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  1. microtubule
    a microscopically small tubule
    Microtubules Microtubules Microtubules Microtubules are the thickest of the three types; microfilaments microfilaments microfilaments microfilaments (actin) are the thinnest; and intermedia intermedia intermedia intermediate te te te filaments filaments filaments filaments are fibers with diameters in a middle range.
  2. Krebs cycle
    in all plants and animals, a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy
    The electron transport chain is found in the cristae, and
    chemiosmosis also takes place in the cristae, while the Krebs cycle takes place inside the
    mitochondrial matrix.
  3. centriole
    one of a pair of small cylindrical cell organelles near the nucleus in animal cells; composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis
    Centrosomes and Centrioles Centrosomes and Centrioles Centrosomes and Centrioles Centrosomes and Centrioles.
  4. eukaryotic
    having cells with `good' or membrane-bound nuclei
    A PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE CELL Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Differ in Size and Complexity All cells share certain defining characteristics.
  5. oligosaccharide
    any of the carbohydrates that yield only a few monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
    The carbohydrate section is called an oligosaccharide, the term for a relatively
    small polymer of sugar units.
  6. biosynthetic
    of or relating to biosynthesis
    The Endoplasmic Reticulum Manufactures Membranes and Performs Many Other Biosynthetic Functions The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a system so extensive it accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells.
  7. plasma membrane
    a thin membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell
    They are all surrounded by a plasma membrane.
  8. cytosol
    the aqueous part of the cytoplasm within which various particles and organelles are suspended
    Within the membrane is the cytosol cytosol cytosol cytosol, a semifluid substance in which organelles are found.
  9. cytoskeleton
    a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence
    THE CYTOSKELETON The cytoskeleton cytoskeleton cytoskeleton cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm.
  10. glycoprotein
    a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component
    Most secretory proteins are glycoproteins glycoproteins glycoproteins glycoproteins, proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates.
  11. organelle
    a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ
    Most organelles organelles organelles organelles, subcellular structures, are too small to be resolved by the light microscope.
  12. Golgi
    Italian histologist noted for work on the structure of the nervous system and for his discovery of Golgi bodies (1844-1926)
    The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope,
    endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
    various kinds of vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.
  13. ribosome
    a particle in a cell that helps synthesize proteins
    Animal Cell Structure Plant Cell Structure
    4 UNIT TWO: THE CELL Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell (Text from Biology, 6th Edition, by Campbell and Reece) THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
    The Nucleus Contains a Eukaryotic Cell’s Genetic Library
    Most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell are located in the

    nucleus nucleus nucleus nucleus.
  14. lysosome
    a membrane-bound organelle containing digestive enzymes
    The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope,
    endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
    various kinds of vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.
  15. light microscope
    microscope consisting of an optical instrument that magnifies the image of an object
    Light microscopes (LMs) Light microscopes (LMs) Light microscopes (LMs) Light microscopes (LMs) were used by Renaissance scientists and are common today.
  16. extracellular
    located or occurring outside a cell or cells
    This can be done through hardening the cell wall or adding a secondary cell wal
    secondary cell wal secondary cell wal secondary cell wall ll l between the plasma membrane and primary wall.
    12 UNIT TWO: THE CELL Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell (Text from Biology, 6th Edition, by Campbell and Reece) The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells Functions in Support, Adhesion, Mo...
  17. phospholipid
    any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base; an important constituent of membranes
    Enzymes of the smooth ER are important for producing lipids such as oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
  18. secondary cell
    a cell that can be recharged
    This can be done through hardening the cell wall or adding a secondary cell wal
    secondary cell wal secondary cell wal secondary cell wall ll l between the plasma membrane and primary wall.
    12 UNIT TWO: THE CELL Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell (Text from Biology, 6th Edition, by Campbell and Reece) The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells Functions in Support, Adhesion, Mo...
  19. plastid
    any of various small particles in the cytoplasm of the cells of plants and some animals containing pigments or starch or oil or protein
    Chloroplasts The chloroplast is a specialized member of a family of plant organelles called plastids plastids plastids plastids.
  20. cytoplasmic
    of or relating to cytoplasm
    In plant cells, actin-myosin interactions and sol-gel transformations may be involved in cytoplasmic cytoplasmic cytoplasmic cytoplasmic streaming streaming streaming streaming, the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells.
  21. vacuole
    a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell
    The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope,
    endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
    various kinds of vacuoles, and the plasma membrane.
  22. cytoplasm
    the substance inside a cell, not including the nucleus
    The entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called the cytoplasm cytoplasm cytoplasm cytoplasm.
