UWSCollege AE Urbanisation

An urban area contains a settled population not directly involved in the primary production of food and other raw materials (Fogarty 1995).

Currently about half the world's population is urbanised, and this is expected to increase to 80-90% in the future (Cunningham and Saigo 1990).

An urban area contains a settled population not directly involved in the primary production of food and other raw materials (Fogarty 1995).

An urban area contains a settled population not directly involved in the primary production of food and other raw materials (Fogarty 1995).

Urbanisation is the process by which urban areas increase in size and population density.

Currently about half the world's population is urbanised, and this is expected to increase to 80-90% in the future (Cunningham and Saigo 1990).

A city has various specialised land uses, and many institutions to control resource use.

Vast quantities of solid waste are produced as a result of packaging and consumption patterns, with very little landfill space available for disposal.

Throughout the vast majority of our 4.5 million year existence, humans have not lived in settled areas.

Throughout the vast majority of our 4.5 million year existence, humans have not lived in settled areas.

Cities first arose 10, 000 years ago and were found mainly in Southeast Asia and the Mediterranean region.

Water pollution results from poor sewerage facilities and disposal of industrial heavy metals into waterways.

Since the Industrial Revolution 300 years ago, large cities grew in Europe and the United States.

A suburb is a section of the city whose main role is residency for workers of that city (Hutchinson and Hirsch 1996).

Suburbanisation is the process whereby residential sections of the city expand.

Reducing the distance between work and home can promote human-scale transport such as walking or cycling.

Three factors which encourage suburbanisation are population growth, lifestyle values which promote large houses with gardens, and car-dependent transport.

There are few alternatives for those who do not live in a traditional nuclear family, and culture is limited.

There are few alternatives for those who do not live in a traditional nuclear family, and culture is limited.

There are few alternatives for those who do not live in a traditional nuclear family, and culture is limited.

There are few alternatives for those who do not live in a traditional nuclear family, and culture is limited.

Urban sprawl is the expansion of urban areas into surrounding non-urban areas.

Urban sprawl is the expansion of urban areas into surrounding non-urban areas.

In “developing” countries it occurs largely as a result of the rapid growth of cities, which is often due to socially inequitable economic policies.

For urban renewal to be effective, it must address the social and economic problems underlying problems in cities.

In “developed” countries car-dependence is a major factor in urban sprawl, particularly in America and Australia, and increasingly so in European countries.

Urban sprawl decreases the amount of open space, agricultural land and natural habitats in regions surrounding cities.

Urban sprawl decreases the amount of open space, agricultural land and natural habitats in regions surrounding cities.

As people move out of the inner city into surrounding regions, the city expands and further pollution and resource depletion occurs.

Rural-urban migration also has a strong impact on the demography of rural areas.

Rural-urban migration also has a strong impact on the demography of rural areas.

The mass media depicts city life as superior to rural life, the standard language is deemed that of the national capital, and better services are received in the city due to its wealth (Fogarty 1995).

The mass media depicts city life as superior to rural life, the standard language is deemed that of the national capital, and better services are received in the city due to its wealth (Fogarty 1995).

The mass media depicts city life as superior to rural life, the standard language is deemed that of the national capital, and better services are received in the city due to its wealth (Fogarty 1995).

The mass media depicts city life as superior to rural life, the standard language is deemed that of the national capital, and better services are received in the city due to its wealth (Fogarty 1995).

National symbols and values are generally more evident in urban than rural areas, since they attempt to bind otherwise isolated city dwellers.

National symbols and values are generally more evident in urban than rural areas, since they attempt to bind otherwise isolated city dwellers.

National symbols and values are generally more evident in urban than rural areas, since they attempt to bind otherwise isolated city dwellers.

National symbols and values are generally more evident in urban than rural areas, since they attempt to bind otherwise isolated city dwellers.

The fertility rate in cities is often lower than in rural areas due to the absence of agriculture, the cost of children, available food and living space in cities and family planning.

The fertility rate in cities is often lower than in rural areas due to the absence of agriculture, the cost of children, available food and living space in cities and family planning.

The fertility rate in cities is often lower than in rural areas due to the absence of agriculture, the cost of children, available food and living space in cities and family planning.

Water pollution results from poor sewerage facilities and disposal of industrial heavy metals into waterways.

Vast quantities of solid waste are produced as a result of packaging and consumption patterns, with very little landfill space available for disposal.

Traffic congestion, and noise pollution are also major environmental impacts of large cities.

Traffic congestion, and noise pollution are also major environmental impacts of large cities.

For urban renewal to be effective, it must address the social and economic problems underlying problems in cities.

For urban renewal to be effective, it must address the social and economic problems underlying problems in cities.

It should also not disrupt existing communities, and should support the community in taking care of its own life.

Zoning and land use plans can be important tools in reserving open space, protecting the environment, and limiting the extension of services, so as to contain urban sprawl.

Zoning and land use plans can be important tools in reserving open space, protecting the environment, and limiting the extension of services, so as to contain urban sprawl.

Reclaiming waterways is a creative and effective way of renewing the urban environment and providing a sense of community (GSF 1997).

Transportation is an especially important aspect of planning for sustainable cities (Cunningham and Saigo 1990).

Transportation is an especially important aspect of planning for sustainable cities (Cunningham and Saigo 1990).

Ideally, transport should be safe, cheap, reliable, convenient, regular, and environmentally benign.

Ideally, transport should be safe, cheap, reliable, convenient, regular, and environmentally benign.

Reducing the distance between work and home can promote human-scale transport such as walking or cycling.

Public transport can be more efficient and convenient than individual motorised transport, as is the case in many German and Scandinavian cities, with light rail and buses being particularly efficient (GSF 1997).