Anatomy & Physiology

the only surviving hominid

free-living or colonial organisms with diverse nutritional and reproductive modes

the study of the structure of the body and its parts without the use of a microscope

of or relating to histology

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

comprises true vertebrates and animals having a notochord

fishes; amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals

anthropoid apes and human beings

of or relating to or characteristic of Homo sapiens

a protein in blood plasma that is the inactive precursor of thrombin

an enzyme that acts on fibrinogen in blood causing it to clot

a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots; it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets

a cell from which connective tissue develops

the female reproductive cell; the female gamete

the male reproductive cell; the male gamete

development of spermatozoa

the male reproductive cell; the male gamete

an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell

a cell formed by the division or budding of another cell

(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

having cells with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei

the inner portion of the gelatinous liquid inside a cell

having cells that lack membrane-bound nuclei

any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base; an important constituent of membranes

a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei and enclosed in a membrane but no internal cell boundaries (as in muscle fibers)

the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended

a microscopically small tubule

a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure

any very large complex molecule

any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules

(biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells

a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside

a peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids

organic compounds containing an amino group and acid group

one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis

a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape

the second stage of meiosis

organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

small circular area such as that around the human nipple or an inflamed area around a pimple or insect bite

relating to or like or divided into areolae

composed of animal fat

membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body

of or belonging to the epithelium

membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body

one of the closely packed cells forming the epithelium

the skin and its appendages

an epithelium of mesoblastic origin

bone extending from the shoulder to the elbow

translucent cartilage that is common in joints and the respiratory passages; forms most of the fetal skeleton

resembling glass in transparency or translucency

cartilage that is largely composed of fibers like those in ordinary connective tissue

a dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles; contains nerves and blood vessels that nourish the enclosed bone

containing or consisting of or resembling bone marrow

of or relating to trabeculae

the end of a long bone

relating to the epiphysis of a bone

the main (mid) section of a long bone

relating to the diaphysis of a bone

the formation of blood cells in the living body

relating to or secreting synovia

viscid lubricating fluid secreted by the membrane lining joints and tendon sheaths etc.

a thin membrane in synovial (freely moving) joints that lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid

moving of a body part toward the central axis of the body

the state of being flexed (as of a joint)

a circular movement of a limb or eye

the act of turning inside out

rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward

rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward

a circular band of flowers or other foliage

the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull

of or relating to or associated with the parietal bones in the cranium

that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying below the crown of the head

either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium

a thick bone forming the side of the human cranium and encasing the inner ear

of or relating to the occiput

that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying in the back of the head

a saucer-shaped membrane bone that forms the back of the skull

either of the passages in the outer ear from the auricle to the tympanic membrane

a natural body passageway

relating to the lower jaw

the condyle of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the skull

one of the eight bones of the cranium

one of the eight bones of the cranium

the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek

of or relating to the cheek region of the face

the jaw in vertebrates that is fused to the cranium

extends from the base of the temporal bone

small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket and providing room for the passage of the lacrimal ducts

of or relating to tears

a duct that carries tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity

either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits

thin trapezoidal bone of the skull forming the posterior and inferior parts of the nasal septum

process of the temporal bone behind the ear at the base of the skull

the large opening at the base of the cranium through which the spinal cord passes

a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue muscles

one of 7 vertebrae in the human spine located in the neck region

of or relating to the chest or thorax

one of 5 vertebrae in the human vertebral column

of or relating to or near the sacrum

one of 5 vertebrae in the human spine that fuse in the adult to form the sacrum

of or relating to or near the coccyx

one of 4 vertebrae in the human coccyx

component of arthropods' exoskeletons and bodies of fungi

smallest of the three parts of the breastbone

the upper part of the breastbone

a band of material around the waist that strengthens a skirt or trousers

flat triangular bone on the side of the shoulder in humans

the end of the vertebral column in humans and tailless apes

the upper and widest of the three bones making up the hipbone

one of the three sections of the hipbone

one of the three sections of the hipbone

hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during the last days of pregnancy; relaxes the pelvic ligaments and prepares the uterus for labor

the concavity in the head of the scapula that receives the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint

a bump on the outside of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches

a dense cluster of flowers or foliage

either of the two cranial nerves on either side that control the superior oblique muscles of the eyes

a sharp triangular process projecting from a bone

process of the ulna that forms the outer bump of the elbow and fits into the fossa of the humerus when the arm is extended

