Unit 6: Chapter 21

Civil rights leaders in Montgomery quickly met and, after Jo Ann Robinson of the Women's Political Council (WPC) suggested the idea, decided to organize the Montgomery bus boycott.

In the fall of 1957, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus declared that he could not keep order if he had to enforce integration, or the bringing together of different races.

Founded by pacifists in 1942, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was dedicated to bringing about change through peaceful confrontation.

SCLC advocated the practice of nonviolent protest, a peaceful way of protesting against restrictive policies.

As you read in an earlier chapter, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) created the sit-in in 1943 to desegregate the Jack Spratt Coffee House in Chicago.

After the House of Representatives passed the bill, civil rights opponents in the Senate started a lengthy filibuster, exercising their right of unlimited day-and-night debate. (A filibuster is a tactic in which senators prevent a vote on a measure by taking the floor and refusing to stop talking.)

Johnson finally enlisted his former colleague, Republican minority leader Everett Dirksen, to support the rarely used procedure called cloture—a procedure that may be used to limit or end debate and call for a vote.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 had an impact on many areas, including voting, schools, and jobs.

He spread the ideas of black nationalism, a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community.

The civil rights movement focused on battling de jure segregation, racial separation created by law.

Changes in the law, however, did not address the more difficult issue of de facto segregation, the separation caused by social conditions such as poverty.

Changes in the law, however, did not address the more difficult issue of de facto segregation, the separation caused by social conditions such as poverty.