) an increased number of cell organelles
    (4) hormone destruction
    21 An activity that occurs in the human body is
    shown below.
  139. fertilize
    provide with fertilizers or add nutrients to
    Farmers can buy this sludge to fertilize their fields.
  140. bacteria
    single-celled organisms that can cause disease
    In
    order to do this after fertilization, she would
    change the DNA in the
    (1) zygote
    (2) placenta
    (3) testes of the father
    (4) ovaries of the mother
    11 If the same antibiotic is used too many times, it
    can become less effective against a certain type
    of
  141. estrogen
    a hormone responsible for female sex characteristics
    This information shows that
    (1) DDT and other pesticides cause glacier
    runoff during the summer
    (2) it takes humans over 50 years to analyze a
    glacier
    (3) precipitation helps to break down pesticides
    (4) the decision of one human generation may
    have an im
  142. extinction
    the state of being no longer in existence
    The doubling of ground-level
    ozone since 1850 is most likely due to
    (1) the chemical composition of the upper
    atmosphere
    (2) emissions from vehicles and industrial
    processes
    (3) the extinction of certain animal species
    (4) a greater use of nuclear
  143. over-the-counter
    purchasable without a doctor's prescription
    A study found that as many as 80 percent of the
    bugs are [resistant] to insecticides in over-the-counter shampoos, and resistance will only
    increase.
  144. experimental
    of the nature of or undergoing a trial
    41 Reasons for conducting peer review include all
    of the following except
    (1) analyzing the experimental design
    (2) pointing out possible bias
    (3) identifying an illogical conclusion
    (4) changing data to support the hypothesis
    D
    C
    A
    B
    Present time
  145. calculator
    a small machine that is used for mathematical calculations
    A four-function or scientific calculator must be made available for you to use while taking
    this examination.
  146. biodiversity
    the variety of plant and animal life in a habitat
    24 Which consequence could most likely be associated
    with a decrease in biodiversity in an area?
  147. flu
    an acute febrile highly contagious viral disease
    [1]
    _________________________________ and _________________________________
    Population Size
    Year Moose Wolves
    1960 610 22
    1965 733 28
    1970 1295 18
    1975 1355 41
    1980 910 50
    1985 1115 22
    1990 1216 15
    1995 2422 16
    2000 850 29
    Living Environment–Aug. ’11 [17]
  148. reproductive
    producing new life or offspring
    (1) respiratory system (3) circulatory system
    (2) reproductive system (4) nervous system
    6 Which statement best describes a human
    chromosome?
  149. polar bear
    white bear of Arctic regions
    (1) a small population of rabbits living in a field
    of grass
    (2) a large population of red ants living in a
    forest
    (3) an endangered population of polar bears
    living near an iceberg
    (4) one species of bird that nests only in sugar
    maple trees
    13 Wh
  150. nitrogenous
    of or relating to or containing nitrogen
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Functions
    a
  151. precipitation
    the falling to earth of any form of water
    Glacier runoff occurs during the
    summer, when precipitation that has fallen on
    glaciers during the winter is released.
  152. aquatic
    operating or living or growing in water
    The aquatic juvenile form of most mayfly species lives for several years under rocks in
    streams that have high levels of dissolved oxygen.
  153. functional
    designed for or capable of a particular use
    This is most damaging early in a pregnancy
    because during this time
    (1) the lungs of the fetus become functional
    (2) alcohol can easily enter the mouth of the fetus
    (3) many of the essential organs of the fetus are
    forming
    (4) the fetus cannot excr
  154. nucleus
    a part of the cell responsible for growth and reproduction
    (1) ribosome–protein synthesis
    (2) mitochondrion–movement
    (3) vacuole–cell division
    (4) nucleus–storage of nutrients
    4 The diagram below represents many species of
    plants and animals and their surroundings.
  155. microscopic
    so small as to be invisible without a magnifying device
    The juveniles feed on microscopic
    photosynthetic organisms.