  23. chloroplast
    organelle in which photosynthesis takes place
    Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are the M ain Energy Transform ers of C ells In eukar yotic cells, m itochondria and chloroplasts are responsible for converting energy t o fo rm s t h a t c e lls c a n u s e fo r w o rk . cellular r espiration, the process that sugars, f ats, and other fuels (found in Chlorop la s t s Chlorop la s t s Chlorop la s t s Chlorop la s t s photosy nthesis.
  24. reticulum
    any fine network
    Cells with a high rate of protein synthesis have more ribosomes.

    5 UNIT TWO: THE CELL Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell (Text from Biology, 6th Edition, by Campbell and Reece) Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol, while bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelop.
  25. myosin
    the commonest protein in muscle
    Interspersed between these are thicker filaments made of a protein called myosin
    myosin myosin myosin, which acts as a motor molecule by means of arms that “walk” along the actin filaments.
  26. plant cell
    a cell that is a structural and functional unit of a plant
    Animal Cell Structure Plant Cell Structure
    4 UNIT TWO: THE CELL Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell (Text from Biology, 6th Edition, by Campbell and Reece) THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
    The Nucleus Contains a Eukaryotic Cell’s Genetic Library
    Most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell are located in the

    nucleus nucleus nucleus nucleus.
  27. macromolecule
    any very large complex molecule
    A pore complex is an intricate protein structure
    that lines each pores and regulates the entry and exit of certain
    macromolecules and particles.
  28. ultracentrifuge
    a high speed centrifuge used to determine the relative molecular masses of large molecules in high polymers and proteins
    Ultracentrifuges Ultracentrifuges Ultracentrifuges Ultracentrifuges can spin as fast as 130,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) and apply forces on particles of more than 1 million times the force of gravity.
  29. mitochondrion
    part of a cell involved in energy production
    Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are the M ain Energy Transform ers of C ells In eukar yotic cells, m itochondria and chloroplasts are responsible for converting energy t o fo rm s t h a t c e lls c a n u s e fo r w o rk . cellular r espiration, the process that sugars, f ats, and other fuels (found in Chlorop la s t s Chlorop la s t s Chlorop la s t s Chlorop la s t s photosy nthesis.
  30. primary cell
    an electric cell that generates an electromotive force by an irreversible conversion of chemical to electrical energy; cannot be recharged
    A young plant cell first has a thin, flexible wall called the primary cell wall primary cell wall primary cell wall primary cell wall.
  31. cell
    the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
    Make Animal Cell Model
    Access Step-by-Step Instructions
    Learn How to Make Animal Cell Model
    howtotutorials.net
  32. electron microscope
    a microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light
    In the 1950s, the electron microsco electron microsco electron microsco electron microscope (EM) pe (EM) pe (EM) pe (EM) was introduced.
  33. flagellum
    a lash-like appendage used for locomotion
    These motor molecules bring
    about the movements of cilia and flagella by allowing components
    of the cytoskeleton to slide past each other.
  34. membrane
    a sheet of tissue that lines or connects organs or cells
    They are all surrounded by a plasma membrane.
  35. cilium
    a hairlike projection from the surface of a cell
    These motor molecules bring
    about the movements of cilia and flagella by allowing components
    of the cytoskeleton to slide past each other.
  36. vesicle
    a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure
    THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM Many of the different membranes in the eukaryotic cell are a part of an endomembrane system endomembrane system endomembrane system endomembrane system, related either through physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments such as vesicles vesicles vesicles vesicles.
  37. protein
    an organic compound essential to living cells
    All cells have chromosomes,
    which carry genes in the form of DNA. All cells also haver i bosom e s, tiny
    organelles that make proteins according to instructions from the genes.
  38. pseudopodium
    temporary outgrowth used by some microorganisms as an organ of feeding or locomotion
    Contraction through actin and myocin is also important in amoeboid movement, in which cells crawl along surfaces by extended and flowing into pseudopodia pseudopodia pseudopodia pseudopodia.
  39. actin
    one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split
    Microtubules Microtubules Microtubules Microtubules are the thickest of the three types; microfilaments microfilaments microfilaments microfilaments (actin) are the thinnest; and intermedia intermedia intermedia intermediate te te te filaments filaments filaments filaments are fibers with diameters in a middle range.
  40. enzyme
    a complex protein produced by cells that acts as a catalyst
    They have enough DNA to program metabolism and enough enzymes and other cellular equipment to carry out the functions of a cell.
  41. plasma
    the watery fluid in which blood cells are suspended
    They are all surrounded by a plasma membrane.
  42. matrix
    an enclosure within which something originates or develops
    The nuclear matrix is a framework of fibers
    extending throughout the interior.
  43. muscle cell
    an elongated contractile cell that forms the muscles of the body
    Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a specialized type of smooth ER in muscle cells.
