types:
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Adapid, Adapid group
extinct small mostly diurnal lower primates that fed on leaves and fruit; abundant in North America and Europe 30 to 50 million years ago; their descendents probably include the lemurs; some authorities consider them ancestral to anthropoids but others consider them only cousins
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Omomyid, Omomyid group
extinct tiny nocturnal lower primates that fed on fruit and insects; abundant in North America and Europe 30 to 50 million years ago; probably gave rise to the tarsiers; some authorities consider them ancestral to anthropoids but others consider them only cousins
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kingdom
the highest taxonomic group into which organisms are grouped; one of five biological categories: Monera or Protoctista or Plantae or Fungi or Animalia
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subkingdom
(biology) a taxonomic group comprising a major division of a kingdom
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variety
(biology) a taxonomic category consisting of members of a species that differ from others of the same species in minor but heritable characteristics
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phylum
(biology) the major taxonomic group of animals and plants; contains classes
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subphylum
(biology) a taxonomic group ranking between a phylum and a class
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superphylum
(biology) a taxonomic group ranking between a phylum and below a class or subclass
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class
(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
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subclass
(biology) a taxonomic category below a class and above an order
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superclass
(biology) a taxonomic class below a phylum and above a class
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order
(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
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suborder
(biology) taxonomic group that is a subdivision of an order
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superorder
(biology) a taxonomic group ranking above an order and below a class or subclass
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family
(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera
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superfamily
(biology) a taxonomic group ranking below an order but above a family
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subfamily
(biology) a taxonomic category below a family
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tribe
(biology) a taxonomic category between a genus and a subfamily
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genus
(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more species
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subgenus
(biology) taxonomic group between a genus and a species
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monotype
(biology) a taxonomic group with a single member (a single species or genus)
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species
(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed
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race, subspecies
(biology) a taxonomic group that is a division of a species; usually arises as a consequence of geographical isolation within a species
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form, strain, var., variant
(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups
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type
(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
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Pteridospermae, Pteridospermaphyta, group Pteridospermae, group Pteridospermaphyta
used in some classification systems: a group of extinct fossil gymnosperms coextensive with the order Cycadofilicales
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Centrospermae, group Centrospermae
used in former classification systems; approximately synonymous with order Caryophyllales
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Amentiferae, group Amentiferae
used in some classification systems for plants that bear catkins
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Phycomycetes, Phycomycetes group
a large and probably unnatural group of fungi and funguslike organisms comprising the Mastigomycota (including the Oomycetes) and Zygomycota subdivisions of the division Eumycota; a category not used in all systems
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domain
(biology) the taxonomic category above the kingdom; the three domains are Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria
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Animalia, animal kingdom, kingdom Animalia
taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct animals
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form genus
an artificial taxonomic category established on the basis of morphological resemblance for organisms of obscure true relationships especially fossil forms
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Filoviridae
a family of threadlike RNA viruses that cause diseases in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees)
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Monera, Prokayotae, kingdom Monera, kingdom Prokaryotae
prokaryotic bacteria and blue-green algae and various primitive pathogens; because of lack of consensus on how to divide the organisms into phyla informal names are used for the major divisions
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animal order