  156. immune system
    the cells in the body that work together to fight disease
    In your answer, be sure to:
    • identify what substance is in a flu vaccine that stimulates immunity [1]
    • state how the human immune system reacts to the vaccine [1]
    • state one reason the flu vaccine does not protect a person from other viral disea
  157. meter
    a basic unit of length (approximately 1.094 yards)
    47 The approximate number of fish species that can be found at 120 meters is
    (1) 5 (3) 18
    (2) 13 (4) 31
    Number of Fish Species Found
    Water Depth (m)
    Fish Species Found at Various Ocean Depths
    Living Environment–Aug. ’11 [11] [OVER]
    Living Environme
  158. fertilization
    making productive by adding nutrients
    In
    order to do this after fertilization, she would
    change the DNA in the
    (1) zygote
    (2) placenta
    (3) testes of the father
    (4) ovaries of the mother
    11 If the same antibiotic is used too many times, it
    can become less effective against a certain typ
  159. mammal
    a warm-blooded vertebrate having the skin covered with hair
    When Whales Walked the Earth
    A newly unearthed fossil is the missing link between land and marine mammals
    Standing two to three feet tall on legs adapted to wade through shallow water, the
    48-million-year-old Indohyus is the missing link between mo
  160. bacillus
    aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium
    33 Specialized cells and organs are necessary in
    multicellular organisms because in these organisms
    (1) fewer cells are in direct contact with the
    external environment
    (2) all cells are in direct contact with the external
    environment
    (3) a body type evolv
  161. alcohol
    a volatile compound made by distillation
    This is most damaging early in a pregnancy
    because during this time
    (1) the lungs of the fetus become functional
    (2) alcohol can easily enter the mouth of the fetus
    (3) many of the essential organs of the fetus are
    forming
    (4) the fetus cannot excr
  162. crabs
    infestation of the pubic hair by crab lice
    Based on the food web, a likely consequence
    of this change would be
    (1) an increase in the number of clams (3) an increase in the number of crabs
    (2) a decrease in the number of water plants (4) a decrease in the number of crayfish
    Small invertebra
  163. genetically
    by genetic mechanisms
    State one advantage for a person with diabetes
    to receive genetically engineered insulin rather than insulin taken from a horse or cow.
  164. extinct
    no longer in existence
    (4) Some species that are no longer successful in
    their environment may become extinct.
  165. viral
    relating to or caused by a virus
    In your answer, be sure to:
    • identify what substance is in a flu vaccine that stimulates immunity [1]
    • state how the human immune system reacts to the vaccine [1]
    • state one reason the flu vaccine does not protect a person from other viral disea
  166. toxic
    of or relating to or caused by a poison
    Toxic
    chemicals in cigarettes and alcohol are thought to cause changes in the DNA, which are
    passed down via the sperm to future generations.
  167. offspring
    the immediate descendants of a person or organism
    (1) a small population of rabbits living in a field
    of grass
    (2) a large population of red ants living in a
    forest
    (3) an endangered population of polar bears
    living near an iceberg
    (4) one species of bird that nests only in sugar
    maple trees
    13 When chan
  168. nutrition
    the organic process of nourishing or being nourished
    (4) Autotrophic nutrition will replace heterotrophic
    nutrition in the two populations.
  169. human body
    alternate name for the body of a human being
    These symptoms are
    evidence of
    (1) a disruption of homeostasis
    (2) a decrease in allergic reactions
    (3) an increased number of cell organelles
    (4) hormone destruction
    21 An activity that occurs in the human body is
    shown below.
  170. cellular
    relating to cells
    In a single-celled organism such as an ameba, all these functions can be performed by the
    (1) nucleus (3) mitochondria
    (2) ribosomes (4) cell membrane
    9 The diagram below can be used to illustrate cellular changes.
  171. primordial
    having existed from the beginning
    Scientists know that Indohyus belongs in the evolutionary path
    with whales because it has skeletal similarities to both modern whales and known
    primordial whale ancestors.
  172. pharmacy
    a retail shop where medications are sold
    Hans Thewissen of the Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of
    Medicine and Pharmacy recovered the skeleton in rocks from Kashmir, a disputed region
    between India and Pakistan, where the deer-like herbivore lived during the Eocene epoch,
    56 to 34
  173. bacterial
    relating to single-celled microorganisms
    (1) gene manipulation, natural selection,
    selective breeding
    (2) natural selection, selective breeding,
    gene manipulation
    (3) natural selection, gene manipulation,
    selective breeding
    (4) selective breeding, gene manipulation,
    natural selection
    Human cell
  174. reproduction
    the act of making copies
    This observation is best explained by
    the
    (1) presence of pathogens in antibiotics
    (2) production of antibiotics by white blood cells
    (3) replication of viruses that attack bacteria
    (4) survival and reproduction of unaffected
    bacteria
    12 Which grou
  175. uterus
    a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females
    This information shows that
    (1) DDT and other pesticides cause glacier
    runoff during the summer
    (2) it takes humans over 50 years to analyze a
    glacier
    (3) precipitation helps to break down pesticides
    (4) the decision of one human generation may
    have an im
  176. differentiation
    a discrimination between things as distinct
    This information shows that
    (1) DDT and other pesticides cause glacier
    runoff during the summer
    (2) it takes humans over 50 years to analyze a
    glacier
    (3) precipitation helps to break down pesticides
    (4) the decision of one human generation may
    have an im
  177. carbon
    an abundant nonmetallic element in all organic compounds
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Functions
    a
  178. ozone layer
    a region of the stratosphere that blocks UV radiation from the sun
    Less carbon dioxide in the
    atmosphere would be expected to
    (1) reduce the rate of global warming
    (2) increase damage caused by acid rain
    (3) decrease the number of biotic factors in
    ecosystems
    (4) reduce destruction of the ozone layer
    Living Enviro
  179. biologist
    a scientist who studies living organisms
    Evolutionary biologist Dale Clayton may have a new line of attack.
