TPO 1-1 Groundwater

Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces.

Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces.

Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces.

By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.

By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.

By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.

Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.

Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.

There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.

There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.

At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel.

Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common.

Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common.

They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed.

They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed.

For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.

For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.

For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.

The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.

The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.

Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.

Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.

In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.

Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores.

Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores.

Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores.

This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.

This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.

This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.

This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.

This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.

The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.

Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space.

Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space.

Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space.

Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.

But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.

But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.

But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.

But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.

But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.

But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.

Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.

Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.

Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.

It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.

The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same.

The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same.

If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.

If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.

Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

The word “incredible” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○confusing ○comforting ○unbelievable ○interesting

The word “incredible” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○confusing ○comforting ○unbelievable ○interesting

The word “incredible” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○confusing ○comforting ○unbelievable ○interesting

The word “incredible” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○confusing ○comforting ○unbelievable ○interesting

The word “incredible” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○confusing ○comforting ○unbelievable ○interesting

The word “out of sight” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○far away ○hidden ○partly visible ○discovered 4.

The word “out of sight” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○far away ○hidden ○partly visible ○discovered 4.

According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?

The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to ○fast rivers ○glaciers ○the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting ○the particles carried in water from melting glaciers

The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to ○fast rivers ○glaciers ○the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting ○the particles carried in water from melting glaciers

The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to ○fast rivers ○glaciers ○the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting ○the particles carried in water from melting glaciers

All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT

The word “overlie” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○cover ○change ○separate ○surround

The word “overlie” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○cover ○change ○separate ○surround

The phrase “So much for” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○that is enough about ○now let us turn to ○of greater concern are ○this is related to 9.

The phrase “So much for” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○that is enough about ○now let us turn to ○of greater concern are ○this is related to 9.

○It is highly permeable.

What is the main purpose of paragraph 7?

○To explain why water can flow through rock

○To emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rock

○To distinguish between two related properties of rock

○To distinguish between two related properties of rock

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

○Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.

○Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.

○Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.

Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.

Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.

Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.

Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.

Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.

○Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once underwater.