  44. electron beam
    a group of nearly parallel lines of electromagnetic radiation
    Electron beams have wavelengths much shorter than those of visible light, and can practically achieve a resolution of 2 nm.
  45. hydrogen peroxide
    a viscous liquid with strong oxidizing properties
    They contain enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide as a reaction by-product.
  46. intracellular
    located or occurring within a cell or cells
    Lysosomes work toward carrying out intracellular digestion.
  47. detoxify
    remove poison from
    Enzymes of the smooth ER also help detoxify drugs and poisons by adding hydroxyl groups to drugs.
  48. supernatant
    of a liquid
    After that, cells are spun at low speeds and separated into the pellet, consisting of larger, heavier structures, concentrated at the bottom, and the supernatant, consisting of smaller, lighter parts of the cell and suspended in the liquid above the pellet.
  49. detoxification
    treatment for poisoning by neutralizing the toxic properties
    Functions of Smooth ER Smooth ER functions in the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons.
  50. homogenization
    the process of making milk uniform by breaking fat into tiny particles
    Homogenization is the first step, where cells are broken apart.
  51. hydrogen ion
    a positively charged atom of hydrogen
    By pumping hydrogen ions into
    the internal cavity, lysosomes can maintain a low pH so
    their enzymes can work.
  52. visible light
    (physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation
    Glass lenses refract visible light
    that has been passed through the specimen.
  53. photosynthesis
    formation of compounds in plants aided by radiant energy
    S in c e t h e c y t o s o l, in p la n t c e lls , is a thin layer next to the plasm a m em brane and tonoplast, the ratio of m em brane surface to cytosolic vo lume is great, even in In e u k a ry o t ic c e lls , m it o c h o n d ria a n d c h lo ro p la s t s a re re sponsible for converting M it o c h o n d ria M it o c h o n d ria M it o c h o n d ria M it o c h o n d ria are the sites of generates ATP by ex tracting energy from p la n t a n d a n i mal cells). a re fo u n d o n ly in ...
  54. nucleus
    a part of the cell responsible for growth and reproduction
    The entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called the cytoplasm cytoplasm cytoplasm cytoplasm.
  55. CRO
    electronic equipment that provides visual images of varying electrical quantities
    Drug Permeability CRO
    CACO-2, PAMPA, MDCK, PGP
    transporters.
  56. DNA
    material that carries genetic information in a cell
    All cells have chromosomes,
    which carry genes in the form of DNA. All cells also haver i bosom e s, tiny
    organelles that make proteins according to instructions from the genes.
  57. wavelength
    a way of thinking or coming to mutual understanding
    Resolution is limited by the shortest wavelength of light used to illuminate the specimen.
  58. structurally
    with respect to structure
    Bound and free ribosomes are structurally
    identical and can alternate between two roles.
  59. glucose
    a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms
    When glycogen is hydrolyzed to release glucose form the liver cells, glucose phosphate is released.
  60. centrifuge
    an apparatus that separates particles from a suspension
    A centrifuge spins test tubes at various speeds.
  61. organic compound
    any compound of carbon and another element or a radical
    The second C hapter Seven: A Tour of the C ell C hapter Seven: A Tour of the C ell C hapter Seven: A Tour of the C ell C hapter Seven: A Tour of the C ell E d it io n , b y Campbell and Reece) v a c u o le c a n h o ld re s e rv e s o f im p ortant organic compounds, such as proteins.
  62. metabolic
    of or relating to metabolism
    Peroxisomes Generate and Degrade H2O2 In Performing Various Metabolic Functions The peroxisome peroxisome peroxisome peroxisome is a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane.
  63. pore
    any tiny hole admitting passage of a liquid
    The envelope is perforated by
    pores.
  64. doublet
    a man's close-fitting jacket, worn during the Renaissance
    Nine doublets of microtubules, the members of each pair sharing part of their walls, are arrange din a
    ring.
  65. algae
    primitive chlorophyll-containing aquatic organisms
    C h lo ro p lasts C h lo ro p lasts C h lo ro p lasts C h lo ro p lasts are found only in plant and algae, and are t h e s it e s o f p h o t o s y n thesis.
  66. chemical process
    (chemistry) any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved
    Modern cell biology is cytology coupled with biochemistry, the study of molecules and chemical process in metabolism.
    2 UNIT TWO: THE CELL Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell (Text from Biology, 6th Edition, by Campbell and Reece) Cell Biologists Can Isolate Organelles Cell fractionation Cell fractionation Cell fractionation Cell fractionation is a process where cells are taken apart...
  67. carbon dioxide
    a colorless, odorless greenhouse gas essential for photosynthesis
    They convert solar energy to chem ical energy by absorbing sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic com pounds from carbon dioxide and water.