  180. membrane
    a sheet of tissue that lines or connects organs or cells
    In a single-celled organism such as an ameba, all these functions can be performed by the
    (1) nucleus (3) mitochondria
    (2) ribosomes (4) cell membrane
    9 The diagram below can be used to illustrate cellular changes.
  181. conserve
    keep in safety and protect from harm, loss, or destruction
    The purpose of this research is to
    (1) reduce the use of finite resources
    (2) increase the rate of air pollution
    (3) reduce the rate of homeostasis in organisms
    (4) cause a loss of biodiversity in the rain forests
    28 The presence of wastes, such as plasti
  182. pigment
    dry coloring material
    The segments represent the same region of DNA that codes for a particular pigment (color)
    in these species.
  183. respiratory
    pertaining to the act of breathing
    (1) respiratory system (3) circulatory system
    (2) reproductive system (4) nervous system
    6 Which statement best describes a human
    chromosome?
  184. chemical
    produced by reactions involving atomic or molecular changes
    The doubling of ground-level
    ozone since 1850 is most likely due to
    (1) the chemical composition of the upper
    atmosphere
    (2) emissions from vehicles and industrial
    processes
    (3) the extinction of certain animal species
    (4) a greater use of nuclear
  185. hormone
    the secretion of an endocrine gland transmitted by the blood
    These symptoms are
    evidence of
    (1) a disruption of homeostasis
    (2) a decrease in allergic reactions
    (3) an increased number of cell organelles
    (4) hormone destruction
    21 An activity that occurs in the human body is
    shown below.
  186. iceberg
    a large frozen mass floating at sea
    (1) a small population of rabbits living in a field
    of grass
    (2) a large population of red ants living in a
    forest
    (3) an endangered population of polar bears
    living near an iceberg
    (4) one species of bird that nests only in sugar
    maple trees
    13 Wh
  187. buoyancy
    the tendency to float in water or other liquid
    The extreme thickness of its bones is a trait seen often in animals that are aquatic
    waders (thick, heavy bones counteract buoyancy and allow the animal to stay underwater
    more easily), and chemical traces in its teeth indicate that the animal ate
  188. interaction
    mutual or reciprocal dealings or influence
    Although an icicle may grow in
    size over time, it is considered nonliving because
    there is
    (1) an increase in matter, but no increase in the
    number of icicles
    (2) an interaction between the icicle and the
    environment
    (3) no way for the icicle to mo
  189. intestine
    the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Functions
    a
  190. inorganic
    relating or belonging to the class of compounds not having a carbon basis
    This is most damaging early in a pregnancy
    because during this time
    (1) the lungs of the fetus become functional
    (2) alcohol can easily enter the mouth of the fetus
    (3) many of the essential organs of the fetus are
    forming
    (4) the fetus cannot excrete was
  191. oxygen
    a colorless, odorless gas that is essential for respiration
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Func
  192. woodpecker
    a bird with a strong bill that bores into trees for insects
    Although an icicle may grow in
    size over time, it is considered nonliving because
    there is
    (1) an increase in matter, but no increase in the
    number of icicles
    (2) an interaction between the icicle and the
    environment
    (3) no way for the icicle to move away
  193. global warming
    a rise in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere
    Less carbon dioxide in the
    atmosphere would be expected to
    (1) reduce the rate of global warming
    (2) increase damage caused by acid rain
    (3) decrease the number of biotic factors in
    ecosystems
    (4) reduce destruction of the ozone layer
    Living Enviro
  194. parasite
    an animal or plant that lives in or on a host
    (4) The medium ground finch would become a
    parasite of the introduced species.
