- Types:
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acylation
the process of introducing an acyl group into a compound
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agglutinating activity, agglutination
the coalescing of small particles that are suspended in solution; these larger masses are then (usually) precipitated
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amylolysis
conversion of starch to sugar
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association
(chemistry) any process of combination (especially in solution) that depends on relatively weak chemical bonding
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blueing, bluing
a process that makes something blue (or bluish)
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calcification
a process that impregnates something with calcium (or calcium salts)
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catalysis, contact action
acceleration of a chemical reaction induced the presence of material that is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction
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chelation
the process of forming a ring by forming one or more hydrogen bonds
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chemical reaction, reaction
(chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others
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chlorination
the addition or substitution of chlorine in organic compounds
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cleavage
the breaking of a chemical bond in a molecule resulting in smaller molecules
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corroding, corrosion, erosion
erosion by chemical action
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cracking
the process whereby heavy molecules of naphtha or petroleum are broken down into hydrocarbons of lower molecular weight (especially in the oil-refining process)
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deamination, deaminization
removal of the amino radical from an amino acid or other amino compound
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decalcification
loss of calcium from bones or teeth
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decarboxylation
the process of removing a carboxyl group from a chemical compound (usually replacing it with hydrogen)
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de-iodination
the removal of iodine atoms from organic compounds
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demineralisation, demineralization
the removal of minerals and mineral salts from a liquid (especially from water)
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desalination, desalinisation, desalinization
the removal of salt (especially from sea water)
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digestion
the process of decomposing organic matter (as in sewage) by bacteria or by chemical action or heat
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dissociation
(chemistry) the temporary or reversible process in which a molecule or ion is broken down into smaller molecules or ions
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gasification
the process of changing into gas
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gassing
the process of interacting with gas
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hydrogenation
a chemical process that adds hydrogen atoms to an unsaturated oil
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intumescence, intumescency, swelling
the increase in volume of certain substances when they are heated (often accompanied by release of water)
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inversion
a chemical process in which the direction of optical rotation of a substance is reversed from dextrorotatory to levorotary or vice versa
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iodination
the substitution or addition of iodine atoms in organic compounds
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chemical mechanism, mechanism
the atomic process that occurs during a chemical reaction
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nitrification
the chemical process in which a nitro group is added to an organic compound (or substituted for another group in an organic compound)
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peptisation, peptization
the process of converting to a sol; bringing to a colloidal solution
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photosynthesis
synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants)
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polymerisation, polymerization
a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound
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precipitation
the process of forming a chemical precipitate
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proteolysis
the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds
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pyrochemical process, pyrochemistry
processes for chemical reactions at high temperatures
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sequestration
the action of forming a chelate or other stable compound with an ion or atom or molecule so that it is no longer available for reactions
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synaeresis, syneresis
the separation of liquid from a gel that is caused by contraction (as in cheese making)
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synthesis
the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds)
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transamination
the process of transfering an amino group from one compound to another
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transamination
the process of transposing an amino group within a chemical compound
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ferment, fermentation, fermenting, zymolysis, zymosis
a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances; especially, the anaerobic breakdown of sugar into alcohol
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acetylation
the process of introducing an acetyl group into a compound
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addition reaction
a chemical reaction in which one molecule is added to another
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aldol reaction
a reaction of aldehydes resulting in an aldol
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autocatalysis
catalysis in which the catalyst is one of the products of the reaction
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biochemical mechanism
a chemical mechanism involved in vital processes occurring in living organisms
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biogenesis, biosynthesis
production of a chemical compound by a living organism
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bottom fermentation
a slow kind of alcoholic fermentation at a temperature low enough that the yeast cells can sink to the bottom of the fermenting liquid; used in the production of lager
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chain reaction
a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one is a reactant in the next
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chemical equilibrium, equilibrium
a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates
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chemosynthesis
synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water; limited to certain bacteria and fungi
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chemical decomposition reaction, decomposition, decomposition reaction
(chemistry) separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance
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displacement, displacement reaction
(chemistry) a reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element from a compound
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double decomposition, double decomposition reaction, metathesis
a chemical reaction between two compounds in which parts of each are interchanged to form two new compounds (AB+CD=AD+CB)
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elimination reaction
a chemical reaction in which a molecule decomposes to two different molecules
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endothermic reaction
a chemical reaction accompanied by the absorption of heat
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exothermic reaction
a chemical reaction accompanied by the evolution of heat
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hydration
the process of combining with water; usually reversible
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hydrocracking
the process whereby hydrocarbon molecules of petroleum are broken down into kerosene and gasolene by the addition of hydrogen under high pressure in the presence of a catalyst
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hydrolysis
a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds; involves the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion from the water
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neutralisation, neutralisation reaction, neutralization, neutralization reaction
a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base interact with the formation of a salt; with strong acids and bases the essential reaction is the combination of hydrogen ions with hydroxyl ions to form water
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nucleosynthesis
(astronomy) the cosmic synthesis of atoms more complex than the hydrogen atom
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ossification
the calcification of soft tissue into a bonelike material
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oxidation, oxidisation, oxidization
the process of oxidizing; the addition of oxygen to a compound with a loss of electrons; always occurs accompanied by reduction
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oxidation-reduction, oxidoreduction, redox
a reversible chemical reaction in which one reaction is an oxidation and the reverse is a reduction
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photochemical reaction
a chemical reaction produced by the action of light
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indentation, pitting, roughness
the formation of small pits in a surface as a consequence of corrosion
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prechlorination
chlorination prior to another chemical process
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reducing, reduction
any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent
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rust, rusting
the formation of reddish-brown ferric oxides on iron by low-temperature oxidation in the presence of water
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saponification
a chemical reaction in which an ester is heated with an alkali (especially the alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or oil to make soap)
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solvation
a chemical process in which solvent molecules and molecules or ions of the solute combine to form a compound
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top fermentation
a violent kind of alcoholic fermentation at a temperature high enough to carry the yeast cells to the top of the fermenting liquid; used in the production of ale
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vinification
the process whereby fermentation changes grape juice into wine