Module 1: "Time Trip" and "Sudanese Tribes Confront Modern War"

Apart from an 11-year peace from 1972 to 1983, Sudan has been entrenched in war since it became an independent nation in 1956.

The 1,000-mile trek was grueling.

They went days without food or water, eating leaves and berries and sucking liquid from mud to stay alive. Exhausted, some boys died of starvation or dehydration.

And both honor their scrawny, hump-backed cattle as the center of the temporal world, at once wealth on the hoof and a mystical link to the spiritual plane [level].

And both honor their scrawny, hump-backed cattle as the center of the temporal world, at once wealth on the hoof and a mystical link to the spiritual plane [level].

And both honor their scrawny, hump-backed cattle as the center of the temporal world, at once wealth on the hoof and a mystical link to the spiritual plane [level].

Cattle raiding is a hoary [old, ancient] tradition of pastoralists [farmers] throughout East Africa, as natural here as a young man’s hungering for enough cows to pay the bride price for a wife, as normal as a neighbor striking at the intruders he sees hogging prime grazing land.

Cattle raiding is a hoary [old, ancient] tradition of pastoralists [farmers] throughout East Africa, as natural here as a young man’s hungering for enough cows to pay the bride price for a wife, as normal as a neighbor striking at the intruders he sees hogging prime grazing land.

Cattle raiding is a hoary [old, ancient] tradition of pastoralists [farmers] throughout East Africa, as natural here as a young man’s hungering for enough cows to pay the bride price for a wife, as normal as a neighbor striking at the intruders he sees hogging prime grazing land.

Cattle raiding is a hoary [old, ancient] tradition of pastoralists [farmers] throughout East Africa, as natural here as a young man’s hungering for enough cows to pay the bride price for a wife, as normal as a neighbor striking at the intruders he sees hogging prime grazing land.

That year, the Khartoum government imposed [forced on others] Islamic law on the entire country, including the parts that were not Muslim, like the south, where people mostly adhere [stick to] to traditional beliefs or Christianity.

That year, the Khartoum government imposed [forced on others] Islamic law on the entire country, including the parts that were not Muslim, like the south, where people mostly adhere [stick to] to traditional beliefs or Christianity.

Tradition in both tribes held that causing a death created “spiritual pollution.”

Rebel commanders argued to chiefs that a gun death carried no individual responsibility, that traditional belief did not apply in a “government war.” And the guerrillas came to see it the same way.

He found armed youths running roughshod in a society whose dysfunction paralleled that of inner cities 8,000 miles away: Arguments once settled by fighting with sticks were now being decided with assault weapons.

He found armed youths running roughshod in a society whose dysfunction paralleled that of inner cities 8,000 miles away: Arguments once settled by fighting with sticks were now being decided with assault weapons.

He found armed youths running roughshod in a society whose dysfunction paralleled that of inner cities 8,000 miles away: Arguments once settled by fighting with sticks were now being decided with assault weapons.