Cloning

Viviane M. (Switzerland)
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  1. therapeutic cloning
    nuclear transplantation of a patient's own cells to make an oocyte from which immune-compatible cells (especially stem cells) can be derived for transplant
    Regarding human cloning, scientists and policymakers generally make a distinction between
    reproductive and therapeutic cloning.
  2. reproductive cloning
    making a full living copy of an organism
    Reproductive cloning, the process used to create Dolly the sheep, involves implanting an
    embryo into a female’s uterus.
  3. cloning
    a general term for the research activity that creates a copy of some biological entity (a gene or organism or cell)
    Cloning: Reading
    (Source: www.deliberating.org)
  4. clone
    a genetically identical organism derived from a single cell
    Cloning: Reading
    (Source: www.deliberating.org)
  5. stem cell
    an undifferentiated cell whose daughter cells may differentiate into other cell types (such as blood cells)
    Instead, therapeutic cloning
    focuses on stem cells and how they develop.
  6. reproductive
    producing new life or offspring
    Regarding human cloning, scientists and policymakers generally make a distinction between
    reproductive and therapeutic cloning.
  7. embryo
    an animal organism in the early stages of growth
    After receiving a careful burst of
    electricity, the egg begins to divide into an embryo as if sperm had fertilized it.
  8. in vitro
    in an artificial environment outside the living organism
    Kinds of Cloning
    Cloning is different from other forms of assisted reproduction, such as artificial insemination
    or in vitro fertilization.
  9. genetic
    relating to the study of heredity and variation in organisms
    In 1996, scientists in Scotland created Dolly, a sheep who was an identical genetic copy of her mother.
  10. cell
    the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
    Officials and citizens around the world are discussing the uses of human cells in medical research and the prospect of reproducing people through cloning.
  11. genetic defect
    a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically
    Some researchers use therapeutic cloning to understand genetic defects.
  12. implantation
    the act of planting or setting in the ground
    If the implantation is successful, the embryo grows and is born
    just like any other baby.
  13. uterus
    a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females
    Reproductive cloning, the process used to create Dolly the sheep, involves implanting an
    embryo into a female’s uterus.
  14. artificial insemination
    the introduction of semen into the oviduct or uterus by some means other than sexual intercourse
    Kinds of Cloning
    Cloning is different from other forms of assisted reproduction, such as artificial insemination
    or in vitro fertilization.
  15. genome
    the full DNA sequence of an organism
    A 1998 United Nations General Assembly declaration stated that “Practices
    which are contrary to human dignity, such as reproductive cloning of human beings, shall not be
    permitted” (Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights).
  16. fertilization
    making productive by adding nutrients
    Kinds of Cloning
    Cloning is different from other forms of assisted reproduction, such as artificial insemination
    or in vitro fertilization.
  17. insemination
    the introduction of semen into the genital tract of a female
    Kinds of Cloning
    Cloning is different from other forms of assisted reproduction, such as artificial insemination
    or in vitro fertilization.
  18. fetus
    an unborn vertebrate in the later stages of development
    Despite this
    versatility, stem cells “do not themselves have the capacity to form a fetus or a newborn animal”
    (COSEPUP, 2002).
  19. degenerative
    (of illness) marked by gradual deterioration of organs and cells along with loss of function
    They also use therapeutic cloning to learn how to renew cells or tissues in people who suffer
    from degenerative diseases or crippling injuries.
  20. sperm
    the male reproductive cell; the male gamete
    In assisted reproduction, the sperm of a male donor is brought together
    with the egg of a female donor, just like in natural reproduction.
  21. placenta
    the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus
    The outer layer of cells—which would have grown into the placenta, the means
    for nutrients to pass to a growing fetus—is discarded.
  22. incurably
    in a manner impossible to cure
    “Obtaining cells and tissues through therapeutic cloning gives a
    great hope to a number of incurably ill patients,” says Professor Eva Syklová, director of the
    Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Academy of Sciences in Prague.
  23. donor
    a person who makes a gift of money, property, etc.
