types:
free association
a thought process in which ideas (words or images) suggest other ideas in a sequence
line of thought
a particular way of thinking that is characteristic of some individual or group
ideation
the process of forming and relating ideas
excogitation
thinking something out with care in order to achieve complete understanding of it
explanation
thought that makes something comprehensible
convergent thinking
thinking that brings together information focussed on solving a problem (especially solving problems that have a single correct solution)
divergent thinking,
out-of-the-box thinking
thinking that moves away in diverging directions so as to involve a variety of aspects and which sometimes lead to novel ideas and solutions; associated with creativity
gestation
the conception and development of an idea or plan
analysis,
analytic thinking
the abstract separation of a whole into its constituent parts in order to study the parts and their relations
conjecture
reasoning that involves the formation of conclusions from incomplete evidence
illation,
inference
the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation
reasoning backward,
regress
the reasoning involved when you assume the conclusion is true and reason backward to the evidence
principle,
rationale
(law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons (especially an explanation of the working of some device in terms of laws of nature)
key
something crucial for explaining
applecart
the planning that is disrupted when someone `upsets the applecart'
malice aforethought,
mens rea
(law) criminal intent; the thoughts and intentions behind a wrongful act (including knowledge that the act is illegal); often at issue in murder trials
theory
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena