Research That Is Biased

Brenda L. (United States of America)
48 words 3 learners

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words only definitions & notes
  1. disconfirming
    not indicating the presence of microorganisms or disease or a specific condition
    We tend to avoid and ignore data that conflict and contradict such biases, and disconfirming data that we notice are ignored.
    62.
  2. cognitive
    relating to or involving the mental process of knowing
    Perception is far from perfection (Dror, 2005) because our perception and judgment are influenced by a variety of cognitive processes that are not dominated by the actual data. in this regard, it is important to distinguish between bottom-up data driven processes versus top-down processes that are guided and driven by factors distinct from the actual data provided by the external world.
  3. cognitive process
    the performance of some composite cognitive activity
    Perception is far from perfection (Dror, 2005) because our perception and judgment are influenced by a variety of cognitive processes that are not dominated by the actual data. in this regard, it is important to distinguish between bottom-up data driven processes versus top-down processes that are guided and driven by factors distinct from the actual data provided by the external world.
  4. contextual
    relating to the set of facts surrounding a situation
    Top-down influences include, among other things, contextual information, expectation, what we already know (or think we know), nope, motivation, aria state of mind.
  5. bottom-up
    of an approach to a problem that begins with details and works up to the highest conceptual level
    Perception is far from perfection (Dror, 2005) because our perception and judgment are influenced by a variety of cognitive processes that are not dominated by the actual data. in this regard, it is important to distinguish between bottom-up data driven processes versus top-down processes that are guided and driven by factors distinct from the actual data provided by the external world.
  6. data
    a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn
    What we see not only reflects the pure raw z  the input provided by the external world, but it is, to a large degree, a product of how we interpret and interact with the incoming data.
  7. bias
    a partiality preventing objective consideration of an issue
    These biases and distortions arise from a long and well-studied list of cognitive and psychological phenomena (e.g.,
  8. cognition
    the psychological result of perception and reasoning
    One of the fundamental and established cornerstones of human cognition is that people do not passively receive and encode information.
  9. motivate
    give an incentive for action
    These well-established cognitive and psychological phenomena (e.g., confidence Confirmation bias, cognitive dissonance, self-fulfilling prophecies, motivated Reasoning, hindsight bias, escalation of commitment, etc.) cause people to lose objectivity.
  10. perception
    the process of becoming aware through the senses
    Perception is far from perfection (Dror, 2005) because our perception and judgment are influenced by a variety of cognitive processes that are not dominated by the actual data. in this regard, it is important to distinguish between bottom-up data driven processes versus top-down processes that are guided and driven by factors distinct from the actual data provided by the external world.
  11. contaminate
    make impure
    Although top-down processing is essential for human cognition and is a sign of expertise, it can also interfere and contaminate our perception, judgment, and decision-making processes.
    60. 
  12. dissonance
    disagreeable sounds
    These well-established cognitive and psychological phenomena (e.g., confidence Confirmation bias, cognitive dissonance, self-fulfilling prophecies, motivated Reasoning, hindsight bias, escalation of commitment, etc.) cause people to lose objectivity.
  13. objectivity
    judgment based on observable phenomena
    These well-established cognitive and psychological phenomena (e.g., confidence Confirmation bias, cognitive dissonance, self-fulfilling prophecies, motivated Reasoning, hindsight bias, escalation of commitment, etc.) cause people to lose objectivity.
  14. biased
    favoring one person or side over another
    Thus, the way we search and allocate attention to the data is selective and biased.
    61. 
  15. context
    the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation
    For example, during our examination of the data we are more likely to notice and focus on characteristics that validate and conform to extraneous information
    or context, a belief or a hope.
  16. ignore
    refuse to acknowledge
    We tend to avoid and ignore data that conflict and contradict such biases, and disconfirming data that we notice are ignored.
    62.
  17. passively
    in a passive manner
    One of the fundamental and established cornerstones of human cognition is that people do not passively receive and encode information.
  18. motivation
    psychological feature arousing action toward a desired goal
    Top-down influences include, among other things, contextual information, expectation, what we already know (or think we know), nope, motivation, aria state of mind.
  19. bigoted
    blindly and obstinately attached to some creed or opinion
    The reports were racially inflammatory, bigoted, dishonest, skewed, and designed to support those tentacles of systematic discrimination.
  20. motivated
    strongly driven to succeed or achieve something
    These well-established cognitive and psychological phenomena (e.g., confidence Confirmation bias, cognitive dissonance, self-fulfilling prophecies, motivated Reasoning, hindsight bias, escalation of commitment, etc.) cause people to lose objectivity.
  21. weighted
    made heavy or weighted down with weariness
    Confirming data are emphasized and weighted highly, and when data quality is low (and therefore ambiguous and open to different interpretation), the existence of an extraneous influence win make people interpret the data in ways that are consistent with them.
  22. process
    a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
    Perception is far from perfection (Dror, 2005) because our perception and judgment are influenced by a variety of cognitive processes that are not dominated by the actual data. in this regard, it is important to distinguish between bottom-up data driven processes versus top-down processes that are guided and driven by factors distinct from the actual data provided by the external world.
  23. information
    knowledge acquired through study or experience
    One of the fundamental and established cornerstones of human cognition is that people do not passively receive and encode information.
