types:
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layer
thin structure composed of a single thickness of cells
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apodeme
ridge-like ingrowth of the exoskeleton of an arthropod that supports internal organs and provides attachment points for muscles
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caliculus, calycle, calyculus
a small cup-shaped structure (as a taste bud or optic cup or cavity of a coral containing a polyp)
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tooth
toothlike structure in invertebrates found in the mouth or alimentary canal or on a shell
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pad
the fleshy cushion-like underside of an animal's foot or of a human's finger
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branchial cleft, gill cleft, gill slit
one of a series of slit openings in the pharynxes of fishes and aquatic amphibians through which water passes
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branchial arch, gill arch, gill bar
one of the bony or cartilaginous arches on each side of the pharynx that support the gills of fishes and aquatic amphibians
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peristome
region around the mouth in various invertebrates
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syrinx
the vocal organ of a bird
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bulb
a rounded dilation or expansion in a canal or vessel or organ
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carina
any of various keel-shaped structures or ridges such as that on the breastbone of a bird or that formed by the fused petals of a pea blossom
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cauda
any taillike structure
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chiasm, chiasma, decussation
an intersection or crossing of two tracts in the form of the letter X
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cingulum
(anatomy) an encircling structure (as the ridge around the base of a tooth)
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concha
(anatomy) a structure that resembles a shell in shape
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filament, filum
a threadlike structure (as a chainlike series of cells)
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germ
a small apparently simple structure (as a fertilized egg) from which new tissue can develop into a complete organism
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infundibulum
any of various funnel-shaped parts of the body (but especially the hypophyseal stalk)
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interstice
a small structural space between tissues or parts of an organ
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landmark
an anatomical structure used as a point of origin in locating other anatomical structures (as in surgery) or as point from which measurements can be taken
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limbus
a border or edge of any of various body parts distinguished by color or structure
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rib
a riblike supporting or strengthening part of an animal or plant
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blade
a broad flat body part (as of the shoulder or tongue)
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radicle
(anatomy) a small structure resembling a rootlet (such as a fibril of a nerve)
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plexus, rete
a network of intersecting blood vessels or intersecting nerves or intersecting lymph vessels
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tube, tube-shaped structure
(anatomy) any hollow cylindrical body structure
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passage, passageway
a path or channel or duct through or along which something may pass
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fundus
(anatomy) the base of a hollow organ or that part of the organ farthest from its opening
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funiculus
any of several body structure resembling a cord
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head
that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves
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bodily cavity, cavity, cavum
(anatomy) a natural hollow or sinus within the body
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root, tooth root
the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jaw and serves as support
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capsule
a structure that encloses a body part
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uvea
the part of the eye that contains the iris and ciliary body and choroid
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lens nucleus, nucleus
the central structure of the lens that is surrounded by the cortex
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membranous labyrinth
the sensory structures of the inner ear including the labyrinthine receptors and the cochlea; contained within the bony labyrinth
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bony labyrinth, osseous labyrinth
cavity in the petrous part of the temporal bone that contains the membranous labyrinth
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glans
a small rounded structure; especially that at the end of the penis or clitoris
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alveolar bed
lung tissue densely packed with alveoli
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valve
a structure in a hollow organ (like the heart) with a flap to insure one-way flow of fluid through it
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vascular structure
a structure composed of or provided with blood vessels
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lacrimal apparatus
the structures that secrete and drain tears from the eye
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cytoskeleton
a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence
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nucleolar organiser, nucleolar organizer, nucleolus organiser, nucleolus organizer
the particular part of a chromosome that is associated with a nucleolus after nuclear division
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centromere, kinetochore
a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape
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aster
star-shaped structure formed in the cytoplasm of a cell having fibers like rays that surround the centrosome during mitosis
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neural structure
a structure that is part of the nervous system
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fold, plica
a folded part (as in skin or muscle)
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convolution, gyrus
a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain
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cartilaginous structure
body structure given shape by cartilage
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ball
a more or less rounded anatomical body or mass
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plate
any flat platelike body structure or part
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horny structure, unguis
any rigid body structure composed primarily of keratin
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skeletal structure
any structure created by the skeleton of an organism
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costa
a riblike part of a plant or animal (such as a middle rib of a leaf or a thickened vein of an insect wing)
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head
the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint
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bridge
the hard ridge that forms the upper part of the nose
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rotator cuff
a supporting structure of the shoulder consisting of the muscles and tendons that attach the arm to the shoulder joint and enable the arm to move
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cornu
(anatomy) any structure that resembles a horn in shape
