photosynthesis

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  1. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
    a coenzyme similar to NAD and present in most living cells but serves as a reductant in different metabolic processes
    Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
  2. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
    a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; serves as a reductant in various metabolic processes
    Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
  3. organelle
    a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ
    In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane.
  4. cyanobacteria
    predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing a blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll; occur singly or in colonies in diverse habitats; important as phytoplankton
    Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform the process of photosynthesis, and are called photoautotrophs.
  5. plasma membrane
    a thin membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell
    In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane.
  6. Krebs cycle
    in all plants and animals, a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy
    In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle.
  7. chloroplast
    organelle in which photosynthesis takes place
    In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane.
  8. adenosine triphosphate
    a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions
    Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
  9. photosynthesis
    formation of compounds in plants aided by radiant energy
    Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities.
  10. adenosine
    a nucleoside that is a structural component of nucleic acids
    Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
  11. adenine
    purine base found in DNA and RNA
    Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
  12. organic compound
    any compound of carbon and another element or a radical
    Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for all life on Earth.[4]
  13. hydrogen sulfide
    a sulfide having the unpleasant smell of rotten eggs
    The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water.[6]
  14. chemical energy
    that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction
    Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities.
  15. sulfide
    a compound of sulphur and some other element that is more electropositive
    The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water.[6]
  16. reducing agent
    a substance capable of bringing about the reduction of another substance as it itself is oxidized; used in photography to lessen the density of a negative or print by oxidizing some of the loose silver
    The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water.[6]
  17. ATP
    a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions
    Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
  18. carbohydrate
    an essential component of living cells and source of energy
    Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water (hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, "light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together"[1][2][3]).
  19. synthesize
    combine and form a complex whole
    Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water (hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, "light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together"[1][2][3]).
  20. algae
    primitive chlorophyll-containing aquatic organisms
    Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform the process of photosynthesis, and are called photoautotrophs.
  21. biomass
    the total amount of living matter in a given unit area
    Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.[12][13]
  22. embed
    fix or set securely or deeply
    In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane.
  23. chlorophyll
    any of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms
    Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments.
  24. electron
    an elementary particle with negative charge
    In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances such as water, producing oxygen gas.
  25. Krebs
    English biochemist who discovered the Krebs cycle
    In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle.
  26. carbon dioxide
    a colorless, odorless greenhouse gas essential for photosynthesis
    Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water (hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, "light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together"[1][2][3]).
  27. plasma
    the watery fluid in which blood cells are suspended
    In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane.
  28. organism
    a living thing that can act or function independently
    Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities.
  29. oxygen
    a colorless, odorless gas that is essential for respiration
    Oxygen is also released, mostly as a waste product.
  30. dioxide
    an oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in the molecule
    Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water (hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, "light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together"[1][2][3]).
  31. glucose
    a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms
    Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates such as glucose.
  32. protein
    an organic compound essential to living cells
    Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments.
  33. globally
    throughout the world
    Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[8][9][10] which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization.[11]
  34. atmospheric
    relating to or located in the mass of air surrounding Earth
    Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for all life on Earth.[4]
  35. carbon
    an abundant nonmetallic element in all organic compounds
    Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water (hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, "light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together"[1][2][3]).
  36. pigment
    dry coloring material
    Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments.
  37. compound
    a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts
    Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for all life on Earth.[4]
  38. metric
    based on a decimal unit of measurement
    Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.[12][13]
  39. cycle
    a periodically repeated sequence of events
    In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle.
  40. bacteria
    single-celled organisms that can cause disease
    In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane.
  41. phosphate
    a salt of phosphoric acid
    Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
  42. evolve
    undergo development
    The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water.[6]
  43. incorporate
    make into a whole or make part of a whole
    In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).[5]
  44. Calvin
    Swiss theologian whose tenets defined Presbyterianism
    In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle.
  45. synthesis
    the combination of ideas into a complex whole
    Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water (hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, "light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together"[1][2][3]).
  46. hydrogen
    a colorless, odorless gas; the lightest chemical element
    The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water.[6]
  47. evolutionary
    relating to the development of a species
    The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water.[6]
  48. reaction
    an idea evoked by some experience
    Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments.
  49. energy
    forceful exertion
    Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities.