  195. medication
    something that treats or prevents the symptoms of disease
    (4) Some sources of future foods or medications
    would be lost.
  196. data
    a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn
    41 Reasons for conducting peer review include all
    of the following except
    (1) analyzing the experimental design
    (2) pointing out possible bias
    (3) identifying an illogical conclusion
    (4) changing data to support the hypothesis
    D
    C
    A
    B
    Present time
  197. synthesis
    the combination of ideas into a complex whole
    (1) ribosome–protein synthesis
    (2) mitochondrion–movement
    (3) vacuole–cell division
    (4) nucleus–storage of nutrients
    4 The diagram below represents many species of
    plants and animals and their surroundings.
  198. secretion
    the organic process of releasing some substance
    This information shows that
    (1) DDT and other pesticides cause glacier
    runoff during the summer
    (2) it takes humans over 50 years to analyze a
    glacier
    (3) precipitation helps to break down pesticides
    (4) the decision of one human generation may
    have an im
  199. nectar
    a sweet liquid secretion that is attractive to pollinators
    This bird may best be described as
    (1) a decomposer that most likely feeds on
    nectar (a sugary liquid) from flowers
    (2) a heterotroph that may eat insects and is
    more closely related to a robin than to an
    earthworm
    (3) a scavenger that feeds on ani
  200. grid
    a pattern of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines
    Fish Species Found at
    Various Ocean Depths
    Directions (44–45): Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid, following the
    directions below.
  201. diffuse
    spread out; not concentrated in one place
    State one possible reason why molecule A could diffuse across the membrane of the cell but molecule B
    could not.
  202. spleen
    a large oval organ between the stomach and the diaphragm
    The ability of an enzyme
    molecule to interact with specific molecules is
    most directly determined by the
    (1) shapes of the molecules involved
    (2) number of molecules involved
    (3) sequence of bases present in ATP
    (4) amount of glucose present in the cell
    2
  203. measles
    a contagious viral disease marked by distinct red spots
    In your answer, be sure to:
    • identify what substance is in a flu vaccine that stimulates immunity [1]
    • state how the human immune system reacts to the vaccine [1]
    • state one reason the flu vaccine does not protect a person from other viral diseases, su
  204. feedback
    the process in which output of a system is returned to input
    This is an example of
    (1) recycling of gases
    (2) cellular respiration
    (3) gene malfunction
    (4) a feedback mechanism
    23 A population of animals is permanently split by a
    natural barrier into two separate populations in
    different environments.
  205. respiration
    a single complete act of breathing in and out
    This is an example of
    (1) recycling of gases
    (2) cellular respiration
    (3) gene malfunction
    (4) a feedback mechanism
    23 A population of animals is permanently split by a
    natural barrier into two separate populations in
    different environments.
  206. combustion
    a reaction of a substance with oxygen to give heat and light
    25 The release of products of combustion into the
    air often causes the formation of ozone near the
    surface of Earth.
  207. tissue
    part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells
    [1]
    78 Some of the pain from a sore throat is caused by swelling of moist throat tissue.
  208. alcoholic
    characteristic of or containing volatile hydroxyl compounds
    17 The drinking of alcoholic beverages by a pregnant
    woman is harmful to the development of her
    fetus.
  209. axis
    a straight line through a body or figure
    44 Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks, on each labeled axis.
  210. immune
    of the condition in which an organism can resist disease
    In your answer, be sure to:
    • identify what substance is in a flu vaccine that stimulates immunity [1]
    • state how the human immune system reacts to the vaccine [1]
    • state one reason the flu vaccine does not protect a person from other viral disea
  211. epoch
    a period marked by distinctive character
    Hans Thewissen of the Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of
    Medicine and Pharmacy recovered the skeleton in rocks from Kashmir, a disputed region
    between India and Pakistan, where the deer-like herbivore lived during the Eocene epoch,
    56 to 34
  212. malaria
    a disease caused by parasites transmitted by mosquito bite
    The ability of an enzyme
    molecule to interact with specific molecules is
    most directly determined by the
    (1) shapes of the molecules involved
    (2) number of molecules involved
    (3) sequence of bases present in ATP
    (4) amount of glucose present in the cell
    2
  213. human
    a person; a hominid with a large brain and articulate speech
    The diagram best represents
    (1) a population (3) an ecosystem
    (2) a community (4) the biosphere
    5 The cytoplasm in a cell carries out a function
    similar to a function of which human system?
  214. nervous system
    the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cells
    (1) respiratory system (3) circulatory system
    (2) reproductive system (4) nervous system
    6 Which statement best describes a human
    chromosome?
