Other forms: substantives; substantively
When you talk about substantive change, you mean change that really makes a difference. After a substantive discussion, you will have an in-depth understanding of what you are talking about.
When something is substantive, there is a lot of "there there," be it meaning or volume of things. The word brings a serious tone. While it is often used to talk about problems and their solutions, a big steak dinner could be called substantive, as could a very long piece of writing. In any case, you use it when there is a lot of substance involved.