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  1. cingulate gyrus
    a long curved structure on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres; the cortical part of the limbic system
    [32] demonstrated in a population of 53 patients with probable AD (mean MMSE score 21.2, SD 3.6) that the NPI dysphoria score was associated with glucose hypometabolism in the bilateral superior frontal gyri and left anterior cingulate gyrus.
  2. dysphoria
    abnormal depression and discontent
    Anxiety was the most common abnormality (65.1 %), followed by apathy and dysphoria (58.7%).
  3. technetium
    a crystalline metallic element not found in nature
    In order to Headnote identify the relationship between regional cerebral perfusion and apathy, 20 of these AD patients underwent a technetium-99m-bicisate SPECT protocol within the same week as the NPI evaluation.
  4. positron emission tomography
    using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain)
    Positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) evidence in AD characteristic parietal and temporal deficits [16, 17].
  5. cholinergic
    releasing or activated by acetylcholine or a related compound
    Detecting and distinguishing such apathetic syndromes in AD patients has therapeutic implications taking into account that cholinergic compounds, which stabilize cognitive capacities, also act on this specific behavioral disturbance [36, 37].
  6. tomography
    (medicine) obtaining pictures of the interior of the body
    Positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) evidence in AD characteristic parietal and temporal deficits [16, 17].
  7. effector
    one who brings about a result or event
    The 3 anterior effector regions integrate ascending input coming from the visceral motor system, the cognitive-attentional networks and the skeletomotor centers in order to produce the affective motivation.
  8. positron
    an elementary particle with positive charge
    Positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) evidence in AD characteristic parietal and temporal deficits [16, 17].
  9. gyrus
    a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain
    [32] demonstrated in a population of 53 patients with probable AD (mean MMSE score 21.2, SD 3.6) that the NPI dysphoria score was associated with glucose hypometabolism in the bilateral superior frontal gyri and left anterior cingulate gyrus.
  10. collimator
    optical device consisting of a tube containing a convex achromatic lens at one end and a slit at the other with the slit at the focus of the lens; light rays leave the slit as a parallel beam
    Data were acquired 60 min after the injection, using a triple-head camera (Prism 3000; Picker, Cleveland, Ohio, USA) equipped with low-energy ultra-high-resolution fan beam collimators (one hundred and twenty 128 +/- 128 pixel projections of 50 s).
  11. behavioral
    of or relating to behavior
    However, AD also frequently involves complex disorders of affect and behavior, which are currently grouped under the heading 'behavioral and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia' (BPSSD).
  12. subcortical
    of or relating to or being or involving nerve centers below the cerebral cortex
    Apathy and other BPSSD can be correlated with neuroanatomical and neurochemical findings, i.e. the link between the dysfunction of cortical-subcortical regions and the onset of a particular behavioral disorder.
  13. dementia
    mental deterioration of organic or functional origin
    However, AD also frequently involves complex disorders of affect and behavior, which are currently grouped under the heading 'behavioral and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia' (BPSSD).
  14. visual cortex
    the cortical area that receives information from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
    The mean counts per pixel in each ROI were normalized by visual cortex uptake.
  15. neurochemical
    any organic substance that occurs in neural activity
    Apathy and other BPSSD can be correlated with neuroanatomical and neurochemical findings, i.e. the link between the dysfunction of cortical-subcortical regions and the onset of a particular behavioral disorder.
  16. commissure
    a bundle of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the brain or spinal cord
    Reconstructed transaxial cuts were reformatted into 4.4-mm-thick transverse slices parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure (ACPC) lines and analyzed with reference to the anatomical atlas of Talairach and Tournoux [24].
  17. computed tomography
    a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis
    Positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) evidence in AD characteristic parietal and temporal deficits [16, 17].
  18. metabolic rate
    rate of metabolism
    The authors reported a correlation between the global cortical metabolic rate and two clusters of noncognitive symptoms: agitation/disinhibition and anxiety/depression.
  19. pixel
    the smallest discrete component of an image on a screen
    Data were acquired 60 min after the injection, using a triple-head camera (Prism 3000; Picker, Cleveland, Ohio, USA) equipped with low-energy ultra-high-resolution fan beam collimators (one hundred and twenty 128 +/- 128 pixel projections of 50 s).
  20. right hemisphere
    the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the corpus callosum that controls the left half of the body
    Some degree of apathy is observed in brain injuries concerning frontal lobes [11] or the right hemisphere [12] and in negative schizophrenia [13].
  21. depressive
    someone suffering psychological depression
    The caregivers rated the patients as having significantly more depressive symptoms than did the patients themselves.
  22. abnormality
    an abnormal physical condition resulting from defective genes or developmental deficiencies
    Anxiety was the most common abnormality (65.1 %), followed by apathy and dysphoria (58.7%).
  23. dysfunction
    any disturbance in the working of an organ or body part
    Apathy and other BPSSD can be correlated with neuroanatomical and neurochemical findings, i.e. the link between the dysfunction of cortical-subcortical regions and the onset of a particular behavioral disorder.
  24. photon
    a tiny bundle of matter that transmits light
    Positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) evidence in AD characteristic parietal and temporal deficits [16, 17].
  25. frontal lobe
    that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the forehead
    Some degree of apathy is observed in brain injuries concerning frontal lobes [11] or the right hemisphere [12] and in negative schizophrenia [13].
  26. efferent
    of nerves and nerve impulses
    Following a review of the efferent and afferent connections it is possible to describe 4 cingulate regions [35].
Created on Mon Nov 04 14:05:33 EST 2013

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