  24. judgment
    the act of assessing a person or situation or event
    Perception is far from perfection (Dror, 2005) because our perception and judgment are influenced by a variety of cognitive processes that are not dominated by the actual data. in this regard, it is important to distinguish between bottom-up data driven processes versus top-down processes that are guided and driven by factors distinct from the actual data provided by the external world.
  25. ignored
    disregarded
    We tend to avoid and ignore data that conflict and contradict such biases, and disconfirming data that we notice are ignored.
    62.
  26. ambiguous
    having more than one possible meaning
    Confirming data are emphasized and weighted highly, and when data quality is low (and therefore ambiguous and open to different interpretation), the existence of an extraneous influence win make people interpret the data in ways that are consistent with them.
  27. influence
    a power to affect persons or events
    Perception is far from perfection (Dror, 2005) because our perception and judgment are influenced by a variety of cognitive processes that are not dominated by the actual data. in this regard, it is important to distinguish between bottom-up data driven processes versus top-down processes that are guided and driven by factors distinct from the actual data provided by the external world.
  28. emphasized
    spoken with intensity or forcefulness
    Confirming data are emphasized and weighted highly, and when data quality is low (and therefore ambiguous and open to different interpretation), the existence of an extraneous influence win make people interpret the data in ways that are consistent with them.
  29. emphasize
    stress or single out as important
    Confirming data are emphasized and weighted highly, and when data quality is low (and therefore ambiguous and open to different interpretation), the existence of an extraneous influence win make people interpret the data in ways that are consistent with them.
  30. examine
    observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect
    Subjectivity arises when we no longer examine data purely by itself, evaluating it on its own merit without cognitive influences.
  31. phenomenon
    any state or process known through the senses
    These biases and distortions arise from a long and well-studied list of cognitive and psychological phenomena (e.g.,
  32. confirm
    strengthen
    The existence and power of such top-down processes in shaping and identification of visual and other patterns has been demonstrated time and again in a number of studies using a variety of different scientific  mythologies,  confirming subjective effects on perception and judgment
    59. 
  33. scientific
    consistent with systematic study of the physical world
    The existence and power of such top-down processes in shaping and identification of visual and other patterns has been demonstrated time and again in a number of studies using a variety of different scientific  mythologies,  confirming subjective effects on perception and judgment
    59. 
  34. confirmation
    information that verifies
    These well-established cognitive and psychological phenomena (e.g., confidence Confirmation bias, cognitive dissonance, self-fulfilling prophecies, motivated Reasoning, hindsight bias, escalation of commitment, etc.) cause people to lose objectivity.
  35. contradict
    prove negative; show to be false
    We tend to avoid and ignore data that conflict and contradict such biases, and disconfirming data that we notice are ignored.
    62.
  36. ways
    structure consisting of a sloping way down to the water from the place where ships are built or repaired
    We actively interact with the incoming information in a variety of ways.
  37. study
    applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject
    The existence and power of such top-down processes in shaping and identification of visual and other patterns has been demonstrated time and again in a number of studies using a variety of different scientific  mythologies,  confirming subjective effects on perception and judgment
    59. 
  38. dismissed
    having lost your job
     Finally, data that do not fit the bias or context and cannot easily be ignored are dismissed and explained away, and weighting of disconfirming data is low.
  39. pattern
    a repeated design, structure, or arrangement
    The existence and power of such top-down processes in shaping and identification of visual and other patterns has been demonstrated time and again in a number of studies using a variety of different scientific  mythologies,  confirming subjective effects on perception and judgment
    59. 
  40. dismiss
    stop associating with
     Finally, data that do not fit the bias or context and cannot easily be ignored are dismissed and explained away, and weighting of disconfirming data is low.
  41. examination
    the act of scrutinizing something closely (as for mistakes)
    For example, during our examination of the data we are more likely to notice and focus on characteristics that validate and conform to extraneous information
    or context, a belief or a hope.
  42. conflict
    an open clash between two opposing groups
    We tend to avoid and ignore data that conflict and contradict such biases, and disconfirming data that we notice are ignored.
    62.
  43. way
    how something is done or how it happens
    We actively interact with the incoming information in a variety of ways.
  44. down
    in a lower place or position
    Perception is far from perfection (Dror, 2005) because our perception and judgment are influenced by a variety of cognitive processes that are not dominated by the actual data. in this regard, it is important to distinguish between bottom-up data driven processes versus top-down processes that are guided and driven by factors distinct from the actual data provided by the external world.
  45. people
    any group of human beings collectively
    One of the fundamental and established cornerstones of human cognition is that people do not passively receive and encode information.
  46. make
    perform or carry out
    Although top-down processing is essential for human cognition and is a sign of expertise, it can also interfere and contaminate our perception, judgment, and decision-making processes.
    60. 
  47. mind
    that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings
    The mind is not a camera.
  48. world
    the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
    What we see not only reflects the pure raw z  the input provided by the external world, but it is, to a large degree, a product of how we interpret and interact with the incoming data.
Created on Tue Aug 24 14:59:22 EDT 2010

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