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Obama's Middle East policy speech, May 19, 2011 367 words

Words from President Obama's speech on Middle East policy. Prepared text:

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/world/middleeast/20prexy-text.html

List created with http://vocabgrabber.com/.

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  1. Benghazi
    port in northern Libya on the Gulf of Sidra; formerly a joint capital of Libya with Tripoli
    In Benghazi, we heard the engineer who said, "Our words are free now.
  2. human right
    (law) any basic right or freedom to which all human beings are entitled and in whose exercise a government may not interfere (including rights to life and liberty as well as freedom of thought and expression and equality before the law)
    Square by square; town by town; country by country; the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights.
  3. Bahraini
    of or relating to or characteristic of Bahrain or its people or language
    We recognize that Iran has tried to take advantage of the turmoil there, and that the Bahraini government has a legitimate interest in the rule of law.
  4. multi-ethnic
    involving several ethnic groups
    In Iraq, we see the promise of a multi-ethnic, multi-sectarian democracy.
  5. mass murderer
    a person who is responsible for the deaths of many victims in a single incident
    He was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate – an insistence that Muslims had to take up arms against the West, and that violence against men, women and children was the only path to change.
  6. North Africa
    an area of northern Africa between the Sahara and the Mediterranean Sea
    For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.
  7. Rosa Parks
    United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national Civil Rights movement (born in 1913)
    In America, think of the defiance of those patriots in Boston who refused to pay taxes to a King, or the dignity of Rosa Parks as she sat courageously in her seat.
  8. protester
    someone who participates in a public display of group feeling
    Hundreds of protesters took to the streets, then thousands.
  9. brutalize
    treat brutally
    Let us remember that the first peaceful protests were in the streets of Tehran, where the government brutalized women and men, and threw innocent people into jail.
  10. combat mission
    a mission to capture or defend something
    After years of war in Iraq, we have removed 100,000 American troops and ended our combat mission there.
  11. satellite television
    a television system in which the signal is transmitted to an orbiting satellite that receives the signal and amplifies it and transmits it back to earth
    Satellite television and the Internet provide a window into the wider world – a world of astonishing progress in places like India, Indonesia and Brazil.
  12. Palestinian
    of or relating to the area of Palestine and its inhabitants
    For Palestinians, it has meant suffering the humiliation of occupation, and never living in a nation of their own.
  13. Tunisia
    a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean coast; achieved independence from France in 1956
    That story of self-determination began six months ago in Tunisia.
  14. fault line
    (geology) line determined by the intersection of a geological fault and the earth's surface
    Societies held together by fear and repression may offer the illusion of stability for a time, but they are built upon fault lines that will eventually tear asunder.
  15. militarized
    issued military arms
    The full and phased withdrawal of Israeli military forces should be coordinated with the assumption of Palestinian security responsibility in a sovereign, non-militarized state.
  16. iron fist
    rigorous or ruthless control
    Across the region, those rights that we take for granted are being claimed with joy by those who are prying lose the grip of an iron fist.
  17. news organization
    an agency to collects news reports for newspapers and distributes it electronically
    We will support open access to the Internet, and the right of journalists to be heard – whether it's a big news organization or a blogger.
  18. headquarter
    provide with headquarters
    After local officials refused to hear his complaint, this young man who had never been particularly active in politics went to the headquarters of the provincial government, doused himself in fuel, and lit himself on fire.
  19. Sanaa
    the capital and largest city of Yemen; on the central plateau
    In Sanaa, we heard the students who chanted, "The night must come to an end."
  20. self-determination
    determination of one's own fate or course of action without compulsion
    That story of self-determination began six months ago in Tunisia.
  21. Jordan River
    a river in Palestine that empties into the Dead Sea; John the Baptist baptized Jesus in the Jordan
    The fact is, a growing number of Palestinians live west of the Jordan River.
  22. parliamentarian
    an expert in parliamentary rules and procedures
    We will help governments meet international obligations, and invest efforts anti-corruption; by working with parliamentarians who are developing reforms, and activists who use technology to hold government accountable.
  23. vendor
    someone who promotes or exchanges goods or services for money
    On December 17, a young vendor named Mohammed Bouazizi was devastated when a police officer confiscated his cart.
  24. refocus
    put again into focus or focus more sharply
    And we will work with allies to refocus the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development so that it provides the same support for democratic transitions and economic modernization in the Middle East and North Africa as it has in Europe.
  25. political prisoner
    someone who is imprisoned because of their political views
    The Syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests; release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests; allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like Dara'a; and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition.
  26. sear
    become superficially burned
    Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.
  27. Gaddafi
    Libyan leader who seized power in a military coup d'etat in 1969; deposed the Libyan monarchy and imposed socialism and Islamic orthodoxy on the country (born in 1942)
    The most extreme example is Libya, where Moammar Gaddafi launched a war against his people, promising to hunt them down like rats.
  28. Bahrain
    an island in the Persian Gulf
    And that is true, today, in Bahrain.
  29. religious sect
    a subdivision of a larger religious group
