Science: Evolution & Genetics 96 words

a tree diagram used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships

(genetics) an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell; i.e., two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

(genetics) either of a pair (or series) of alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus on a particular chromosome and that control the same character

(genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes

what an organism looks like as a consequence of the interaction of its genotype and the environment

a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

the evolution of a biological species

radially symmetrical animals having saclike bodies with only one opening and tentacles with stinging structures; they occur in polyp and medusa forms

derived from a single fertilized egg

the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)

the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of new DNA and RNA from an existing strand of DNA or RNA

a specialized part of a cell; analogous to an organ

an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell; they attach to mRNA and move down it one codon at a time and then stop until tRNA brings the required amino acid; when it reaches a stop codon it falls apart and releases the completed protein molecule for use by the cell

the enzyme that copies DNA into RNA

an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells)

the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

single-stranded DNA that is complementary to messenger RNA or DNA that has been synthesized from messenger RNA by reverse transcriptase

(biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information

an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy

a specific sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a strand of DNA or RNA that specifies the genetic code information for synthesizing a particular amino acid

(biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell

either (free) end of a eukaryotic chromosome

(genetics) the diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid spermatozoon and ovum (including the organism that develops from that cell)

a coagulation factor (trade name Hemofil) whose absence is associated with hemophilia A

a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order

(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants)

the relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it

a microchip that uses tiny strands of DNA to latch onto and quickly recognize thousands of genes at a time; intended for use in a biological environment

the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism

any of a group of viruses including those that in humans cause upper respiratory infections or infectious pinkeye

a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair, feathers, nails, and hooves

a base found in DNA (but not in RNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine

any of the factors in the blood whose actions are essential for blood coagulation

gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical

(biochemistry) purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA

any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes

air-breathing arthropods characterized by simple eyes and four pairs of legs

the gradual movement and formation of continents (as described by plate tectonics)

an agent that represses

a small or immature ovum

the male reproductive cell; the male gamete

a straight line segment whose length is magnitude and whose orientation in space is direction

process in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual; common among insects and some other arthropods

the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms

invertebrate having jointed limbs and a segmented body with an exoskeleton made of chitin

of or pertaining to a recession

a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently

any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions

of or relating to or characteristic of Wales or its people or their language

a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically

of or relating to recombinant DNA

an expert in soil management and field-crop production

a biologist who specializes in genetics

congenital tendency to uncontrolled bleeding; usually affects males and is transmitted from mother to son

in an artificial environment outside the living organism

combine and form a synthesis

a general term for the research activity that creates a copy of some biological entity (a gene or organism or cell)

a primate of the family Hominidae

relating to or affecting or functioning as a gland

extinct robust human of Middle Paleolithic in Europe and western Asia

any glutinous material used to fill pores in surfaces or to stiffen fabrics

coins collectively

the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay

something written, especially copied from one medium to another, as a typewritten version of dictation

an undifferentiated cell whose daughter cells may differentiate into other cell types (such as blood cells)

a change or alteration in form or qualities

a reef consisting of coral consolidated into limestone

the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil

a sedimentary rock formed by the deposition of successive layers of clay

a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females; contains the developing fetus

the fine spores that contain male gametes and that are borne by an anther in a flowering plant

a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment

an act of copying

the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next

the act of controlling or directing according to rule

any of various organs that synthesize substances needed by the body and release it through ducts or directly into the bloodstream

the series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord

established beyond doubt or question; definitely known

the act of exploding or bursting

place into the hands or custody of