the order of animals
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protoctist order
the order of protoctists
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bacteria family
a family of bacteria
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bacteria genus
a genus of bacteria
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bacteria species
a species of bacteria
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Schizomycetes, class Schizomycetes
a former classification
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Cyanophyceae, class Cyanobacteria, class Cyanophyceae
photosynthetic bacteria found in fresh and salt water, having chlorophyll a and phycobilins; once thought to be algae: blue-green algae
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Protoctista, kingdom Protoctista
in most modern classifications, replacement for the Protista; includes: Protozoa; Euglenophyta; Chlorophyta; Cryptophyta; Heterokontophyta; Rhodophyta; unicellular protists and their descendant multicellular organisms: regarded as distinct from plants and animals
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protoctist family
any of the families of Protoctista
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protoctist genus
any genus of Protoctista
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Pyrrophyta, phylum Pyrrophyta
a division of lower plants comprising unicellular and biflagellate algae that form starchy compounds
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Protozoa, phylum Protozoa
in some classifications considered a superphylum or a subkingdom; comprises flagellates; ciliates; sporozoans; amoebas; foraminifers
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Sarcodina, class Sarcodina
characterized by the formation of pseudopods for locomotion and taking food: Actinopoda; Rhizopoda
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Actinopoda, subclass Actinopoda
heliozoans; radiolarians
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Rhizopoda, subclass Rhizopoda
creeping protozoans: amoebas and foraminifers
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Endamoebidae, family Endamoebidae
a large family of endoparasitic amebas that invade the digestive tract
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Ciliata, Ciliophora, class Ciliata, class Ciliophora
class of protozoa having cilia or hairlike appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle
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Infusoria, subclass Infusoria
in some recent classifications, coextensive with the Ciliata: minute organisms found in decomposing infusions of organic matter
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Chrysophyceae, Heterokontae, class Chrysophyceae, class Heterokontae
all the yellow-green algae having flagella of unequal length
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Xanthophyceae, class Xanthophyceae
yellow-green algae
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Bacillariophyceae, Diatomophyceae, class Bacillariophyceae, class Diatomophyceae
marine and freshwater eukaryotic algae: diatoms
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Phaeophyceae, class Phaeophyceae
brown algae; mostly marine and littoral eukaryotic algae
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Cyclosporeae, class Cyclosporeae
in more recent classifications superseded by the order Fucales
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Euglenophyceae, class Euglenophyceae
coextensive with the division Euglenophyta
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Chlorophyceae, class Chlorophyceae
algae distinguished chiefly by having flagella and a clear green color, their chlorophyll being masked little if at all by other pigments
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Ulvophyceae, class Ulvophyceae
alternative name for the class Chlorophyceae in some classifications
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Charophyceae, class Charophyceae
in some classifications: contains only the order Charales
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Rhodophyceae, class Rhodophyceae
coextensive with the Rhodophyta: red algae
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Flagellata, Mastigophora, class Flagellata, class Mastigophora
protozoa having flagella
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Zoomastigina, subclass Zoomastigina
in some classifications considered a phylum of the kingdom Protista; holozoic or saprozoic flagellates
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Phytomastigina, subclass Phytomastigina
plantlike flagellates containing chlorophyll; often considered unicellular algae
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Cryptophyta, phylum Cryptophyta
a phylum in the kingdom Protoctista
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Cryptophyceae, class Cryptophyceae
motile usually brownish-green protozoa-like algae
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Sporozoa, class Sporozoa
strictly parasitic protozoans that are usually immobile; includes plasmodia and coccidia and piroplasms and malaria parasites
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Telosporidia, subclass Telosporidia
parasitic sporozoans that form spores containing one or more infective sporozoites
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Acnidosporidia, subclass Acnidosporidia
a subclass of Sporozoa
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Cnidosporidia, subclass Cnidosporidia
single-host parasites of lower vertebrates and invertebrates
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fish family
any of various families of fish
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fish genus
