YDS

About thirteen thousand years ago, when glaciers slowly receded, a new ecological area of marshes, grasslands and domestic animals emerged at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. (KPDS 2010)

Like many other people, novelists, poets and dramatists in the 1920s and 1930s were disillusioned by the inhuman conditions of World War I and by the failure of victory to fulfil its promises.

In ancient Egypt most people were poor, living in crowded conditions in simple mud-brick dwellings. During the period of prosperity, however, skilled artisans, such as jewellers, goldsmiths, and the like, could elevate themselves and enjoy nicer surroundings. ---- The vast majority of Egyptians, however, were peasants who, as unskilled labourers, provided the brute force necessary for agriculture and construction. Beneath them were slaves, typically captives from foreign wars rather than native

In ancient Egypt most people were poor, living in crowded conditions in simple mud-brick dwellings. During the period of prosperity, however, skilled artisans, such as jewellers, goldsmiths, and the like, could elevate themselves and enjoy nicer surroundings. ---- The vast majority of Egyptians, however, were peasants who, as unskilled labourers, provided the brute force necessary for agriculture and construction. Beneath them were slaves, typically captives from foreign wars rather than native

At a panel of historians, a controversial issue is under discussion. One of the historians has referred to a number of documents as evidence to defend his point of view. You notice that the contents of the documents significantly differ from each other and are mostly irrelevant. So you intervene by saying to this historian:

At a panel of historians, a controversial issue is under discussion. One of the historians has referred to a number of documents as evidence to defend his point of view. You notice that the contents of the documents significantly differ from each other and are mostly irrelevant. So you intervene by saying to this historian:

At a company meeting today, you are expected to present your report on the new trends in marketing. However, your little boy is suddenly taken ill and, therefore, it will be impossible for you to attend the meeting. So you call the director and ask him to excuse you, proposing that you submit the report at the next meeting.

vThe father of modern socialism, Karl Marx (1818-1883) was barely known in the early nineteenthcentury.

His reputation rose later, after 1848, when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to confirm his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists’ emphasis on peaceful reorganization of industrial society seem naive.

His reputation rose later, after 1848, when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to confirm his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists’ emphasis on peaceful reorganization of industrial society seem naive.

His reputation rose later, after 1848, when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to confirm his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists’ emphasis on peaceful reorganization of industrial society seem naive.

His reputation rose later, after 1848, when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to confirm his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists’ emphasis on peaceful reorganization of industrial society seem naive.

His reputation rose later, after 1848, when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to confirm his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists’ emphasis on peaceful reorganization of industrial society seem naive.

His reputation rose later, after 1848, when a wave of revolutions and violent confrontation seemed to confirm his distinctive theory of history and make earlier socialists’ emphasis on peaceful reorganization of industrial society seem naive.

As a child, he grew up in Trier, in the western section of Germany, in a region and a family keenly interested in the political debates and movements of the revolutionary era.

With the so-called Young Hegelian, a group of rebellious students who hated the narrow thinking of a deeply conservative Prussian university system, Marx appropriated Hegel’s concepts for his radical politics.

With the so-called Young Hegelian, a group of rebellious students who hated the narrow thinking of a deeply conservative Prussian university system, Marx appropriated Hegel’s concepts for his radical politics.

The paper’s criticism of legal privilege and political repression put it on a collision course with the Prussian government, which closed it down and sent Marx into exile – first in Paris, then Brussels, and eventually London.

The paper’s criticism of legal privilege and political repression put it on a collision course with the Prussian government, which closed it down and sent Marx into exile – first in Paris, then Brussels, and eventually London.

The paper’s criticism of legal privilege and political repression put it on a collision course with the Prussian government, which closed it down and sent Marx into exile – first in Paris, then Brussels, and eventually London.

(I) Cervantes’s masterpiece, the satirical novel Don Quixote, recounts the adventures of a Spanish gentleman, Don Quixote of La Mancha.

(I) Cervantes’s masterpiece, the satirical novel Don Quixote, recounts the adventures of a Spanish gentleman, Don Quixote of La Mancha.

(I) Cervantes’s masterpiece, the satirical novel Don Quixote, recounts the adventures of a Spanish gentleman, Don Quixote of La Mancha.

(I) Cervantes’s masterpiece, the satirical novel Don Quixote, recounts the adventures of a Spanish gentleman, Don Quixote of La Mancha.

(III) In the novel, Don Quixote is fifty years old and has already become unbalanced by his constant reading of chivalric epics.(IV)

(V) So, he sets out on a knightly adventure, imagining windmills to be giants, and flocks of sheep to be armies of infidels.

(V) So, he sets out on a knightly adventure, imagining windmills to be giants, and flocks of sheep to be armies of infidels.

(I) Between 1540 and 1660, Europe was racked by a combination of religious wars, political rebellions, and economic crises.

(II) Hence, confidence in traditional structures of social, religious, and political authority was undermined.

(IV) However, for artists andintellectuals, the period proved to be one of the most creative epochs in the history of Europe.

(V) Like shakespeare, Rembrandt knew that life’s journey is full of perils, but his most mature paintings suggest that these can be mastered with a courageous awareness of one’s human shortcomings.

(II) Seaborne trade flourished up and down the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, allowing smaller, seaside centres to become powerful merchant city-states.

(II) Seaborne trade flourished up and down the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, allowing smaller, seaside centres to become powerful merchant city-states.

(II) Seaborne trade flourished up and down the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, allowing smaller, seaside centres to become powerful merchant city-states.

(III) The great coastal cities of the eastern Mediterranean became wealthy entrepôts for the exchange of a bewildering variety of goods.(IV)

(V) At the same time, the great states of the region continued to exploit their control of overland trade routes, relying more than ever on moving goods to an international market.

(I) The Mongols were one of a number of nomadic peoples inhabiting the steppes of Central Asia.

(IV) Like many nomadic peoples throughout history, they were highly accomplished cavalry soldiers and constantly raided the sedentary peoples to their south.

(IV) Like many nomadic peoples throughout history, they were highly accomplished cavalry soldiers and constantly raided the sedentary peoples to their south.

The Germans did not cherish a keen interest in colonialism, but they were immensely interested in the imperial policies pursued by other European powers.

The Germans did not cherish a keen interest in colonialism, but they were immensely interested in the imperial policies pursued by other European powers.

The Germans did not cherish a keen interest in colonialism, but they were immensely interested in the imperial policies pursued by other European powers.

The loss of global biodiversity is occurring at an alarming rate.

Overfishing has depleted stocks around the world.

Poor farming practices have depleted soils while allowing the invasion of harmful species.

Poor farming practices have depleted soils while allowing the invasion of harmful species.

Especially in Europe, ecosystems have suffered more human-induced damage than those on any other continent.

Especially in Europe, ecosystems have suffered more human-induced damage than those on any other continent.

The spread of urbanization and the over-exploitation of resources is having an enormous impact on biodiversity.

In fact, the future of oil is not that much different from its past: undoubtedly, oil production and consumption will become cleaner and more efficient, but prices will continue to be volatile, and the oil industry will continue to be blamed for conflicts, corruption, and pollution.

And for all the current talk about the end of the oil age, it will remain a vital source of energy as it is now, nearly a century after the first warnings about soaring consumption and limited resources.

And for all the current talk about the end of the oil age, it will remain a vital source of energy as it is now, nearly a century after the first warnings about soaring consumption and limited resources.