Pine Beetle article CSU

Suzanne L. (United States of America)
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  1. clerid beetle
    predacious on other insects
    Control
    Natural controls of mountain pine beetle include woodpeckers and insects such as clerid beetles that feed on adults and larvae under the bark.
  2. Dendroctonus
    genus of small bark beetles destructive especially to mature conifers
    Mountain pine beetle (MPB), Dendroctonus ponderosae, is native to the forests of western North America.
  3. genus Dendroctonus
    genus of small bark beetles destructive especially to mature conifers
    Mountain pine beetles and related bark beetles in the genus Dendroctonus can be distinguished from other large bark beetles in pines by the shape of the hind wing cover (Figure 1, top).
  4. bark beetle
    small beetle that bores tunnels in the bark and wood of trees; related to weevils
    Mountain pine beetles and related bark beetles in the genus Dendroctonus can be distinguished from other large bark beetles in pines by the shape of the hind wing cover (Figure 1, top).
  5. larva
    immature form of an animal between the egg and adult stages
    â€Â¢ Presence of live MPB (eggs, larvae, pupae and/or adults) as well as galleries under bark.
  6. metabolize
    produce by the organic processes necessary for life
    Larvae are able to survive the winter by metabolizing an alcohol called glycerol that acts as an antifreeze.
  7. sapwood
    newly formed outer wood lying between the cambium and the heartwood of a tree or woody plant; usually light colored; active in water conduction
    â€Â¢ Bluestained sapwood (Figure 9).
  8. glycerol
    a sweet syrupy trihydroxy alcohol obtained by saponification of fats and oils
    Larvae are able to survive the winter by metabolizing an alcohol called glycerol that acts as an antifreeze.
  9. pupal
    of the insects in the chrysalis or post larval stage
    For winter mortality to be a significant factor, a severe freeze is necessary while the insect is in its most vulnerable stage; i.e., in the fall before the larvae have metabolized glycerols, or in late spring when the insect is molting into the pupal stage.
  10. dehydrate
    remove water from
    One very effective way to kill larvae developing under the bark (though very labor intensive) is by peeling away the bark, either by hand or mechanically; this exposes the larvae to unfavorable conditions—the larvae will dehydrate, starve and eventually die.
  11. infest
    occupy in large numbers or live on a host
    Even windbreak or landscape pines many miles from the mountains can succumb to beetles imported in infested firewood.
  12. dosage
    a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time
    â€Â¢ Improper dosage/mixing of chemical: Low dosage—effective dosages for bark beetles are higher than the percent used for other insects.
  13. infestation
    the state of being invaded or overrun by parasites
    This is the most certain indicator of infestation.
  14. molting
    periodic shedding of the cuticle in arthropods or the outer skin in reptiles
    For winter mortality to be a significant factor, a severe freeze is necessary while the insect is in its most vulnerable stage; i.e., in the fall before the larvae have metabolized glycerols, or in late spring when the insect is molting into the pupal stage.
  15. insecticide
    a chemical used to kill bugs
    â€Â¢ Environmental conditions: Significant rain or moisture within two hours of application may wash off the insecticide.
  16. fungus
    a spore-producing organism that lacks chlorophyll
    A key part of this cycle is the ability of MPB (and other bark beetles) to transmit bluestain fungi.
  17. pupa
    an insect in an intermediate, inactive stage of development
    â€Â¢ Presence of live MPB (eggs, larvae, pupae and/or adults) as well as galleries under bark.
  18. Fungi
    the taxonomic kingdom including yeast, molds, smuts, mushrooms, and toadstools; distinct from the green plants
    Fungi grow within the tree and assist the beetle in killing the tree.
  19. entomologist
    a scientist who studies insects
    Leatherman, Colorado State Forest Service entomologist (retired); I. Aguayo, Colorado State Forest Service entomologist; and T.M. Mehall, Colorado State Forest Service forester.
  20. contaminate
    make impure
    Spores of these fungi contaminate the bodies of adult beetles and are introduced into the tree during attack.
  21. emergence
    the act of coming out into view
    Emergence of new adults can begin in mid-June and continue through September.
  22. circumference
    the length of the closed curve of a circle
    Check at more than one point around the tree’s circumference.