any of various genus of fish
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Chordata, phylum Chordata
comprises true vertebrates and animals having a notochord
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chordate family
any family in the phylum Chordata
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chordate genus
any genus in the phylum Chordata
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Cephalochordata, subphylum Cephalochordata
lancelets
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Tunicata, Urochorda, Urochordata, subphylum Tunicata, subphylum Urochorda, subphylum Urochordata
tunicates
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Ascidiaceae, class Ascidiaceae
sometimes classified as an order: sea squirts
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Thaliacea, class Thaliacea
small class of free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order
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Larvacea, class Larvacea
small free-swimming tunicates; sometimes classified as an order
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Craniata, Vertebrata, subphylum Craniata, subphylum Vertebrata
fishes; amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals
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Agnatha, superclass Agnatha
superclass of eel-shaped chordates lacking jaws and pelvic fins: lampreys; hagfishes; some extinct forms
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Gnathostomata, superclass Gnathostomata
comprising all vertebrates with upper and lower jaws
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Placodermi, class Placodermi
extinct group of bony-plated fishes with primitive jaws
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Chondrichthyes, class Chondrichthyes
cartilaginous fishes
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Holocephali, subclass Holocephali
chimaeras and extinct forms
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Elasmobranchii, Selachii, subclass Elasmobranchii, subclass Selachii
sharks; rays; dogfishes; skates
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Aves, class Aves
(ornithology) the class of birds
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bird family
a family of warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings
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bird genus
a genus of birds
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Archaeornithes, subclass Archaeornithes
primitive reptile-like fossil birds of the Jurassic or early Cretaceous
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amphibia, class Amphibia
the class of vertebrates that live on land but breed in water; frogs; toads; newts; salamanders; caecilians
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amphibian family
any family of amphibians
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amphibian genus
any genus of amphibians
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reptile family
a family of reptiles
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reptile genus
a genus of reptiles
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Reptilia, class Reptilia
class of cold-blooded air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeleton and a body usually covered with scales or horny plates; once the dominant land animals
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Anapsida, subclass Anapsida
oldest known reptiles; turtles and extinct Permian forms
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Lepidosauria, subclass Lepidosauria
diapsid reptiles: lizards; snakes; tuataras
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Archosauria, subclass Archosauria
a large subclass of diapsid reptiles including: crocodiles; alligators; dinosaurs; pterosaurs; plesiosaurs; ichthyosaurs; thecodonts
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Synapsida, subclass Synapsida
extinct reptiles of the Permian to Jurassic considered ancestral to mammals
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arthropod family
any of the arthropods
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arthropod genus
a genus of arthropods
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Arthropoda, phylum Arthropoda
jointed-foot invertebrates: arachnids; crustaceans; insects; millipedes; centipedes
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Chelicerata, superclass Chelicerata
spiders; scorpions; horseshoe crabs
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Arachnida, class Arachnida
a large class of arthropods including spiders and ticks and scorpions and daddy longlegs; have four pairs of walking legs and no wings
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superclass Myriapoda
used in some classifications to encompass the millipedes (Diplopoda) and centipedes (Chilopoda); formerly a large taxon including also the Pauropoda and Symphyla; the term Myriapoda now usually used synonymously with Diplopoda and limited to the millipedes
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Pauropoda, class Pauropoda
an obscure class of minute arthropods with branched antennae and 8 to 10 pairs of legs
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Symphyla, class Symphyla
small class of minute arthropods; unimportant except for the garden centipede
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Tardigrada, class Tardigrada
in some classifications considered a separate phylum: microscopic arachnid-like invertebrates living in water or damp moss having 4 pairs of legs and instead of a mouth a pair of stylets or needlelike piercing organs connected with the pharynx
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Chilopoda, class Chilopoda
arthropods having the trunk composed of numerous somites each bearing one pair of legs: centipedes
