L2 phonology

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words only definitions & notes
  1. acoustic
    relating to the study of the physical properties of sound
    acoustic phonetics vs.
    auditory phonetics
  2. allophone
    (linguistics) any of various acoustically different forms of the same phoneme
    INTERLANGUAGE TRANSFER
    When a language learner attempts to produce an L2 sound their relative success at approaching the target is reliant on their ability to disassociate their L2 utterance from their repertoire of L1 phonemes and allophones.
  3. alveolar
    pertaining to the tiny air sacs of the lungs
    Other phonological universal tendencies include devoicing of word-final obstruents and affrication of the word-final alveolar fricative /s/ (Takahashi, 1987).
  4. articulation
    the manner in which things come together and are connected
    ELISION AND EPENTHESIS
    Elision is the non-articulation of a sound and epenthesis is the addition of a sound to a word in the L2. Both are a negative transfer effect of phonotactic constraints in the L1.

    7.
  5. aspirate
    suck in (air)
    Gimson & Cruttenden (1994) assert the opposite by stating that for minimal intelligibility it is not acceptable to replace /θ/ and /ð/ with dental aspirated /tʰ/ and /dʰ.
  6. assimilate
    make alike
    From this it could be hypothesised that in interlanguage transfer, first languages with a greater propensity towards open syllables will have a greater degree of difficulty in assimilating the syllable structure of English.
  7. consonant
    a speech sound that is not a vowel
    Languages vary widely as to whether and how much vowel duration is affected by the following consonant.
  8. contrastive
    strikingly different
    As discussed previously, a very useful observation to consider in the contrastive analysis of various language groups and their L2 English production is that nationalities with a vastly different phonetic inventory to that of English, often find it
  9. dental
    of or relating to the teeth
    Gimson & Cruttenden (1994) assert the opposite by stating that for minimal intelligibility it is not acceptable to replace /θ/ and /ð/ with dental aspirated /tʰ/ and /dʰ.
  10. devoice
    utter with tense vocal chords
    Other phonological universal tendencies include devoicing of word-final obstruents and affrication of the word-final alveolar fricative /s/ (Takahashi, 1987).
  11. dialect
    the usage or vocabulary characteristic of a group of people
    Joint Publications Research Service, Washington D.C.).

    Payne, A.C. (1976) The Acquisition of the Phonological System of a Second Dialect.
  12. diphthong
    a sound that glides between two vowels in a single syllable
    I disagree with this generalisation and maintain that the length contrast of /iː/ versus /ɪ/ being phonemic in English and phonetic in Korean causes a negative transfer effect which is compounded rather than assisted by a NNS to NNS interaction.

    b) Diphthongs
    Diphthong length but not quality is essential to intelligibility as diphthong quality varies between groups of NS without a great loss intelligibility, length however is more critical.
  13. elision
    a deliberate act of omission
    ELISION AND EPENTHESIS
    Elision is the non-articulation of a sound and epenthesis is the addition of a sound to a word in the L2. Both are a negative transfer effect of phonotactic constraints in the L1.

    7.
  14. epenthesis
    the insertion of a vowel or consonant into a word to make its pronunciation easier
    ELISION AND EPENTHESIS
    Elision is the non-articulation of a sound and epenthesis is the addition of a sound to a word in the L2. Both are a negative transfer effect of phonotactic constraints in the L1.

