types:
anacoluto
an abrupt change within a sentence from one syntactic structure to another
repetición
the repeated use of the same word or word pattern as a rhetorical device
antífrasis
the use of a word in a sense opposite to its normal sense (especially in irony)
antítesis
the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance
apóstrofe
address to an absent or imaginary person
catacresis
strained or paradoxical use of words either in error (as `blatant' to mean `flagrant') or deliberately (as in a mixed metaphor: `blind mouths')
quiasmo
inversion in the second of two parallel phrases
clímax
arrangement of clauses in ascending order of forcefulness
énfasis
special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g.
enálage
a substitution of part of speech or gender or number or tense etc. (e.g., editorial `we' for `I')
endíadis
use of two conjoined nouns instead of a noun and modifier
hipálage
reversal of the syntactic relation of two words (as in `her beauty's face')
hipérbaton
reversal of normal word order (as in `cheese I love')
lítote
understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary)
onomatopeya
using words that imitate the sound they denote
paralipsis
suggesting by deliberately concise treatment that much of significance is omitted
polisíndeton
using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in `he ran and jumped and laughed for joy')
prolepsis
anticipating and answering objections in advance
tropo
language used in a figurative or nonliteral sense
anadiplosis
repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next
geminación
the doubling of a word or phrase (as for rhetorical effect)
anáfora,
epanáfora
repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses
anáfora
using a pronoun or similar word instead of repeating a word used earlier
epanadiplosis
repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning and another at the end of successive clauses, i.e., simultaneous use of anaphora and epistrophe
ironía
a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs
metáfora
a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity
metonímia
substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in `they counted heads')
oxímoron
conjoining contradictory terms (as in `deafening silence')
símil
a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with `like' or `as')
sinécdoque
substituting a more inclusive term for a less inclusive one or vice versa
ceugma,
zeugma
use of a word to govern two or more words though appropriate to only one