Unit 5: Chapter 19 and Chapter 20

One way was to establish satellite nations, countries subject to Soviet domination, on the western borders of the Soviet Union that would serve as a buffer zone against attacks.

Churchill also called on Americans to help keep Stalin from enclosing any more nations behind the iron curtain of Communist domination and oppression.

These two speeches of 1946—by Stalin and by Churchill—set the tone for the Cold War, the competition that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world.

The American policy of containment emerged from Jenna's analysis.

At the height of the Berlin airlift, nearly 13,000 tons of goods arrived in West Berlin daily.

This principle of mutual military assistance is called collective security.

The studios compiled a blacklist, a list circulated among employers, containing the names of persons who should not be hired.

At home, the military establishment became more powerful as it developed links to the corporate and scientific communities. These ties created a powerful military-industrial complex that employed 3.5 million Americans by 1960.

Nowhere was this competition more dangerous than in the arms race, the struggle to gain weapons superiority.

Deterrence is the policy of making the military power of the United States and its allies so strong that no enemy would dare attack for fear of retaliation.

Dulles explained the policy of brinkmanship this way: "The ability to get to the verge without getting into the war is necessary art. If you cannot master it, you inevitably get into war. If you try to run away from it, if you are scared to go to the brink, you are lost."

Per capita income, the average annual income per person, increased from $1,223 to $2,219 during the same period.

A conglomerate, a corporation made up of three or more unrelated businesses, was better able to defend against economic downturns.

Kroc built a nationwide chain of fast-food restaurants by selling eager entrepreneurs the right to open a franchise—a business that contracts to offer certain goods and services from a larger parent company.

In 1947, scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories invented the first transistor, a tiny circuit device that amplifies, controls, and generates electrical signals.

Members of the "Beat Generation," called beatniks, launched a different kind of challenge.

Truman's first priority was reconversion—the social and economic transition from wartime to peacetime.