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Diplopoda, Myriapoda, class Diplopoda, class Myriapoda
arthropods having the body composed of numerous double somites each with two pairs of legs: millipedes
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Pentastomida, subphylum Pentastomida
tongue worms
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Mammalia, class Mammalia
warm-blooded vertebrates characterized by mammary glands in the female
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mammal family
a family of mammals
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mammal genus
a genus of mammals
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Prototheria, subclass Prototheria
echidnas; platypus
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Pantotheria, subclass Pantotheria
generalized extinct mammals widespread during the Jurassic; commonly conceded to be ancestral to marsupial and placental mammals
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Metatheria, subclass Metatheria
pouched animals
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Eutheria, subclass Eutheria
all mammals except monotremes and marsupials
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Parazoa, subkingdom Parazoa
multicellular organisms having less-specialized cells than in the Metazoa; comprises the single phylum Porifera
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Porifera, phylum Porifera
coextensive with the subkingdom Parazoa: sponges
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sponge genus
a genus of Porifera
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Hyalospongiae, class Hyalospongiae
sponges with siliceous spicules that have six rays; choanocytes are restricted to finger-shaped chambers
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coelenterate family
a family of coelenterates
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coelenterate genus
a genus of coelenterates
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Metazoa, subkingdom Metazoa
multicellular animals having cells differentiated into tissues and organs and usually a digestive cavity and nervous system
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Cnidaria, Coelenterata, phylum Cnidaria, phylum Coelenterata
hydras; polyps; jellyfishes; sea anemones; corals
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Scyphozoa, class Scyphozoa
coelenterates in which the polyp stage is absent or at least inconspicuous: jellyfishes
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Hydrozoa, class Hydrozoa
coelenterates typically having alternation of generations; hydroid phase is usually colonial giving rise to the medusoid phase by budding: hydras and jellyfishes
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Actinozoa, Anthozoa, class Actinozoa, class Anthozoa
a large class of sedentary marine coelenterates that includes sea anemones and corals; the medusoid phase is entirely suppressed
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ctenophore family
a family of ctenophores
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ctenophore genus
a genus of ctenophores
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Ctenophora, phylum Ctenophora
comb jellies; sea acorns; a small phylum formerly considered a class of Coelenterata
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Nuda, class Nuda
ctenophores lacking tentacles; comprises one genus: beroe
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Tentaculata, class Tentaculata
ctenophores have retractile tentacles
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worm family
a family of worms
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worm genus
a genus of worms
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Acanthocephala, phylum Acanthocephala
phylum or class of elongated wormlike parasites that live in the intestines of vertebrates: spiny-headed worms
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Chaetognatha, phylum Chaetognatha
arrowworms: a group of small active transparent marine worms
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Platyhelminthes, phylum Platyhelminthes
flatworms
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Turbellaria, class Turbellaria
free-living flatworms
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Trematoda, class Trematoda
parasitic flatworms (including flukes)
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Cestoda, class Cestoda
tapeworms
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Nemertea, Nemertina, phylum Nemertea, phylum Nemertina
proboscis worms
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Pogonophora, phylum Pogonophora
beard worms
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Rotifera, phylum Rotifera
a phylum including: rotifers
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Aschelminthes, Nematoda, phylum Aschelminthes, phylum Nematoda
unsegmented worms: roundworms; threadworms; eelworms
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Aphasmidia, class Aphasmidia
one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems
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Phasmidia, class Phasmidia
one of two subgroups of Nematoda used in some classification systems
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Annelida, phylum Annelida
segmented worms: earthworms; lugworms; leeches
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Archiannelida, class Archiannelida
a class of Annelida
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Oligochaeta, class Oligochaeta
earthworms
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Polychaeta, class Polychaeta
marine annelid worms
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Hirudinea, class Hirudinea