    In assisted reproduction, the sperm of a male donor is brought together
    with the egg of a female donor, just like in natural reproduction.
  24. fertilize
    provide with fertilizers or add nutrients to
    After receiving a careful burst of
    electricity, the egg begins to divide into an embryo as if sperm had fertilized it.
  25. reconsideration
    thinking again about a choice previously made
    In 2006, the
    Australian parliament overturned a ban on therapeutic cloning, and a five-year ban in Russia is
    due for reconsideration in 2007.
  26. reproduction
    the act of making copies
    Kinds of Cloning
    Cloning is different from other forms of assisted reproduction, such as artificial insemination
    or in vitro fertilization.
  27. fertility
    the state of being capable of producing offspring
    Fertility clinics routinely discard these unused embryos.
  28. genetics
    the study of heredity and variation in organisms
    The applications of research, including applications in
    biology, genetics and medicine, concerning the human genome, shall seek to offer relief from
    suffering and improve the health of individuals and humankind as a whole” (Article 12).
  29. implant
    fix or set securely or deeply
    Reproductive cloning, the process used to create Dolly the sheep, involves implanting an
    embryo into a female’s uterus.
  30. humankind
    all of the living human inhabitants of the earth
    The applications of research, including applications in
    biology, genetics and medicine, concerning the human genome, shall seek to offer relief from
    suffering and improve the health of individuals and humankind as a whole” (Article 12).
  31. donate
    give to a charity or good cause
    Cell Sources for Cloning
    Currently, surplus embryos donated by parents undergoing in vitro fertilization are used as a
    source for stem cells.
  32. nutrient
    any substance that can be metabolized to give energy
    The outer layer of cells—which would have grown into the placenta, the means
    for nutrients to pass to a growing fetus—is discarded.
  33. versatility
    having a wide variety of skills
    Despite this
    versatility, stem cells “do not themselves have the capacity to form a fetus or a newborn animal”
    (COSEPUP, 2002).
  34. ethics
    motivation based on ideas of right and wrong
    While the same techniques are used in the initial stages of
    both processes (German National Ethics Council, 2004), they quickly differ in important ways
    (Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, 2002).
  35. alleviate
    provide physical relief, as from pain
    Supporters argue that therapeutic cloning holds great promise to alleviate human suffering
    and advance human knowledge.
  36. discard
    anything that is cast aside
    Fertility clinics routinely discard these unused embryos.
  37. versatile
    having great diversity or variety
    These cells are very versatile: all the specialized
    cells of the body—bone, blood, nerves, muscles, skin—develop from stem cells.
  38. ethic
    the principles of right and wrong for an individual or group
    While the same techniques are used in the initial stages of
    both processes (German National Ethics Council, 2004), they quickly differ in important ways
    (Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, 2002).
  39. tissue
    part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells
    They also use therapeutic cloning to learn how to renew cells or tissues in people who suffer
    from degenerative diseases or crippling injuries.
  40. duplicate
    a copy that corresponds to an original exactly
    Since that time, scientists in other parts of the world have produced genetic duplicates of such animals as a cow, a mouse, a cat, a dog, a horse, a pig, and even a ferret.
  41. reproduce
    make a copy or equivalent of
    Officials and citizens around the world are discussing the uses of human cells in medical research and the prospect of reproducing people through cloning.
  42. nucleus
    a part of the cell responsible for growth and reproduction
    Cloning, by contrast, involves
    transferring the genetic material from the nucleus of one adult cell of an organism and placing it
    into an egg whose genetic material has been removed.
  43. egg
    animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes; especially the thin-shelled reproductive body laid by e.g. female birds
    In assisted reproduction, the sperm of a male donor is brought together
    with the egg of a female donor, just like in natural reproduction.
  44. dignity
    the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect
    A 1998 United Nations General Assembly declaration stated that “Practices
    which are contrary to human dignity, such as reproductive cloning of human beings, shall not be
    permitted” (Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights).
Created on Wed Sep 29 15:47:04 EDT 2010

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