  23. resilient
    recovering readily from adversity, depression, or the like
    This fact sheet was produced in cooperation with the Colorado State Forest Service.
    creating diversity in age and structure with result in a healthy forest that will be more resilient and, thus, less vulnerable to MPB. Most mature Colorado forests have about twice as many trees per acre as those forests which are more resistent to MPB. Contact your local forester for more information on forest management practices.
  24. onyx
    a chalcedony with alternating black and white bands
    Certain formulations of carbaryl (Sevin and others) permethrin (Astro, Dragnet and others), and bifenthrin (Onyx) are registered for use to prevent attacks on individual trees.
  25. pesticide
    a chemical used to kill destructive insects or animals
    At present, there are no labeled pesticides for use on MPB.
    Solar treatments may be appropriate in some areas of Colorado to reduce beetle populations in infested trees.
  26. resin
    a viscous substance obtained from plants or simple molecules
    Signs and Symptoms of MPB Attack
    â€Â¢ Popcorn-shaped masses of resin, called “pitch tubes,” on the trunk where beetle tunneling begins.
  27. turpentine
    volatile liquid distilled from turpentine oleoresin
    Injured pines also can be attacked by the red turpentine beetle (D. valens).
  28. adjacent
    having a common boundary or edge
    â€Â¢ Boring dust in bark crevices and on the ground immediately adjacent to the tree base.
  29. spore
    a small usually single-celled asexual reproductive body produced by many nonflowering plants and fungi and some bacteria and protozoans and that are capable of developing into a new individual without sexual fusion
    Spores of these fungi contaminate the bodies of adult beetles and are introduced into the tree during attack.
  30. cooper
    a craftsman who makes or repairs wooden barrels or tubs
    Colorado State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Colorado counties cooperating.
  31. boring
    so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness
    â€Â¢ Boring dust in bark crevices and on the ground immediately adjacent to the tree base.
  32. genu
    hinge joint in the human leg connecting the tibia and fibula with the femur and protected in front by the patella
    Mountain pine beetles and related bark beetles in the genus Dendroctonus can be distinguished from other large bark beetles in pines by the shape of the hind wing cover (Figure 1, top).
  33. drought
    a shortage of rainfall
    Trees that are not growing vigorously due to old age, crowding, poor growing conditions, drought, fire or mechanical damage, root disease and other causes are most likely to be attacked.
  34. diversity
    noticeable variety
    This fact sheet was produced in cooperation with the Colorado State Forest Service.
    creating diversity in age and structure with result in a healthy forest that will be more resilient and, thus, less vulnerable to MPB. Most mature Colorado forests have about twice as many trees per acre as those forests which are more resistent to MPB. Contact your local forester for more information on forest management practices.
  35. taper
    diminish gradually
    â€Â¢ Improper coverage: Spray may not have been applied high enough (up to where the trunk tapers to less that six inches), or spray coverage of the tree did not begin at ground level, or was not applied to the entire circumference of the tree (thus creating “windows” for beetle attack).
  36. genus
    taxonomic group containing one or more species
    Mountain pine beetles and related bark beetles in the genus Dendroctonus can be distinguished from other large bark beetles in pines by the shape of the hind wing cover (Figure 1, top).
  37. discrimination
    unfair treatment of a person or group based on prejudice
    CSU Extension programs are available to all without discrimination.
  38. mechanical
    using tools or devices
    Trees that are not growing vigorously due to old age, crowding, poor growing conditions, drought, fire or mechanical damage, root disease and other causes are most likely to be attacked.
  39. sustained
    continued at length without interruption or weakening
    For freezing temperatures to affect a large number of larvae during the middle of winter, temperatures of at least 30 degrees below zero (Fahrenheit) must be sustained for at least five days.
  40. symptom
    a sensation associated with a particular disease
    Signs and Symptoms of MPB Attack
    â€Â¢ Popcorn-shaped masses of resin, called “pitch tubes,” on the trunk where beetle tunneling begins.
  41. masse
    a shot in billiards made by hitting the cue ball with the cue held nearly vertically; the cue ball spins around another ball before hitting the object ball
    Signs and Symptoms of MPB Attack
    â€Â¢ Popcorn-shaped masses of resin, called “pitch tubes,” on the trunk where beetle tunneling begins.
  42. bore
    make a hole, especially with a pointed power or hand tool
    â€Â¢ Boring dust in bark crevices and on the ground immediately adjacent to the tree base.
Created on Mon Mar 08 14:01:31 EST 2010 (updated Mon Mar 08 14:08:49 EST 2010)

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