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Moral Behaviour in Children

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  1. understanding
    the condition of someone who knows and comprehends
    We all hope that as children grow up, they will develop a clear understanding of the difference between ‘right’ and ‘wrong’.
  2. factor
    anything that contributes causally to a result
    But what factors are involved in children’s development of a sense of morality?
  3. involved
    connected by participation or association or use
    But what factors are involved in children’s development of a sense of morality?
  4. morality
    the quality of being in accord with right or good conduct
    But what factors are involved in children’s development of a sense of morality?
  5. moral
    concerned with principles of right and wrong
    And what changes do children go through in their behaviour and thinking when faced with moral dilemmas?
  6. dilemma
    state of uncertainty in a choice between unfavorable options
    And what changes do children go through in their behaviour and thinking when faced with moral dilemmas?
  7. appealing
    able to attract interest or draw favorable attention
    It is intuitively appealing to see parents as the main influence on children’s moral development.
  8. value
    the quality that renders something desirable
    The idea that children learn moral values simply through being punished for misbehaviour is certainly problematic.
  9. discipline
    a system of rules of conduct or method of practice
    Of course, children’s misbehaviour sometimes does have to be disciplined through immediate negative consequences, especially when the safety of others or of the children themselves is threatened.
  10. threaten
    utter intentions of injury or punishment against
    Of course, children’s misbehaviour sometimes does have to be disciplined through immediate negative consequences, especially when the safety of others or of the children themselves is threatened.
  11. rely
    have confidence or faith in
    However, relying on frequent punishments (e.g., shouting, smacking) to encourage the long-term development of positive moral behaviour is unlikely to be effective.
  12. encourage
    inspire with confidence
    However, relying on frequent punishments (e.g., shouting, smacking) to encourage the long-term development of positive moral behaviour is unlikely to be effective.
  13. positive
    characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance
    However, relying on frequent punishments (e.g., shouting, smacking) to encourage the long-term development of positive moral behaviour is unlikely to be effective.
  14. effective
    producing or capable of producing an intended result
    However, relying on frequent punishments (e.g., shouting, smacking) to encourage the long-term development of positive moral behaviour is unlikely to be effective.
  15. evidence
    knowledge on which to base belief
    In fact, research evidence shows that parents’ use of physical punishment may be related to greater levels of aggression by young children towards their peers.
  16. relate
    give an account of
    In fact, research evidence shows that parents’ use of physical punishment may be related to greater levels of aggression by young children towards their peers.
  17. peer
    look searchingly
    In fact, research evidence shows that parents’ use of physical punishment may be related to greater levels of aggression by young children towards their peers.
  18. shape
    a perceptual structure
    Many researchers have focused on how children’s behaviour is shaped by their observations of role-models in the world around them, including peers, figures in the media, and other people besides their parents.
  19. role model
    someone worthy of imitation
    Many researchers have focused on how children’s behaviour is shaped by their observations of role-models in the world around them, including peers, figures in the media, and other people besides their parents.
  20. medium
    the surrounding environment
    Many researchers have focused on how children’s behaviour is shaped by their observations of role-models in the world around them, including peers, figures in the media, and other people besides their parents.
  21. sharing
    unselfishly willing to partake with others
    There is good evidence that children’s prosocial behaviour (e.g., sharing, helping, caring) can be increased by observing models who show such behaviours themselves.
  22. antisocial
    shunning contact with others
    In a similar way, seeing others behave in antisocial ways could potentially encourage negative behaviours.
  23. aggressive
    characteristic of an enemy or one eager to fight
    In one famous series of experiments in the 1960s, for example, Albert Bandura demonstrated that children who observed an adult behaving aggressively towards an inflatable toy doll were more likely to reproduce that aggressive behaviour themselves.
  24. concern
    something that interests you because it is important
    This link between what you see around you and what you do yourself underpins many of the concerns people have about violence on television, although this remains a controversial topic in both public and academic debate.
  25. violence
    a turbulent state resulting in injuries and destruction
    This link between what you see around you and what you do yourself underpins many of the concerns people have about violence on television, although this remains a controversial topic in both public and academic debate.
  26. controversial
    marked by or capable of causing disagreement
    This link between what you see around you and what you do yourself underpins many of the concerns people have about violence on television, although this remains a controversial topic in both public and academic debate.
  27. principle
    a basic generalization that is accepted as true
    An average of 84% of Indians chose to meet their social obligations (e.g., to serve as best man at the wedding) even if it meant breaking a principle of justice (e.g., by stealing).
  28. justice
    the quality of being fair, reasonable, or impartial
    An average of 84% of Indians chose to meet their social obligations (e.g., to serve as best man at the wedding) even if it meant breaking a principle of justice (e.g., by stealing).