  50. convert
    change the nature, purpose, or function of something
    Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities.
  51. membrane
    a sheet of tissue that lines or connects organs or cells
    In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane.
  52. reduce
    make smaller
    Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
  53. generate
    bring into existence
    Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
  54. organic
    having properties characteristic of living beings
    Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for all life on Earth.[4]
  55. absorb
    take in a liquid
    Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments.
  56. incorporated
    formed or united into a whole
    In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).[5]
  57. sequence
    a following of one thing after another in time
    In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle.
  58. approximately
    imprecise but fairly close to correct
    Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[8][9][10] which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization.[11]
  59. normally
    under normal conditions
    Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities.
  60. cell
    the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
    In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane.
  61. furthermore
    in addition
    Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
  62. mechanism
    device consisting of a piece of machinery
    In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle.
  63. catastrophe
    a sudden violent change in the earth's surface
    Cyanobacteria appeared later, and the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe,[7] which rendered the evolution of complex life possible.
  64. perform
    get done
    Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform the process of photosynthesis, and are called photoautotrophs.
  65. contribute
    give, provide, or supply something
    Cyanobacteria appeared later, and the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe,[7] which rendered the evolution of complex life possible.
  66. process
    a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
    Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities.
  67. reverse
    change to the contrary
    In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle.
  68. excess
    the state of being more than full
    Cyanobacteria appeared later, and the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe,[7] which rendered the evolution of complex life possible.
  69. abundant
    present in great quantity
    In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane.
  70. chemical
    produced by reactions involving atomic or molecular changes
    Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities.
  71. consumption
    the act of using something up
    Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[8][9][10] which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization.[11]
  72. evolution
    sequence of events involved in the development of a species
    Cyanobacteria appeared later, and the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe,[7] which rendered the evolution of complex life possible.
  73. currency
    the metal or paper medium of exchange that is presently used
    Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.
  74. subsequent
    following in time or order
    In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle.
  75. complex
    complicated in structure
    Cyanobacteria appeared later, and the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe,[7] which rendered the evolution of complex life possible.
  76. fuel
    a substance that can be consumed to produce energy
    Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities.
  77. capture
    seize as if by hunting, snaring, or trapping
    Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[8][9][10] which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization.[11]
  78. suitable
    meant or adapted for an occasion or use
    In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances such as water, producing oxygen gas.
  79. product
    an artifact that has been created by someone or some process
    Oxygen is also released, mostly as a waste product.
  80. contain
    hold or have within
    Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments.
  81. civilization
    a society in an advanced state of social development
    Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[8][9][10] which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization.[11]
  82. render
    give or supply
    Cyanobacteria appeared later, and the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe,[7] which rendered the evolution of complex life possible.
  83. remove
    take something away as by lifting, pushing, or taking off
    Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates such as glucose.
  84. release
    grant freedom to; free from confinement
    Oxygen is also released, mostly as a waste product.
  85. maintain
    keep in a certain state, position, or activity
    Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for all life on Earth.[4]
  86. agent
    a representative who acts on behalf of others
    The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water.[6]
  87. exist
    have a presence
    In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).[5]
  88. independent
    free from external control and constraint
    In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle.
  89. source
    the place where something begins
    The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water.[6]
  90. average
    an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual
    Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[8][9][10] which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization.[11]
  91. hence
    from that fact or reason or as a result
    Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water (hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, "light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together"[1][2][3]).
  92. supply
    circulate or distribute or equip with
    Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for all life on Earth.[4]
  93. removed
    separate or apart in time, space, or character
    Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates such as glucose.
  94. Greek
    of or relating to or characteristic of Greece or the Greeks or the Greek language
    Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water (hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, "light", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, "putting together"[1][2][3]).
  95. level
    a relative position or degree of value in a graded group
    Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for all life on Earth.[4]
  96. species
    taxonomic group whose members can interbreed
    Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments.
  97. current
    occurring in or belonging to the present time
    Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[8][9][10] which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization.[11]
  98. rate
    a quantity considered as a proportion of another quantity
    Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[8][9][10] which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization.[11]
  99. human
    a person; a hominid with a large brain and articulate speech
    Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[8][9][10] which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization.[11]
Created on Tue Nov 12 17:14:06 EST 2013

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