World History: Patterns of Interaction: Chapters 34–35

Partition was the term given to the division of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations.

In 1987, Palestinians began to express their frustrations in a widespread campaign of civil disobedience called the intifada, or “uprising.” The intifada took the form of boycotts, demonstrations, attacks on Israeli soldiers, and rock throwing by unarmed teenagers.

Signed in 1979, the Camp David Accords ended 30 years of hostilities between Egypt and Israel and became the first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country.

The opposition forces banded together to form a group
known as the mujahideen, or holy warriors.

The government froze wages and cut back on social programs. This caused a decline in the standard of living, or level of material comfort, which is judged by the amount of goods people have.

By the early 1980s, a recession, or slowdown in the economy, gripped Brazil.

After independence, Nigeria adopted a federal system. In a federal system, power is shared between state governments and a central authority.

These officers abolished the regional governments and declared martial law, or temporary military rule.

General Abacha banned political activity and jailed dissidents, or government opponents.

It also instituted a policy of apartheid, complete separation of the races. The minority government banned social contacts between whites and blacks.

Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev and the Politburo—the ruling committee of the Communist Party—crushed all political disagreement.

Gorbachev realized that economic and social reforms could not occur without a free flow of ideas and information. In 1985, he announced a policy known as glasnost, or openness.

In 1985, Gorbachev introduced the idea of perestroika, or economic restructuring. In 1986, he made changes to revive the Soviet economy.

In 1980, Polish workers at the Gdansk shipyard went on strike, demanding government recognition of their union, Solidarity.

With the fall of Communism in East Germany, many Germans
began to speak of reunification—the merging of the two Germanys.

He embraced a set of goals known as the Four Modernizations. These called for progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and science and technology.