  29. internalize
    incorporate within oneself; make subjective or personal
    Despite this evidence that children’s moral sense develops by watching others and ‘internalizing’ the values and norms they perceive in the world around them, many researchers have placed more emphasis on systematic changes in children’s thinking as they get older.
  30. norm
    a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical
    Despite this evidence that children’s moral sense develops by watching others and ‘internalizing’ the values and norms they perceive in the world around them, many researchers have placed more emphasis on systematic changes in children’s thinking as they get older.
  31. perceive
    become aware of through the senses
    Despite this evidence that children’s moral sense develops by watching others and ‘internalizing’ the values and norms they perceive in the world around them, many researchers have placed more emphasis on systematic changes in children’s thinking as they get older.
  32. systematic
    characterized by order and planning
    Despite this evidence that children’s moral sense develops by watching others and ‘internalizing’ the values and norms they perceive in the world around them, many researchers have placed more emphasis on systematic changes in children’s thinking as they get older.
  33. objective
    the goal intended to be attained
    Also, Piaget argued that young children’s difficulties with understanding other people’s intentions and perspectives meant that they would focus more on objective outcomes than on subjective motives.
  34. outcome
    something that results
    Also, Piaget argued that young children’s difficulties with understanding other people’s intentions and perspectives meant that they would focus more on objective outcomes than on subjective motives.
  35. subjective
    taking place within the mind and modified by individual bias
    Also, Piaget argued that young children’s difficulties with understanding other people’s intentions and perspectives meant that they would focus more on objective outcomes than on subjective motives.
  36. motive
    the reason that arouses action toward a desired goal
    Also, Piaget argued that young children’s difficulties with understanding other people’s intentions and perspectives meant that they would focus more on objective outcomes than on subjective motives.
  37. transcend
    go beyond the scope or limits of
    Some individuals, according to Kohlberg, reach the highest levels of moral reasoning and consider universal, ethical principles that transcend law.
  38. respond
    show a reaction to something
    We have already seen an example of cultural differences in how children respond to moral dilemmas, and some researchers have even argued that boys and girls are brought up to have different moral orientations.
  39. gender
    properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of sex
    Of course, we should be cautious about making big generalizations about cultural or gender differences, but these arguments highlight the point that the norms and values that are prominent in a child’s life need to be considered alongside any changes in the child’s cognitive development.
  40. argument
    a dispute where there is strong disagreement
    Of course, we should be cautious about making big generalizations about cultural or gender differences, but these arguments highlight the point that the norms and values that are prominent in a child’s life need to be considered alongside any changes in the child’s cognitive development.
  41. insight
    clear or deep perception of a situation
    Similarly, research has made it clear that in addition to young children’s growing reasoning skills, their experiences within their family and with their friends can help them gain an insight into the important distinction between moral rules (e.g., not hitting others) and social conventions (e.g., table manners).
  42. self-control
    the act of denying yourself
    In other words, children have to have the self-control to stop themselves from doing something forbidden, as well as an understanding of the rule itself.
  43. control
    power to direct or determine
    In other words, children have to have the self-control to stop themselves from doing something forbidden, as well as an understanding of the rule itself.
  44. forbidden
    excluded from use or mention
    In other words, children have to have the self-control to stop themselves from doing something forbidden, as well as an understanding of the rule itself.
  45. guilt
    the state of having committed an offense
    Also, feelings such as guilt, sympathy, shame, and pity can all play a role in everyday situations involving moral choices, and research shows that children’s experience and understanding of these complex emotions changes as they get older.
  46. dubious
    fraught with uncertainty or doubt
    Thus, when children are deciding whether or not to tell a lie, obey a dubious instruction, or help someone in distress, their behaviour will depend not just on adults’ instructions and prohibitions, nor simply on their ability to reason about the rules involved.
  47. instruction
    activities that impart knowledge or skill
    Thus, when children are deciding whether or not to tell a lie, obey a dubious instruction, or help someone in distress, their behaviour will depend not just on adults’ instructions and prohibitions, nor simply on their ability to reason about the rules involved.
  48. distress
    a state of adversity
    Thus, when children are deciding whether or not to tell a lie, obey a dubious instruction, or help someone in distress, their behaviour will depend not just on adults’ instructions and prohibitions, nor simply on their ability to reason about the rules involved.
  49. prohibition
    the action of forbidding
    Thus, when children are deciding whether or not to tell a lie, obey a dubious instruction, or help someone in distress, their behaviour will depend not just on adults’ instructions and prohibitions, nor simply on their ability to reason about the rules involved.
  50. response
    the speech act of continuing a conversational exchange
    By talking to children, observing their natural behaviours, and analyzing their responses to moral dilemmas, psychologists have demonstrated that a wide variety of social, cognitive, and emotional factors are involved in children’s moral development.
  51. challenge
    a call to engage in a contest or fight
    The challenge facing us now is to work out exactly how these factors all fit together as children grow up.
Created on Wed Feb 27 10:33:35 EST 2013

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