hermaphroditic aquatic or terrestrial or parasitic annelids
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mollusk family
a family of mollusks
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mollusk genus
a genus of mollusks
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Mollusca, phylum Mollusca
gastropods; bivalves; cephalopods; chitons
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Scaphopoda, class Scaphopoda
small class of bilaterally symmetrical marine forms comprising the tooth shells
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Gasteropoda, Gastropoda, class Gasteropoda, class Gastropoda
snails and slugs and their relatives
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Opisthobranchia, subclass Opisthobranchia
gastropods having the gills when present posterior to the heart and having no operculum: includes sea slugs; sea butterflies; sea hares
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Amphineura, subclass Amphineura
a class of Gastropoda
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Polyplacophora, class Polyplacophora
small class of marine mollusks comprising the chitons; sometimes considered an order of the subclass Amphineura
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Bivalvia, Lamellibranchia, class Bivalvia, class Lamellibranchia, class Pelecypoda
oysters; clams; scallops; mussels
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Cephalopoda, class Cephalopoda
octopuses; squids; cuttlefish; pearly nautilus
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Dibranchia, Dibranchiata, subclass Dibranchia, subclass Dibranchiata
comprising all living cephalopods except the family Nautilidae: the orders Octopoda (octopuses) and Decapoda (squids and cuttlefish)
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Crustacea, class Crustacea
class of mandibulate arthropods including: lobsters; crabs; shrimps; woodlice; barnacles; decapods; water fleas
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Malacostraca, subclass Malacostraca
largest subclass of Crustacea including most of the well-known marine, freshwater, and terrestrial crustaceans: crabs; lobsters; shrimps; sow bugs; beach flies
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Entomostraca, subclass Entomostraca
in some older classifications includes the Branchiopoda and Copepoda and Ostracoda and Cirripedia; no longer in technical use
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Branchiopoda, subclass Branchiopoda
primitive aquatic mainly freshwater crustaceans: fairy shrimps; brine shrimps; tadpole shrimps; can shrimps; water fleas
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Copepoda, subclass Copepoda
minute planktonic or parasitic crustaceans
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Ostracoda, subclass Ostracoda
seed shrimps
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Cirripedia, subclass Cirripedia
barnacles
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Onychophora, class Onychophora
enigmatic small elongated wormlike terrestrial invertebrates of damp dark habitats in warm regions; distinct from the phylum Annelida; resemble slugs with legs and are sometimes described as the missing link between arthropods and annelids
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Hexapoda, Insecta, class Hexapoda, class Insecta
insects; about five-sixths of all known animal species
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Panorpidae, family Panorpidae
a family of insects of the order Mecoptera
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Bittacidae, family Bittacidae
a family of predacious tropical insects of the order Mecoptera
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Exopterygota, Hemimetabola, subclass Exopterygota
subclass of insects characterized by gradual and usually incomplete metamorphosis
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Phoronida, Phoronidea, phylum Phoronida
small phylum of wormlike marine animals
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Bryozoa, phylum Bryozoa, polyzoa
marine or freshwater animals that form colonies of zooids
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Ectoprocta, phylum Ectoprocta
coextensive with or a subphylum of Bryozoa
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Endoprocta, Entoprocta, phylum Entoprocta
sometimes considered a subphylum of Bryozoa
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Cycliophora, phylum Cycliophora
tiny marine organisms each the size of a period found in great numbers on lobsters' lips; identified tentatively in 1995 as a new phylum or as possible link between Entoprocta and Ectoprocta
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Brachiopoda, phylum Brachiopoda
marine invertebrates that resemble mollusks
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Sipuncula, phylum Sipuncula
peanut worms
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echinoderm family
a family of echinoderms
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echinoderm genus
a genus of echinoderms
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Echinodermata, phylum Echinodermata
radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers
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Asteroidea, class Asteroidea
sea stars
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Ophiuroidea, class Ophiuroidea
brittle stars and basket stars
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Ophiurida, subclass Ophiurida
brittle stars
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Euryalida, subclass Euryalida
basket stars
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Echinoidea, class Echinoidea
sea urchins and sand dollars