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corona
(anatomy) any structure that resembles a crown in shape
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receptor
a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
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zona, zone
(anatomy) any encircling or beltlike structure
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armature
a protective or defensive covering of a plant or animal
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blastocele, blastocoel, blastocoele, cleavage cavity, segmentation cavity
the fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula
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blastoderm, blastodisc, germinal area, germinal disc
a layer of cells on the inside of the blastula
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archenteron
central cavity of the gastrula; becomes the intestinal or digestive cavity
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hypodermis
layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle in e.g. arthropods
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vane, web
the flattened weblike part of a feather consisting of a series of barbs on either side of the shaft
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operculum
a hard flap serving as a cover for (a) the gill slits in fishes or (b) the opening of the shell in certain gastropods when the body is retracted
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comb
ciliated comb-like swimming plate of a ctenophore
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hoof
the horny covering of the end of the foot in ungulate mammals
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eyecup, optic cup
(embryology) a two-walled cuplike depression that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina
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denticle
small pointed ridge on the exoskeleton of an arthropod
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claw
sharp curved horny process on the toe of a bird or some mammals or reptiles
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calamus, quill, shaft
the hollow spine of a feather
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nervure, vein
one of the horny ribs that stiffen and support the wing of an insect
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birth canal
a passage in the uterus and vagina through which a fetus passes during vaginal birth
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carina fornicis
ridge on the lower surface of the fornix of the brain
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corpus mamillare, mamillary body, mammillary body
one of two small round structures on the undersurface of the brain that form the terminals of the anterior arches of the fornix
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keel
the median ridge on the breastbone of birds that fly
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chiasma opticum, optic chiasm, optic chiasma
the crossing of the optic nerves from the two eyes at the base of the brain
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nasal concha
one of several turbinate bones in the nasal cavity
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craniometric point
a landmark on the skull from which craniometric measurements can be taken
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aortic plexus
a plexus of lymph nodes in the lower portion of the abdominal aorta
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nerve plexus
a network of intersecting nerves
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tubule
a small tube
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salpinx
a tube in the uterus or the ear
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malpighian body, malpighian corpuscle, renal corpuscle
the capsule that contains Bowman's capsule and a glomerulus at the expanded end of a nephron
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meatus
a natural body passageway
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opening, orifice, porta
an aperture or hole that opens into a bodily cavity
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canal, channel, duct, epithelial duct
a bodily passage or tube lined with epithelial cells and conveying a secretion or other substance
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sinus
any of various air-filled cavities especially in the bones of the skull
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sinusoid
tiny endothelium-lined passages for blood in the tissue of an organ
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locule, loculus
a small cavity or space within an organ or in a plant or animal
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lumen
a cavity or passage in a tubular organ
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hair, pilus
any of the cylindrical filaments characteristically growing from the epidermis of a mammal
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carpal tunnel
a passageway in the wrist through which nerves and the flexor muscles of the hands pass
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socket
a bony hollow into which a structure fits
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pulp cavity
the central cavity of a tooth containing the pulp (including the root canal)
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cranial orbit, eye socket, orbit, orbital cavity
the bony cavity in the skull containing the eyeball
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ganglion
an encapsulated neural structure consisting of a collection of cell bodies of neurons
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epiglottis
a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing
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buccal cavity
the cavity between the jaws and the cheeks
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antrum
a natural cavity or hollow in a bone
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cloaca
(zoology) the cavity (in birds, reptiles, amphibians, most fish, and monotremes but not mammals) at the end of the digestive tract into which the intestinal, genital, and urinary tracts open
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vestibule
any of various bodily cavities leading to another cavity (as of the ear or vagina)
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root canal
the passage in the root of a tooth through which its nerve and blood vessels enter the pulp cavity
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pulp
the soft inner part of a tooth
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epicanthic fold, epicanthus
a vertical fold of skin over the nasal canthus; normal for Mongolian peoples; sometimes occurs in Down's syndrome
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eyeball, orb
the ball-shaped capsule containing the vertebrate eye
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auricle, ear, pinna
the externally visible cartilaginous structure of the external ear
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tragus
a small cartilaginous flap in front of the external opening of the ear
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mediastinum
the part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta and esophagus and trachea and thymus
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middle ear, tympanic cavity, tympanum
the main cavity of the ear; between the eardrum and the inner ear
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lens capsule
a tenuous mesoblastic membrane surrounding the lens of the eye
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cochlea
the snail-shaped tube (in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus) where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the organ of Corti
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glans clitoridis
small mass of erectile tissue at the end of the body of the clitoris
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glans penis
the conical mass of erectile tissue that forms the head of the penis
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pleural cavity