the cup-shaped hollow in the hipbone into which the head of the femur fits to form a ball-and-socket joint

of the cup-shaped socket that receives the head of the thigh bone

one of the bony prominences developed near the upper extremity of the femur to which muscles are attached

the part of the foot of a vertebrate between the metatarsus and the leg; in human beings the bones of the ankle and heel collectively

the largest tarsal bone; forms the human heel

an abnormal inward curvature of the vertebral column

having abnormal sagging of the spine (especially in horses)

an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column

chronic breakdown of cartilage in the joints

a chronic autoimmune disease with inflammation of the joints and marked deformities; something (possibly a virus) triggers an attack on the synovium by the immune system, which releases cytokines that stimulate an inflammatory reaction that can lead to the destruction of all components of the joint

a chronic form of spondylitis primarily in males and marked by impaired mobility of the spine; sometimes leads to ankylosis

a painful inflammation of the big toe and foot caused by defects in uric acid metabolism resulting in deposits of the acid and its salts in the blood and joints

one of the segments into which a myofibril is divided

sclerosis of the arterial walls

a ring of muscle that contracts to close an opening

a ring of muscle that contracts to close an opening

having two or more nuclei

a muscle that is connected at either or both ends to a bone and so move parts of the skeleton; a muscle that is characterized by transverse stripes

an extensible membrane enclosing the contractile substance of a muscle fiber

the sheath of connective tissue that covers a bundle of muscle fibers

a muscle that flexes and supinates the forearm

a drug that augments the activity of another drug

tapering at each end

the commonest protein in muscle

one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split

biting and grinding food in your mouth so it becomes soft enough to swallow

a large muscle that raises the lower jaw and is used in chewing

muscle extending from the temporal fossa to the coronoid process of the mandible; acts to raise the mandible and close the jaws

either of two flat triangular muscles of the shoulder and upper back that are involved in moving the shoulders and arms

a muscle that flattens the cheek and retracts the angle of the mouth

a skeletal muscle that adducts and rotates the arm

a skeletal muscle that draws down the scapula or raises the ribs

either of two large muscles of the chest

a large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and serving to abduct and flex and extend and rotate the arm

a broad flat muscle on either side of the back

shaped like a rhombus or rhomboid

any of several muscles of the upper back that help move the shoulder blade

a supporting structure of the shoulder consisting of the muscles and tendons that attach the arm to the shoulder joint and enable the arm to move

muscles that rotate the scapula and elevate the rib cage

the hollow under the arm where it is joined to the shoulder

the skeletal muscle having three origins that extends the forearm when it contracts

a muscle in the thigh that helps to rotate the leg into the sitting position assumed by a tailor; the longest muscle in the human body

the outermost of the three gluteal muscles

any of various straight muscles

a muscle of the thigh that extends the leg

the muscle in the back part of the leg that forms the greater part of the calf; responsible for the plantar flexion of the foot

a muscle running from the tibia to the first metatarsal and cuneiform bones

a deep muscle of the leg

the most common form of muscular dystrophy

a severe form of muscular dystrophy marked by generalized weakness and muscular wasting that affects the face and feet and hands and neck; difficult speech and difficulty with the hands that spreads to the arms and shoulders and legs and hips; the onset can be any time from birth to middle age and the progression is slow; inheritance is autosomal dominant

a painful and involuntary muscular contraction

the outermost layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells that slough off

the innermost layer of the epidermis

an epithelial cell that is flat like a plate and form a single layer of epithelial tissue

the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands

insoluble pigments that account for the color of e.g. skin and scales and feathers

the layer of epidermis immediately under the stratum corneum in the skin of the palms and soles

the layer of epidermis just under the stratum corneum or (on the palms and soles) just under the stratum lucidum; contains cells (with visible granules) that die and move to the surface

the crescent-shaped area at the base of the human fingernail

any of the glands in the skin that secrete perspiration

a cutaneous gland that secretes sebum (usually into a hair follicle) for lubricating hair and skin

childhood disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D

any of several fat-soluble vitamins essential for normal vision; prevents night blindness or inflammation or dryness of the eyes

a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets

a vitamin found in fresh fruits and vegetables

either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin

a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers

a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds; involves the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion from the water

any of various complex phenolic substances of plant origin

moderate sized very symmetrical red-flowered evergreen widely cultivated in the tropics for its flower buds which are source of cloves