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Crinoidea, class Crinoidea
sea lilies
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Holothuroidea, class Holothuroidea
class of echinoderms including the sea cucumbers
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Bovini, tribe Bovini
term not used technically; essentially coextensive with genus Bos
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Hominoidea, superfamily Hominoidea
anthropoid apes and human beings
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Channidae, class Channidae
snakeheads
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Osteichthyes, class Osteichthyes
a class of fish having a skeleton composed of bone in addition to cartilage
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Crossopterygii, subclass Crossopterygii
fishes having paired fins resembling limbs and regarded as ancestral to amphibians
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Dipnoi, subclass Dipnoi
bony fishes of the southern hemisphere that breathe by a modified air bladder as well as gills; sometimes classified as an order of Crossopterygii
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Teleostei, subclass Teleostei
large diverse group of bony fishes; includes most living species
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Latinae
a subfamily of the family Centropomidae
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breed, stock, strain
a special variety of domesticated animals within a species
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form family
(biology) an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure
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type genus
(biology) genus from which the name of a family or subfamily is formed; it is not necessarily the most representative genus but often the largest or best known or earliest described
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form genus
(biology) an artificial taxonomic category for organisms of which the true relationships are obscure
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endangered species
a species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction
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fish species
a species of fish
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type species
(biology) the species that best exemplifies the essential characteristics of the genus to which it belongs
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division
(botany) taxonomic unit of plants corresponding to a phylum
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Plantae, kingdom Plantae, plant kingdom
(botany) the taxonomic kingdom comprising all living or extinct plants
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plant order
the order of plants
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moss family
a family of mosses
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moss genus
a genus of mosses
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Anthoceropsida, class Anthoceropsida
hornworts: in some classification systems included in the class Hepaticopsida
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Bryopsida, Musci, class Bryopsida, class Musci
true mosses: bryophytes having leafy rather than thalloid gametophytes: comprises orders Andreaeales; Bryales; Dicranales; Eubryales; Sphagnales
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Hepaticae, Hepaticopsida, class Hepaticae, class Hepaticopsida
liverworts: comprises orders Anthocerotales; Jungermanniales; Marchantiales; Sphaerocarpales
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gymnosperm genus
a genus of gymnosperms
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liliopsid family, monocot family
family of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed
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liliopsid genus, monocot genus
genus of flowering plants having a single cotyledon (embryonic leaf) in the seed
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dicot family, magnoliopsid family
family of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination
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dicot genus, magnoliopsid genus
genus of flowering plants having two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) in the seed which usually appear at germination
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fungus family
includes lichen families
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fungus genus
includes lichen genera
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fungus order
the order of fungi
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Gymnospermae, Gymnospermophyta, class Gymnospermae, division Gymnospermophyta
plants having naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Gymnospermae) and in others a division (Gymnospermophyta); comprises three subdivisions (or classes): Cycadophytina (class Cycadopsida) and Gnetophytina (class Gnetopsida) and Coniferophytina (class Coniferopsida); in some classifications the Coniferophytina are divided into three groups: Pinophytina (class Pinopsida) and Ginkgophytina (class Ginkgopsida) and Taxophytina (class Taxopsida)
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Gnetophyta, Gnetophytina, Gnetopsida, class Gnetopsida, subdivision Gnetophytina
gymnospermous flowering plants; supposed link between conifers and angiosperms; in some systems classified as a class (Gnetopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Gnetophytina or Gnetophyta)
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Cycadophyta, Cycadophytina, Cycadopsida, class Cycadopsida, subdivision Cycadophyta, subdivision Cycadophytina
