World History: Patterns of Interaction: Chapters 29–30

The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war was known as militarism.

In 1907, Britain made another entente, this time with both France and Russia. The Triple Entente, as it was called, did not bind Britain to fight with France and Russia.

This deadlocked region in northern France became known as the Western Front.

This set the stage for what became known as trench warfare. In this type of warfare, soldiers fought each other from trenches.

This set the stage for what became known as trench warfare. In this type of warfare, soldiers fought each other from trenches.

In January 1917, the Germans announced that their submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain. This policy was called unrestricted submarine warfare.

In January 1917, the Germans announced that their submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain. This policy was called unrestricted submarine warfare.

So many goods were in short supply that governments turned to rationing. Under this system, people could buy only small amounts of those items that were also needed for the war effort.

Governments also used propaganda, one-sided information designed to persuade, to keep up morale and support for the war.

The two signed an armistice, or an agreement to stop fighting. On November 11, World War I came to an end.

The guiding idea behind these points was self-determination. This meant allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live.

The Marxist revolutionaries believed that the industrial class of workers would overthrow the czar. These workers would then form “a dictatorship of the proletariat.” This meant that the proletariat—the workers—would rule the country.

Leaders of the Duma established a provisional government, or temporary government.

Socialist revolutionaries, competing for power, formed soviets. Soviets were local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers.

The Bolsheviks renamed their party the Communist Party. The name came from the writings of Karl Marx. He used the word communism to describe the classless society that would exist after workers had seized power.

The term totalitarianism describes a government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life.

In 1937, he launched the Great Purge, a campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened his power.

It combined them into large, government-owned farms, called collective farms. Hundreds of families worked on these farms, called collectives, producing food for the state.

In 1920, the Congress Party endorsed civil disobedience, the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law, and nonviolence as the means to achieve independence.