Pathophysiology

flowing together

a passage by which a bodily fluid is diverted

a compound derived from ammonia by replacing hydrogen atoms by univalent hydrocarbon radicals

a spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood to the brain

sameness or correspondence in position, structure, function, or origin

a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain

a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane

a network of intersecting blood vessels or intersecting nerves or intersecting lymph vessels

a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell

the process whereby fluids pass through a filter or a filtering medium

the action of enfolding something

an abnormal backward flow of body fluids

of or producing or containing serum

an elevation of the skin filled with serous fluid

excessively abundant

the state of being flexed (as of a joint)

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

a small round soft mass (as of chewed food)

the process of forming semisolid lumps in a liquid

alteration in the shape or dimensions of an object as a result of the application of stress to it

a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots; it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets

containing pus

the spreading of a disease to another part of the body

swelling from excessive accumulation of watery fluid

of or relating to the head

a prolonged disorder of eating due to loss of appetite

a state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal

in an artificial environment outside the living organism

filled with vascular sinuses and capable of becoming distended and rigid as the result of being filled with blood

an antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus; inhibits replication of the virus

the end of a long bone

development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ

muscular twitching involving individual muscle fibers acting without coordination

abnormal narrowing of a bodily canal or passageway

the hollow under the arm where it is joined to the shoulder

extreme leanness (usually caused by starvation or disease)

a slight or partial paralysis

the act of swallowing

release (a liquid) in drops or small quantities

alternate name for the body of a human being

any of several blood diseases causing subcutaneous bleeding

make a crackling sound

a family of proteins found in blood and milk and muscle and in plant seed

the presence of pus-forming bacteria or their toxins in the blood or tissues

visual examination of the interior of a hollow body organ by use of an endoscope

action that makes a problem or a disease worse

abnormal redness of the skin resulting from dilation of blood vessels (as in sunburn or inflammation)

accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity

animal tissue that constitutes the essential part of an organ as contrasted with e.g. connective tissue and blood vessels

(biochemistry) dissolution or destruction of cells such as blood cells or bacteria

a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum

the reflex act of ejecting the contents of the stomach through the mouth

a nerve that passes impulses from receptors toward or to the central nervous system

oriented toward the inside of the cheek

abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of a joint

the slipping or falling out of place of an organ

an itchy skin eruption characterized by weals with pale interiors and well-defined red margins; usually the result of an allergic response to insect bites or food or drugs

a clumping of bacteria or red cells when held together by antibodies (agglutinins)

a conjugated protein having a lipid component

a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands

(genetics) the genetic variation within a population that natural selection can operate on

the escape of blood from ruptured blood vessels into the surrounding tissue to form a purple or black-and-blue spot on the skin

extreme malnutrition and emaciation

the branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells

an intense itching sensation that can have various causes

(biochemistry) a drug that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiological reaction

loss of bits of outer skin by peeling or shedding or coming off in scales

a heterocyclic compound having a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions

a blood clot formed within a blood vessel and remaining attached to its place of origin

the state of being free of pathogenic organisms

a collection of pus in a body cavity

the outermost point of the spine of the shoulder blade

an abnormal particle circulating in the blood

surgical removal of an organ from a patient

a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes

male sex hormone that is produced in the testes and responsible for typical male sexual characteristics

an inflammation of body tissue (especially that below the skin) characterized by fever and swelling and redness and pain

in the living organism

moving of a body part toward the central axis of the body

any of several lymphokines that promote macrophages and killer T cells and B cells and other components of the immune system

any general reduction in vitality and strength of body and mind resulting from a debilitating chronic disease

of or relating to bodily fluids

rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward

any drug that destroys bacteria or inhibits their growth

process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection

rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward

localized necrosis resulting from obstruction of the blood supply

a localized swelling filled with blood

a gene that disposes normal cells to change into cancerous tumor cells

an early symptom that a disease is developing or that an attack is about to occur

an abnormal inward curvature of the vertebral column

the quality of moving or acting in spasms

pumping a liquid into an organ or tissue

a reduced ability to focus on near objects caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens after age 45

a soft yellow wax secreted by glands in the ear canal

local anemia in a given body part sometimes resulting from vasoconstriction or thrombosis or embolism

the synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances (e.g., living tissue) from simpler ones together with the storage of energy