palmlike gymnosperms: includes the surviving order Cycadales and several extinct orders; possibly not a natural group; in some systems considered a class (Cycadopsida) and in others a subdivision (Cycadophytina or Cycadophyta)
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Pteridospermopsida, class Pteridospermopsida
extinct gymnosperms most of Carboniferous to Jurassic: seed ferns and allies
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Coniferophyta, Coniferophytina, Coniferopsida, class Coniferopsida, subdivision Coniferophytina
cone-bearing gymnosperms dating from the Carboniferous period; most are substantial trees; includes the classes Pinopsida (subdivision Pinophytina) and Ginkgopsida (subdivision Ginkgophytina) and Taxopsida (subdivision Taxophytina) which in turn include the surviving orders Coniferales and Taxales (yews) and sometimes Ginkgoales as well as extinct orders such as Cordaitales (of the Carboniferous and Permian)
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Pinophytina, Pinopsida, class Pinopsida, subdivision Pinophytina
most conifers: in some systems classified as a class (Pinopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Pinophytina); used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
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Taxophytina, Taxopsida, class Taxopsida, subdivision Taxophytina
yews: in some systems classified as a class (Taxopsida) and in others as a subdivision (Taxophytina) used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
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Ginkgophytina, Ginkgopsida, class Ginkgophytina, class Ginkgopsida, subdivision Ginkgophyta, subdivision Ginkgophytina
ginkgos: in some systems classified as a class and in others as a subdivision; used in some classifications for one of five subdivisions of Gymnospermophyta
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Angiospermae, Anthophyta, Magnoliophyta, class Angiospermae, division Anthophyta, division Magnoliophyta
comprising flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in an ovary; in some systems considered a class (Angiospermae) and in others a division (Magnoliophyta or Anthophyta)
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Dicotyledonae, Dicotyledones, Magnoliopsida, class Dicotyledonae, class Dicotyledones, class Magnoliopsida
comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with paired cotyledons and net-veined leaves; divided into six (not always well distinguished) subclasses (or superorders): Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae (considered primitive); Caryophyllidae (an early and distinctive offshoot); and three more or less advanced groups: Dilleniidae; Rosidae; Asteridae
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Magnoliidae, ranalian complex, subclass Magnoliidae
a group of families of trees and shrubs and herbs having well-developed perianths and apocarpous ovaries and generally regarded as the most primitive extant flowering plants; contains 36 families including Magnoliaceae and Ranunculaceae; sometimes classified as a superorder
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Liliopsida, Monocotyledonae, Monocotyledones, class Liliopsida, class Monocotyledonae, class Monocotyledones
comprising seed plants that produce an embryo with a single cotyledon and parallel-veined leaves: includes grasses and lilies and palms and orchids; divided into four subclasses or superorders: Alismatidae; Arecidae; Commelinidae; and Liliidae
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Alismatidae, subclass Alismatidae
one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises about 500 species in 14 families of aquatic and semiaquatic herbs
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Arecidae, subclass Arecidae
one of four subclasses or superorder of Monocotyledones; comprises about 6400 species in 5 families of trees and shrubs and terrestrial herbs and a few free-floating aquatics including: Palmae; Araceae; Pandanaceae and Lemnaceae
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Commelinidae, subclass Commelinidae
one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises about 19,000 species in 25 families of mostly terrestrial herbs especially of moist places including: Cyperaceae; Gramineae; Bromeliaceae; and Zingiberaceae
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plant family
a family of plants
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plant genus
a genus of plants
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Caryophyllidae, subclass Caryophyllidae
a group of families of mostly flowers having basal or central placentation and trinucleate pollen (binucleate pollen is commoner in flowering plants); contains 14 families including: Caryophyllaceae (carnations and pinks); Aizoaceae; Amaranthaceae; Batidaceae; Chenopodiaceae; Cactaceae (order Opuntiales); Nyctaginaceae; Phytolaccaceae; corresponds approximately to order Caryophyllales; sometimes classified as a superorder
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Asteridae, subclass Asteridae
a group of mostly sympetalous herbs and some trees and shrubs mostly with 2 fused carpels; contains 43 families including Campanulales; Solanaceae; Scrophulariaceae; Labiatae; Verbenaceae; Rubiaceae; Compositae; sometimes classified as a superorder
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Bambuseae, tribe Bambuseae
bamboos
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Rosidae, subclass Rosidae
a group of trees and shrubs and herbs mostly with polypetalous flowers; contains 108 families including Rosaceae; Crassulaceae; Myrtaceae; Melastomaceae; Euphorbiaceae; Umbelliferae
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Hamamelidae, subclass Hamamelidae