  68. electromagnet
    a temporary magnet made by coiling wire around an iron core
    The TEM aims an electron beam through a thin section of the
    specimen, while electromagnets are used to focus and magnify the image.
  69. convoluted
    highly complex or intricate
    The o u t e r m e m b ra n e is s m o o t h , w h ile t h e in n e r membrane is convoluted, with i n fo ld in g s c a lle d divides the mitochondrion into tw o internal com partm ents.
  70. bacterium
    a single-celled or noncellular organism lacking chlorophyll
    Light microscopes can only resolve detail as far as .2µm, which is the size of a small bacterium.
  71. chlorophyll
    any of green pigments found in photosynthetic organisms
    Chloroplasts store
    the green pigment chlorophyll as well as the enzymes and
    molecules that function in photosynthesis.
  72. primary
    of first rank or importance or value
    The nucleus directs protein synthesis by synthesizing messenger RNA and sending it to the cytoplasm.
    mRNA is made according to instructions provided by DNA. When an mRNA molecule reaches the
    cytoplasm, ribosomes will translate its message into the primary structure of a specific polypeptide.
  73. digest
    convert food into absorbable substances
    Lysosomes are Digestive Compartments A lysosomes lysosomes lysosomes lysosomes is a membrane-bounded sac of hydrolytic enzymes used to digest macromolecules.
  74. dioxide
    an oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in the molecule
    They convert solar energy to chem ical energy by absorbing sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic com pounds from carbon dioxide and water.
  75. specimen
    a bit of tissue or fluid taken for diagnostic purposes
    Glass lenses refract visible light
    that has been passed through the specimen.
  76. proportionally
    to a proportionate degree
    As an object increases in size, its volume grows proportionally more than its surface area.
  77. convert
    change the nature, purpose, or function of something
    Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are the M ain Energy Transform ers of C ells In eukar yotic cells, m itochondria and chloroplasts are responsible for converting energy t o fo rm s t h a t c e lls c a n u s e fo r w o rk . cellular r espiration, the process that sugars, f ats, and other fuels (found in Chlorop la s t s Chlorop la s t s Chlorop la s t s Chlorop la s t s photosy nthesis.
  78. nuclear
    constituting the core or central part
    It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, which is adouble
    membrane.
  79. hormone
    the secretion of an endocrine gland transmitted by the blood
    Sex hormones of vertebrates are an example of the steroids produced by the smooth ER. Cells that
    synthesize and secrete these hormones are rich in smooth ER.

    Liver cells store carbohydrate in the form of glycogen.
  80. flattened
    having been flattened
    The Golgi apparatus consists
    of several flattened membranous stacks, called cisternae.
  81. cellulose
    a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers
    Microfibrils
    made from cellulose are embedded in a matrix of other proteins and polysaccharides.
  82. gene
    part of DNA controlling physical characteristics and growth
    All cells have chromosomes,
    which carry genes in the form of DNA. All cells also haver i bosom e s, tiny
    organelles that make proteins according to instructions from the genes.
  83. reproductive
    producing new life or offspring
    There can be two or more nucleoli; the number depends on the species and stage in the cell’s reproductive cycle.
  84. muscle
    animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells
    Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a specialized type of smooth ER in muscle cells.
  85. secretion
    the organic process of releasing some substance
    Cells specializing in protein
    secretion have a high proportion of bound ribosomes.
  86. biologist
    a scientist who studies living organisms
    Modern cell biology is cytology coupled with biochemistry, the study of molecules and chemical process in metabolism.
    2 UNIT TWO: THE CELL Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell (Text from Biology, 6th Edition, by Campbell and Reece) Cell Biologists Can Isolate Organelles Cell fractionation Cell fractionation Cell fractionation Cell fractionation is a process where cells are taken apart...
  87. genetic
    relating to the study of heredity and variation in organisms
    Animal Cell Structure Plant Cell Structure
    4 UNIT TWO: THE CELL Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell Chapter Seven: A Tour of the Cell (Text from Biology, 6th Edition, by Campbell and Reece) THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
    The Nucleus Contains a Eukaryotic Cell’s Genetic Library
    Most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell are located in the

    nucleus nucleus nucleus nucleus.
  88. intestine
    the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus
    This is found in intestines,
    where it is important that no leaks occur.
  89. organs
    edible viscera of a butchered animal
    Internal Membranes Compartmentalize the Functions of a Eukaryotic Cell Eukaryotic cells are quite complex, with many membrane-bound organelles, also known as “little organs.”
  90. bacteria
    single-celled organisms that can cause disease
    Most bacteria are 1-10µm in diameter, while eukaryotic cells are typically 10 – 100µm in diameter.
Created on Tue Feb 22 19:25:56 EST 2011

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