  215. atmospheric
    relating to or located in the mass of air surrounding Earth
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Func
  216. diabetes
    a disease characterized by high glucose levels in the blood
    State one advantage for a person with diabetes
    to receive genetically engineered insulin rather than insulin taken from a horse or cow.
  217. immunity
    the condition in which an organism can resist disease
    In your answer, be sure to:
    • identify what substance is in a flu vaccine that stimulates immunity [1]
    • state how the human immune system reacts to the vaccine [1]
    • state one reason the flu vaccine does not protect a person from other viral disea
  218. laboratory
    a workplace for the conduct of scientific research
    Less carbon dioxide in the
    atmosphere would be expected to
    (1) reduce the rate of global warming
    (2) increase damage caused by acid rain
    (3) decrease the number of biotic factors in
    ecosystems
    (4) reduce destruction of the ozone layer
    Living Environment–A
  219. compound
    a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts
    The doubling of ground-level
    ozone since 1850 is most likely due to
    (1) the chemical composition of the upper
    atmosphere
    (2) emissions from vehicles and industrial
    processes
    (3) the extinction of certain animal species
    (4) a greater use of nuclear fuel
    26
  220. vacuum
    an empty area or space
    After
    conventional hair dryers failed, Clayton came up with the LouseBuster, a 10-pound device
    resembling a vacuum cleaner that desiccates [dries out] the bugs with a jet of 140-degree
    air [140°F].
  221. equilibrium
    a stable situation in which forces cancel one another
    The purpose of this research is to
    (1) reduce the use of finite resources
    (2) increase the rate of air pollution
    (3) reduce the rate of homeostasis in organisms
    (4) cause a loss of biodiversity in the rain forests
    28 The presence of wastes, such as plasti
  222. lung
    either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates; serves to remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the blood
    This is most damaging early in a pregnancy
    because during this time
    (1) the lungs of the fetus become functional
    (2) alcohol can easily enter the mouth of the fetus
    (3) many of the essential organs of the fetus are
    forming
    (4) the fetus cannot excr
  223. radiation
    the act of spreading outward from a central source
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Func
  224. variable
    something that is likely to change
    81 The dependent variable for this experiment is the
    (1) time the student was squeezing the clothespin
    (2) number of times the student was able to squeeze the clothespin
    (3) strength of the student
    (4) length of the clothespin
    82 The experimental r
  225. bias
    a partiality preventing objective consideration of an issue
    41 Reasons for conducting peer review include all
    of the following except
    (1) analyzing the experimental design
    (2) pointing out possible bias
    (3) identifying an illogical conclusion
    (4) changing data to support the hypothesis
    D
    C
    A
    B
    Present time
  226. disease
    an impairment of health
    The ability of an enzyme
    molecule to interact with specific molecules is
    most directly determined by the
    (1) shapes of the molecules involved
    (2) number of molecules involved
    (3) sequence of bases present in ATP
    (4) amount of glucose present in the cell
    2
  227. endangered
    in imminent threat of extinction
    (1) a small population of rabbits living in a field
    of grass
    (2) a large population of red ants living in a
    forest
    (3) an endangered population of polar bears
    living near an iceberg
    (4) one species of bird that nests only in sugar
    maple trees
    13 Wh
  228. humans
    all of the living human inhabitants of the earth
    This information shows that
    (1) DDT and other pesticides cause glacier
    runoff during the summer
    (2) it takes humans over 50 years to analyze a
    glacier
    (3) precipitation helps to break down pesticides
    (4) the decision of one human generation may
    hav
  229. polar
    of or existing within the Arctic or Antarctic Circles
    (1) a small population of rabbits living in a field
    of grass
    (2) a large population of red ants living in a
    forest
    (3) an endangered population of polar bears
    living near an iceberg
    (4) one species of bird that nests only in sugar
    maple trees
    13 Wh
  230. virus
    infectious agent that replicates itself within living hosts
    This observation is best explained by
    the
    (1) presence of pathogens in antibiotics
    (2) production of antibiotics by white blood cells
    (3) replication of viruses that attack bacteria
    (4) survival and reproduction of unaffected
    bacteria
    12 Which grou
  231. adaptation
    the process of adjusting or conforming to new conditions
    (1) mutation and cloning
    (2) genetic engineering and selective breeding
    (3) unchanging environment and the need to
    reproduce
    (4) variation and recombination
    76 The most likely explanation for this variation in
    the beak size of the medium ground finch is t
  232. fossil
    the remains of a plant or animal from a past geological age
    When Whales Walked the Earth
    A newly unearthed fossil is the missing link between land and marine mammals
    Standing two to three feet tall on legs adapted to wade through shallow water, the
    48-million-year-old Indohyus is the missing link between mo
  233. organ
    a structure in an animal specialized for some function
    This is most damaging early in a pregnancy
    because during this time
    (1) the lungs of the fetus become functional
    (2) alcohol can easily enter the mouth of the fetus
    (3) many of the essential organs of the fetus are
    forming
    (4) the fetus cannot excr
  234. pollution
    contamination of the natural environment
    The purpose of this research is to
    (1) reduce the use of finite resources
    (2) increase the rate of air pollution
    (3) reduce the rate of homeostasis in organisms
    (4) cause a loss of biodiversity in the rain forests
    28 The presence of wastes, such as
  235. skeleton
    the structure providing a frame for the body of an animal
    Hans Thewissen of the Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of
    Medicine and Pharmacy recovered the skeleton in rocks from Kashmir, a disputed region
    between India and Pakistan, where the deer-like herbivore lived during the Eocene epoch,
    56 to 34
  236. acid
    a sour water-soluble compound with a pH of less than 7
    (1) It is made of amino acid subunits that form
    genes.
