Symbolic Relationships

Symbiotic Relationships (试发表) 非文学 译作

There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.

There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.

There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.

Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host.

Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host.

Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host.

Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host.

As an example, plants make chemicals toxic to fungal and bacterial parasites, along with ones toxic to predatory animals (sometimes they are the same chemicals).

In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.

The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries.

In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population.

Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population.

Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite.

Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them.

Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them.

Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another.

For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle.

It is difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized.

The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association.

In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it.

In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it.

In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only.

The ants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree.

They sting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) and even clip surrounding vegetation that grows near the tree.

○Human intervention may alter the host, the parasite. and the relationship between them.

○Organisms that survive a parasitic attack do so in spite of the natural selection process.

○Organisms that survive a parasitic attack do so in spite of the natural selection process.

○Substantially

According to paragraph 5, the relationship between legumes and bacteria benefits the soil by ○adding enriching carbohydrates ○speeding the decay of organic matter ○destroying enzymes that pollute it ○contributing nitrogen to it 9.

According to paragraph 5, the relationship between legumes and bacteria benefits the soil by ○adding enriching carbohydrates ○speeding the decay of organic matter ○destroying enzymes that pollute it ○contributing nitrogen to it 9.

○To demonstrate the unforeseen benefits of natural processes that at first seem wholly destructive

○To demonstrate the unforeseen benefits of natural processes that at first seem wholly destructive

Parasitic relationships involve the interplay of aggression by the parasite and resistance and adaptation by the host.