    7.
  15. fricative
    a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract
    Other phonological universal tendencies include devoicing of word-final obstruents and affrication of the word-final alveolar fricative /s/ (Takahashi, 1987).
  16. function word
    a word that is uninflected and serves a grammatical function but has little identifiable meaning
    When this is transferred to the L2 the main stress may fall on unimportant grammatical words (prepositions, articles, etc.) instead of function words (nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs).
  17. grammatical
    of or pertaining to the rules that structure language
    Avoidance strategies may be employed at the grammatical as well as at the phonemic level.
  18. indefinite article
    a determiner that indicates nonspecific reference
    In the above story (if the quotation is accurate) the Korean speaker has avoided the indefinite article an and has produced the grammatical utterance "Yes, I need adaptor" not "Yes I need a dapter."
  19. interlanguage
    a common language used by speakers of different languages
    Pronunciation errors have long been thought to be caused by the transfer of phonological aspects from the L1 to the L2. While a significant portion of errors may be attributed to interlanguage transfer (2.1) according to Selinker (1972), inter and
  20. intonation
    the act of singing in a monotonous tone
    Jenkinsâ understanding of intonation is limited to anecdotal evidence so a more thorough contrastive acoustic analysis should reveal more significant negative transfer effects.
  21. lexicon
    a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words
    lexis, lexical (words, vocabulary)
  22. linguistic
    consisting of or related to language
    linguist, lingual
  23. native speaker
    a speaker of a particular language who has spoken that language since earliest childhood
    non-native speaker, English user, functional native speaker
  24. noun
    a content word referring to a person, place, thing or action
    verb, adjective, adverb (content words)
    pronouns
  25. obstruent
    a consonant that is produced with a partial or complete blockage of the airflow from the lungs through the nose or mouth
    stop
    obstruct, obstruction
  26. orthography
    representing the sounds of a language by written symbols
    spelling
  27. phoneme
    a distinct speech sound in a particular language
    phonology, phonemic, allophone
  28. phonetic
    using symbols to represent each speech sound
    phonetic
  29. phonological
    of or relating to phonology
    Pronunciation errors have long been thought to be caused by the transfer of phonological aspects from the L1 to the L2. While a significant portion of errors may be attributed to interlanguage transfer (2.1) according to Selinker (1972), inter and intra speaker variables exist which may be attributed to other recognised items.
  30. phonology
    the study of the sound system of a given language
    Many studies have been undertaken to determine the degree of difficulty in acquisition of the various elements of L2 phonology (Altenberg and Vago, 1983; Broselow 1984; Ferguson, 1984; Payne, 1976) based on markedness theory of universals.
  31. pragmatic
    concerned with practical matters
    practical
  32. preposition
    a word before a noun or pronoun connecting to another word
    When this is transferred to the L2 the main stress may fall on unimportant grammatical words (prepositions, articles, etc.) instead of function words (nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs).
  33. repertoire
    the range of skills in a particular field or occupation
    repertoire of phonemes = personal set
    phonemic inventory = language set
  34. retroflex
    bent or curved backward
    flex backwards (makijita)
  35. stylistic
    of or relating to style (especially in the use of language)
    STYLISTIC VARIATION
    Variations in style of speech occur according to psycholinguistic factors such as the situation, the context, the addressee(s) and the location.
  36. syllable
    a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme
    In all languages there appears to be a universal preference for the open CV syllable.
  37. syntactic
    of or relating to or conforming to the rules of syntax
    When the learner’s L1 uses syntactic instead of intonational means to indicate contrastive stress, prominence may be neglected by the speaker.
  38. unmarked
    not having an identifying mark
    They are also referred to as being unmarked, (common and regularly occurring phenomena), or inversely, as being marked (distinctive and unique phenomena).
  39. unstressed
    not bearing an accent
    Taiwanese /pɒdʌk/ for product.

    f) Word stress
    Dalton and Seidlhofer (1994) have shown that NS listeners identify words on the basis of their stress patterns, first picking out the stressed syllable and then searching their mental lexicons on the basis of this syllable, judging possible candidates according to how well they fit the unstressed syllables on either side of it.
  40. vowel
    a speech sound made with the vocal tract open
    For example, Japanese students have an advantage over Koreans when it comes to the production of English vowels.

    cf. consonant
  41. word stress
    the distribution of stresses within a polysyllabic word
    Taiwanese /pɒdʌk/ for product.

    f) Word stress
    Dalton and Seidlhofer (1994) have shown that NS listeners identify words on the basis of their stress patterns, first picking out the stressed syllable and then searching their mental lexicons on the basis of this syllable, judging possible candidates according to how well they fit the unstressed syllables on either side of it.
Created on Mon Apr 05 20:58:47 EDT 2010 (updated Mon Apr 05 21:21:33 EDT 2010)

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