The Early Modern Period, c. 1450 to c. 1750: 4.1: Causes and Consequences of Iberian Maritime Exploration and Colonialism (Sources 1–12)

It seemed to Prince Henry that if he or some other lord did not endeavor to gain that knowledge, no mariners or merchants would ever dare to attempt it. (Source 6)

The second reason was that if there chanced to be in those lands some population of Christians into which it would be possible to sail without peril, many kinds of merchandise might be brought to this realm, which would find a ready market, and bring great profit to our countrymen. (Source 6)

The arrangement meant that the Portuguese needed to develop good relations with the Muslims in spite of their infidel beliefs. (Source 7)

Ultimately, the new Guinea trade money partially funded Christopher Columbus’ expedition to Central America and John Cabot’s expedition to Newfoundland. (Source 7)

Ultimately, the new Guinea trade money partially funded Christopher Columbus’ expedition to Central America and John Cabot’s expedition to Newfoundland. (Source 7)

If the night is overcast then he uses the south-pointing floating needle to determine south and north. (Source 9)

The Portuguese success would have been impossible without the Chinese compass, Arabic tables indicating the declination of the noonday sun at various latitudes, and the lateen sail, which was also an Arab innovation. (Source 10)

The Portuguese caravels were of mixed, or multiple, ancestry, with a traditional Atlantic hull and a rigging that combined the traditional Atlantic square sail with the lateen sail of Southern Ocean provenance. (Source 10)

The Portuguese caravels were of mixed, or multiple, ancestry, with a traditional Atlantic hull and a rigging that combined the traditional Atlantic square sail with the lateen sail of Southern Ocean provenance. (Source 10)

The Portuguese caravels were of mixed, or multiple, ancestry, with a traditional Atlantic hull and a rigging that combined the traditional Atlantic square sail with the lateen sail of Southern Ocean provenance. (Source 10)

Given that there was little demand in Southern Ocean ports for European trade goods, they would not have been able to sustain their Asian trade without this African gold. (Source 10)

The Spanish conquistadors saw themselves as “Romans in the New World” and the protagonists of an epic conquest that was equal to or greater than that of ancient empires. (Source 11)

The Spanish conquistadors saw themselves as “Romans in the New World” and the protagonists of an epic conquest that was equal to or greater than that of ancient empires. (Source 11)

Their monarchs successfully imposed significant aspects of their social, political, economic, cultural, and religious systems on the new territories. (Source 11)

Capitalizing on their military advantage, they exploited native labor to extract as much raw wealth as possible from their colonies. (Source 11)

Capitalizing on their military advantage, they exploited native labor to extract as much raw wealth as possible from their colonies. (Source 11)

Capitalizing on their military advantage, they exploited native labor to extract as much raw wealth as possible from their colonies. (Source 11)

They did not conquer vast territories and established monarchies or empires, and they initially did not carry out an expansive imperial project like that of the Spanish. (Source 11)

They did not conquer vast territories and established monarchies or empires, and they initially did not carry out an expansive imperial project like that of the Spanish. (Source 11)

The actual amount of territory that they claimed was small compared to the Spanish territorial conquests. (Source 11)