A reference to a statement, person, place, event, or thing that is known from literature, history, religion, myth, politics, sports, science, or pop culture.
locating something at a time when it couldn't have existed
Examples: the clock and book mentioned in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar. In 44 B.C. there were no clocks; they used sundials to tell time. Also, there were no books; they used scrolls.
direct characterization: where the author describes the character directly; i.e. john is a good soldier.
indirect characterization: where the author describes the character indirectly through actions, speech, appearance, private thoughts, or other characters responses.