a group of chiefly woody plants considered among the most primitive of angiosperms; perianth poorly developed or lacking; flowers often unisexual and often in catkins and often wind pollinated; contains 23 families including the Betulaceae and Fagaceae (includes the Amentiferae); sometimes classified as a superorder
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Dilleniidae, subclass Dilleniidae
a group of families of more or less advanced trees and shrubs and herbs having either polypetalous or gamopetalous corollas and often with ovules attached to the walls of the ovary; contains 69 families including Ericaceae and Cruciferae and Malvaceae; sometimes classified as a superorder
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Liliidae, subclass Liliidae
one of four subclasses or superorders of Monocotyledones; comprises 17 families including: Liliaceae; Alliaceae; Amaryllidaceae; Iridaceae; Orchidaceae; Trilliaceae
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Zygomycetes, class Zygomycetes
class of fungi coextensive with subdivision Zygomycota
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Myxomycetes, class Myxomycetes
the class of true slime molds; essentially equivalent to the division Myxomycota
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Acrasiomycetes, class Acrasiomycetes
cellular slime molds; in some classifications placed in kingdom Protoctista
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Oomycetes, class Oomycetes
nonphotosynthetic fungi that resemble algae and that reproduce by forming oospores; sometimes classified as protoctists
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Chytridiomycetes, class Chytridiomycetes
a class of mostly aquatic fungi; saprophytic or parasitic on algae or fungi or plants
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Fungi, fungus kingdom, kingdom Fungi
the taxonomic kingdom including yeast, molds, smuts, mushrooms, and toadstools; distinct from the green plants
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Eumycetes, class Eumycetes
category used in some classifications: coextensive with division Eumycota
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Deuteromycetes, class Deuteromycetes
form class; coextensive with subdivision Deuteromycota
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Basidiomycetes, class Basidiomycetes
large class of higher fungi coextensive with subdivision Basidiomycota
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Homobasidiomycetes, subclass Homobasidiomycetes
category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including e.g. mushrooms and puffballs which are usually placed in the classes Gasteromycetes and Hymenomycetes
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Heterobasidiomycetes, subclass Heterobasidiomycetes
category used in some classification systems for various basidiomycetous fungi including rusts and smuts
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Hymenomycetes, class Hymenomycetes
used in some classifications; usually coextensive with order Agaricales: mushrooms; toadstools; agarics; bracket fungi
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Ascomycetes, class Ascomycetes
large class of higher fungi coextensive with division Ascomycota: sac fungi
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Euascomycetes, subclass Euascomycetes
category not used in many classification systems
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Hemiascomycetes, class Hemiascomycetes
class of fungi in which no ascocarps are formed: yeasts and some plant parasites
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Plectomycetes, class Plectomycetes
class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a cleistothecium (it releases spores only on decay or disintegration)
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Pyrenomycetes, class Pyrenomycetes
class of fungi in which the fruiting body is a perithecium; includes powdery mildews and ergot and Neurospora
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Discomycetes, subclass Discomycetes
a large and taxonomically difficult group of Ascomycetes in which the fleshy fruiting body is disklike or cup-shaped
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Gasteromycetes, Gastromycetes, class Gasteromycetes, class Gastromycetes
fungi in which the hymenium is enclosed until after spores have matured: puffballs; earth stars; stinkhorn fungi
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Tiliomycetes, class Tiliomycetes
category used in some systems to comprise the two orders Ustilaginales (smuts) and Uredinales (rusts)
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cultivar
a variety of a plant developed from a natural species and maintained under cultivation
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fern family
families of ferns and fern allies
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fern genus
genera of ferns and fern allies
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Filicinae, Filicopsida, class Filicinae, class Filicopsida
ferns
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Psilopsida, Psilotatae, class Psilopsida, class Psilotatae
whisk ferns; comprising the family Psilotaceae or Psilotatae: vascular plants with no roots, partial if any leaf differentiation, and rudimentary spore sacs
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Equisetatae, Sphenopsida, class Equisetatae, class Sphenopsida
horsetails and related forms
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Lycopodiate, Lycopsida, class Lycopodiate, class Lycopsida
club mosses and related forms: includes Lycopodiales; Isoetales; Selaginellales; and extinct Lepidodendrales; sometimes considered a subdivision of Tracheophyta
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Lycopodineae, class Lycopodineae
alternative designation for the class Lycopsida