the cavity in the thorax that contains the lungs and heart
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chamber
an enclosed volume in the body
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cranial cavity, intracranial cavity
the cavity enclosed by the cranium
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cardiac valve, heart valve
a valve to control one-way flow of blood
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valvelet, valvula, valvule
a small valve
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vas, vessel
a tube in which a body fluid circulates
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amniotic cavity
the fluid-filled cavity that surrounds the developing embryo
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greater peritoneal sac, peritoneal cavity
the interior of the peritoneum; a potential space between layers of the peritoneum
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bursa omentalis, lesser peritoneal cavity, omental bursa
an isolated part of the peritoneal cavity that is dorsal to the stomach
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pericardial cavity, pericardial space
the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement
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vacuole
a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell
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reflex arc
the neural path of a reflex
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center, centre, nerve center, nerve centre
a cluster of nerve cells governing a specific bodily process
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cerebral hemisphere, hemisphere
either half of the cerebrum
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piriform area, piriform lobe, pyriform area, pyriform lobe
pear-shaped neural structure on either side of the brain in the rhinencephalon
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olfactory bulb
one of two enlargements at the terminus of the olfactory nerve at the base of the brain just above the nasal cavities
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brain, encephalon
that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord
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neencephalon, neoencephalon
the part of the brain having the most recent phylogenetic origin; the cerebral cortex and related parts
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palaeencephalon, paleencephalon, paleoencephalon
the more primitive parts of the brain phylogenetically; most structures other than the cerebral cortex
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hypophyseal stalk
the funnel-shaped stalk connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
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cerebellum
a major division of the vertebrate brain; situated above the medulla oblongata and beneath the cerebrum in humans
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cerebellar hemisphere
either of two lateral lobes of the cerebellum
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vermis, vermis cerebelli
the narrow central part of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres
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paleocerebellum
the anterior lobe of the cerebellum which was one of the earliest parts of the hindbrain to develop in mammals
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cerebral cortex, cerebral mantle, cortex, pallium
the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum
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geniculate body
one of four small oval masses that protrude slightly from the underside of the thalamus and function as synaptic centers on the way to the cerebral cortex
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frontal gyrus
any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
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temporal gyrus
any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum
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parietal gyrus
any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum
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occipital gyrus
any of the convolutions of the outer surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
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cerebrum
anterior portion of the brain consisting of two hemispheres; dominant part of the brain in humans
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central gyrus
either of two gyri on either side of the central sulcus
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bulb, medulla, medulla oblongata
lower or hindmost part of the brain; continuous with spinal cord; (`bulb' is an old term for medulla oblongata)
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forebrain, prosencephalon
the anterior portion of the brain; the part of the brain that develops from the anterior part of the neural tube
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hippocampus
a complex neural structure (shaped like a sea horse) consisting of grey matter and located on the floor of each lateral ventricle; intimately involved in motivation and emotion as part of the limbic system; has a central role in the formation of memories
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cingulate gyrus, gyrus cinguli
a long curved structure on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres; the cortical part of the limbic system
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telencephalon
the anterior division of the forebrain; the cerebrum and related parts of the hypothalamus
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betweenbrain, diencephalon, interbrain, thalmencephalon
the posterior division of the forebrain; connects the cerebral hemispheres with the mesencephalon
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limbic brain, limbic system, visceral brain
a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior
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subthalamus
the ventral part of the thalamus
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thalamus
large egg-shaped structures of grey matter that form the dorsal subdivision of the diencephalon
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hypothalamus
a basal part of the diencephalon governing autonomic nervous system
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mesencephalon, midbrain
the middle portion of the brain
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locus niger, nucleus niger, substantia nigra
a layer of deeply pigmented grey matter in the midbrain; associated with the striate body; is involved in metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease and with Huntington's disease
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hindbrain, rhombencephalon
the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem
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myelencephalon
the posterior part of the hindbrain in developing vertebrates; forms the medulla oblongata in adults
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pons, pons Varolii
a band of nerve fibers linking the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum with the midbrain
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brain stem, brain-stem, brainstem
the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus
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nucleus
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
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ventricle
one of four connected cavities in the brain; is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and contains cerebrospinal fluid
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radiation
a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
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medulla spinalis, spinal cord
a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain; a long tubelike structure extending from the base of the brain through the vertebral canal to the upper lumbar region
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ANS, autonomic nervous system
the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands
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choroid plexus, plexus choroideus
a vascular plexus of the cerebral ventricles that regulate intraventricular pressure
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lumbar plexus, plexus lumbalis
a lymphatic plexus located along the lower portion of the aorta and iliac vessels
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pterygoid plexus
a plexus of veins draining the region of the pterygoid muscles and draining into the internal maxillary and anterior facial veins
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sac
a structure resembling a bag in an animal
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uterine cavity
the space inside the uterus between the cervical canal and the Fallopian tubes
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umbilical, umbilical cord
membranous duct connecting the fetus with the placenta
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placenta
the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus
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rete testis
network of tubules carrying sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia
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spermatic cord
a structure resembling a cord that suspends the testis within the scrotum and contains the vas deferens and other vessels and nerves
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nasal cavity
either of the two cavities lying between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth and extending from the face to the pharynx
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nasopharynx
cavity forming the upper part of the pharynx
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oropharynx
cavity formed by the pharynx at the back of the mouth
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laryngopharynx
the lower part of the pharynx
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larynx, voice box
a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea; contains elastic vocal cords that are the source of the vocal tone in speech
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plica vocalis, vocal band, vocal cord, vocal fold
either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx
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esophagus, gorge, gullet, oesophagus
the passage between the pharynx and the stomach
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epicardia
the short part of the esophagus extending downward from the diaphragm to the stomach
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blind gut, caecum, cecum
the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens
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ileocecal valve
valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine; prevents material from flowing back from the large to the small intestine
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frill
(paleontology) a bony plate that curves upward behind the skull of many ceratopsian dinosaurs
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fauces
the passage between the back of the mouth and the pharynx
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fistula, sinus
an abnormal passage leading from a suppurating cavity to the body surface
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shunt
a passage by which a bodily fluid (especially blood) is diverted from one channel to another
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tubular cavity
a cavity having the shape of a tube
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armpit, axilla, axillary cavity, axillary fossa
the hollow under the arm where it is joined to the shoulder
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chest cavity, thoracic cavity
the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart
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rib cage
the bony enclosing wall of the chest
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areola
small space in a tissue or body part such as the area between veins on a leaf or an insect's wing
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abdomen, abdominal cavity
the cavity containing the major viscera; in mammals it is separated from the thorax by the diaphragm
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arch
a curved bony structure supporting or enclosing organs (especially the inner sides of the feet)
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heel
the back part of the human foot
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girdle
an encircling or ringlike structure
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lamina
a thin plate or layer (especially of bone or mineral)
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nail
horny plate covering and protecting part of the dorsal surface of the digits
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column
any tubular or pillar-like supporting structure in the body
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appendicular skeleton
the part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle and the upper and lower limbs
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axial skeleton
the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs
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back, backbone, rachis, spinal column, spine, vertebral column
the series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord
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costal cartilage
the cartilages that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs; its elasticity allows the chest to move in respiration
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metacarpus
the part of the hand between the carpus and phalanges
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metatarsus
the skeleton of the human foot between the toes and the tarsus; the corresponding part of the foot in birds or of the hind foot in quadrupeds
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tarsus
the part of the foot of a vertebrate between the metatarsus and the leg; in human beings the bones of the ankle and heel collectively
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pelvis, renal pelvis
a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney into which urine is discharged before passing into the ureter
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pelvic cavity
the space bounded by the bones of the pelvis and containing the pelvic viscera
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celom, celoma, coelom
a cavity in the mesoderm of an embryo that gives rise in humans to the pleural cavity and pericardial cavity and peritoneal cavity
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ruga
(anatomy) a fold or wrinkle or crease
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tentorium
(anatomy) a fold of dura mater that covers the cerebellum and supports the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
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zona pellucida
thick membrane around the mammalian ovum; can be penetrated by one sperm in the fertilization process; usually remains around the fertilized egg until it is implanted in the wall of the uterus
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alpha receptor, alpha-adrenergic receptor, alpha-adrenoceptor
receptors postulated to exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympathetic nervous system in order to explain the specificity of certain agents that affect only some sympathetic activities (such as vasoconstriction and relaxation of intestinal muscles and contraction of smooth muscles)
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beta receptor, beta-adrenergic receptor, beta-adrenoceptor
receptors postulated to exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympathetic nervous system in order to explain the specificity of certain agents that affect only some sympathetic activities (such as vasodilation and increased heart beat)
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zonula, zonule
small beltlike zone
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fossa, pit
a concavity in a surface (especially an anatomical depression)