  237. mechanism
    device consisting of a piece of machinery
    This is an example of
    (1) recycling of gases
    (2) cellular respiration
    (3) gene malfunction
    (4) a feedback mechanism
    23 A population of animals is permanently split by a
    natural barrier into two separate populations in
    different environments.
  238. mineral
    a solid inorganic substance occurring in nature
    A negative consequence of this
    action is that the new bird species may
    (1) limit the population of the pest insect
    (2) consume beneficial insects
    (3) disrupt mineral availability in the ecosystem
    (4) cause an increase of pesticide-resistant
    insects
  239. cancer
    a malignant growth caused by uncontrolled cell division
    Row A B C
    (1) atmospheric oxygen mutations increased mitochondria
    (2) radiation cancer mutations
    (3) salt water more cytoplasm two nuclei
    (4) less sunlight extra genes decreased mutations
    A
    Cells exposed to
    Can
    develop
    B and C
    Human Structures Func
  240. solar
    relating to the sun or utilizing the energies of the sun
    Solar energy is used to produce energy-rich
    compounds in structure
    (1) A (3) C
    (2) B (4) D
    Base your answers to questions 39 and 40 on the
    diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
  241. atmosphere
    the envelope of gases surrounding any celestial body
    The doubling of ground-level
    ozone since 1850 is most likely due to
    (1) the chemical composition of the upper
    atmosphere
    (2) emissions from vehicles and industrial
    processes
    (3) the extinction of certain animal species
    (4) a greater use of nuclear
  242. liquid
    fluid matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume
    This bird may best be described as
    (1) a decomposer that most likely feeds on
    nectar (a sugary liquid) from flowers
    (2) a heterotroph that may eat insects and is
    more closely related to a robin than to an
    earthworm
    (3) a scavenger that feeds on ani
  243. evolution
    sequence of events involved in the development of a species
    (1) The evolution of the two populations will be
    identical.
  244. reaction
    an idea evoked by some experience
    These symptoms are
    evidence of
    (1) a disruption of homeostasis
    (2) a decrease in allergic reactions
    (3) an increased number of cell organelles
    (4) hormone destruction
    21 An activity that occurs in the human body is
    shown below.
  245. analysis
    abstract separation of something into its various parts
    The results of this analysis show that the
    concentrations of DDT and other pesticides
    were highest about 10 years after the use of
    these substances was banned.
  246. temperature
    the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment
    When water used to cool machinery is returned to a river, it raises the river water temperature.
  247. nuclear
    constituting the core or central part
    The doubling of ground-level
    ozone since 1850 is most likely due to
    (1) the chemical composition of the upper
    atmosphere
    (2) emissions from vehicles and industrial
    processes
    (3) the extinction of certain animal species
    (4) a greater use of nuclear
  248. medicine
    the profession devoted to alleviating diseases and injuries
    Hans Thewissen of the Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of
    Medicine and Pharmacy recovered the skeleton in rocks from Kashmir, a disputed region
    between India and Pakistan, where the deer-like herbivore lived during the Eocene epoch,
    56 to 34
Created on Thu Jan 05 11:47:57 EST 2012 (updated Thu Jan 05 12:07:19 EST 2012)

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