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

inability to make purposeful movements

visual impairment without apparent organic pathology

an abnormal condition in which a normal opening or tube in the body (as the urethra) is closed or absent

involuntary movements of the eyeballs

the organic process in which the substance of some differentiated structure that has been produced by the body undergoes lysis and assimilation

breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energy

a tumor composed of granulation tissue resulting from injury or inflammation or infection

a turning or tilting backward of an organ or body part

a deposit of urates around a joint or in the external ear

a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself; a cell suicide mechanism that enables metazoans to control cell number and eliminate cells that threaten the animal's survival

abnormal development (of organs or cells) or an abnormal structure resulting from such growth

a skin condition marked by an overgrowth of layers of horny skin

an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell

partial displacement of a joint or organ

an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column

a female gametocyte that develops into an ovum after two meiotic divisions

the process of the sweat glands of the skin secreting a salty fluid

increased blood in an organ or other body part

pertaining to an upright standing posture

a unit of measurement of the refractive power of a lens which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in meters; used by oculists

protrusion of the eyeball from the socket

staying completely still without shifting position

an abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the blood as in diabetes mellitus

a minute red or purple spot on the surface of the skin as the result of tiny hemorrhages of blood vessels in the skin (as in typhoid fever)

having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

become cheeselike

a narrowing or constriction of a vessel or canal

of or relating to trabeculae

a change that occurs in degenerative joint disease in which bone is converted into a dense smooth substance resembling ivory

any agent that interferes with normal embryonic development: alcohol or thalidomide or X-rays or rubella are examples

passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue

any of a group of chemicals including epinephrine and norepinephrine that are produced in the medulla of the adrenal gland

movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus

having cells with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei

a circular movement of a limb or eye

any pathology of the muscles that is not attributable to nerve dysfunction

blindness in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes

a hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a lymphocyte and a tumor cell; used to culture a specific monoclonal antibody

a hemoprotein that receives oxygen from hemoglobin and stores it in the tissues until needed

a continuous succession of slow, writhing, involuntary movements of the hands and feet and other body parts

abnormal position of a part or organ

(of a membrane) selectively permeable

a joint so articulated as to move freely

taking place or originating in a hospital

having characteristics of both an acid and a base and capable of reacting as either

the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus

the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)

any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation

having given birth to one or more viable children

a highly malignant neoplasm derived from striated muscle

an abnormality involving a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (one chromosome set is incomplete)

transient presence of bacteria in the blood

a substance (as a coenzyme) that must join with another to produce a given result

speech disorder attributable to a disorder of phonation

of or relating to the corpus luteum

loss of the ability to swallow

on or relating to the opposite side (of the body)

(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants)

the condition in which an organism has two or more cell populations that differ in genetic makeup

a clonic spasm of a muscle or muscle group

development of ova

form of dyspnea in which the person can breathe comfortably only when standing or sitting erect; associated with asthma and emphysema and angina pectoris

a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei and enclosed in a membrane but no internal cell boundaries (as in muscle fibers)

blockage or closure by a tampon

inflammation of the uvea of the eye

reduction or lack of an immune response to a specific antigen

a loss of the ability to recognize objects by handling them

a compound whose molecules are composed of two identical monomers

reflex pupillary dilation as a muscle pulls the iris outward

leukopenia in which the decrease is primarily in number of neutrophils (the chief phagocytic leukocyte)

abnormal skin sensations (as tingling or tickling or itching or burning) usually associated with peripheral nerve damage

relating to epinephrine (its release or action)

failure of some tissue or organ to develop

an allergic reaction that becomes apparent in a sensitized person only minutes after contact

a sensory receptor that responds to pressure

one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis

infertility between hybrids

a disease of the intestinal tract

the formation of blood cells in the living body

the perception of body position and movement and muscular tensions etc

a substance that transudes

motionlessness attributable to a temporary paralysis

loss of structural differentiation within a cell or group of cells often with increased capacity for multiplication, as in a malignant tumor

a chemical or biological material that inhibits bacterial growth

a disorder of the lips marked by scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth; caused by a deficiency of riboflavin

a sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli

organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended

the site on the surface of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself

the physical condition of having the presence of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the circulating blood

a state in which the level of carbon dioxide in the blood is lower than normal; can result from deep or rapid breathing

process whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis

a procedure in which blood is drawn and separated into its components by dialysis; some are retained and the rest are returned to the donor by transfusion

the ability to see in reduced illumination (as in moonlight)

relating to epinephrine (its release or action)

the spreading of a disease to another part of the body