The Postclassical Period, c. 600 CE to c. 1450: Content Summary 3.2: Postclassical States: Byzantine Empire and European Kingdoms

Feudalism and vassalage became more common in response to the security concerns brought about by Viking and Magyar invasions. (3.2.A)

Feudal monarchies faced internal opposition from vassals seeking to minimize their tribute and military obligation to the Crown. (3.2.A)

While Latin remained the predominant language in the eastern Mediterranean, the Byzantine Empire was eventually administered in the Greek language. (3.2.A)

While Latin remained the predominant language in the eastern Mediterranean, the Byzantine Empire was eventually administered in the Greek language. (3.2.A)

These political and linguistic differences, as well as distinctions in religious doctrine, contributed to the East–West Schism of 1054, which formalized the separation between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. (3.2.A)

These political and linguistic differences, as well as distinctions in religious doctrine, contributed to the East–West Schism of 1054, which formalized the separation between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. (3.2.A)

These political and linguistic differences, as well as distinctions in religious doctrine, contributed to the East–West Schism of 1054, which formalized the separation between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. (3.2.A)

The Byzantine Empire had a sophisticated urban economy that included guilds and long-distance trade networks that connected it to Asian and Mediterranean markets. (3.2.B)

While most Byzantine agriculture took place on large estates with serfs, there was also considerable village production by free peasants who paid taxes. (3.2.B)

The economy of western Europe was largely agrarian, characterized by manorialism and its reliance on enserfed labor. (3.2.B)

Consumer demand for manufactured and traded goods was sustained largely by elite consumption. (3.2.B)

In the 11th century, popes began endorsing military campaigns to reclaim the Holy Land for Christendom. (3.2.C)

In the 11th century, popes began endorsing military campaigns to reclaim the Holy Land for Christendom. (3.2.C)

The later Crusades destabilized the Byzantine Empire and contributed to its decline. (3.2.C)

This increase in connections around the Mediterranean led to the diffusion of Arab mathematical and scientific knowledge as well as Byzantine and Arab scholarship pertaining to Greco-Roman philosophy, which had a significant impact on the intellectual development of western Europe. (3.2.C)