    Divisions of tribe, ethnicity and religious sect were manipulated as a means of holding on to power, or taking it away from somebody else.
  30. moral force
    an efficient incentive
    And through the moral force of non-violence, the people of the region have achieved more change in six months than terrorists have accomplished in decades.
  31. freedom of religion
    a civil right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution
    Those rights include free speech; the freedom of peaceful assembly; freedom of religion; equality for men and women under the rule of law; and the right to choose your own leaders – whether you live in Baghdad or Damascus; Sanaa or Tehran.
  32. democratic
    characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality
    That effort begins in Egypt and Tunisia, where the stakes are high –as Tunisia was at the vanguard of this democratic wave, and Egypt is both a longstanding partner and the Arab World's largest nation.
  33. transition
    the act of passing from one state or place to the next
    In Afghanistan, we have broken the Taliban's momentum, and this July we will begin to bring our troops home and continue transition to Afghan lead.
  34. region
    the extended spatial location of something
    And though these countries may be a great distance from our shores, we know that our own future is bound to this region by the forces of economics and security; history and faith.
  35. unite
    join or combine
    For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.
  36. Qaeda
    a terrorist network intensely opposed to the United States that dispenses money and logistical support and training to a wide variety of radical Islamic terrorist groups; has cells in more than 50 countries
    And after years of war against al Qaeda and its affiliates, we have dealt al Qaeda a huge blow by killing its leader – Osama bin Laden.
  37. empowerment
    the act of conferring legality or sanction or formal warrant
    Moreover, this conflict has come with a larger cost the Middle East, as it impedes partnerships that could bring greater security, prosperity, and empowerment to ordinary people.
  38. Middle East
    the area around the eastern Mediterranean; from Turkey to northern Africa and eastward to Iran; the site of such ancient civilizations as Phoenicia and Babylon and Egypt and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity and Islam; had continuous economic and political turmoil in the 20th century
    For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.
  39. douse
    wet thoroughly
    After local officials refused to hear his complaint, this young man who had never been particularly active in politics went to the headquarters of the provincial government, doused himself in fuel, and lit himself on fire.
  40. demonstrator
    someone who participates in a public display of group feeling
    The Syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests; release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests; allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like Dara'a; and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition.
  41. rule of law
    a state of order in which events conform to the law
    Those rights include free speech; the freedom of peaceful assembly; freedom of religion; equality for men and women under the rule of law; and the right to choose your own leaders – whether you live in Baghdad or Damascus; Sanaa or Tehran.
  42. Israeli
    a native or inhabitant of Israel
    For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.
  43. fester
    ripen and generate pus
    Moreover, failure to speak to the broader aspirations of ordinary people will only feed the suspicion that has festered for years that the United States pursues our own interests at their expense.
  44. nuclear weapon
    a weapon of mass destruction whose explosive power derives from a nuclear reaction
    For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.
  45. populism
    the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite
    A region undergoing profound change will lead to populism in which millions of people – not just a few leaders – must believe peace is possible.
  46. untapped
    not drawn upon or used
    The greatest untapped resource in the Middle East and North Africa is the talent of its people.
  47. dead end
    a passage with access only at one end
    By the time we found bin Laden, al Qaeda's agenda had come to be seen by the vast majority of the region as a dead end, and the people of the Middle East and North Africa had taken their future into their own hands.
  48. walk of life
    careers in general
    In Tahrir Square, we heard Egyptians from all walks of life chant, "Muslims, Christians, we are one."
  49. repression
    the act of repressing; control by holding down
    But the events of the past six months show us that strategies of repression and diversion won't work anymore.
  50. ethnicity
    an ethnic quality or affiliation resulting from racial or cultural ties
    Divisions of tribe, ethnicity and religious sect were manipulated as a means of holding on to power, or taking it away from somebody else.
  51. shackle
    a restraint that confines or restricts freedom (especially something used to tie down or restrain a prisoner)
    My answer to them is I shall not hate…Let us hope," he said, "for tomorrow" That is the choice that must be made – not simply in this conflict, but across the entire region – a choice between hate and hope; between the shackles of the past, and the promise of the future.
  52. devastate
    cause extensive destruction or ruin utterly
    On December 17, a young vendor named Mohammed Bouazizi was devastated when a police officer confiscated his cart.
  53. terrorist attack
    a surprise attack involving the deliberate use of violence against civilians in the hope of attaining political or religious aims
    Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.
  54. aspiration
    a cherished desire
    Moreover, failure to speak to the broader aspirations of ordinary people will only feed the suspicion that has festered for years that the United States pursues our own interests at their expense.
  55. build on
    be based on; of theories and claims, for example
    We must also build on our efforts to broaden our engagement beyond elites, so that we reach the people who will shape the future – particularly young people.
  56. broaden
    make broader
    That's why, two years ago in Cairo, I began to broaden our engagement based upon mutual interests and mutual respect.
  57. follow through
    pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue
    That is true in Yemen, where President Saleh needs to follow through on his commitment to transfer power.
  58. solidify
    become solid
    That energy now needs to be channeled, in country after country, so that economic growth can solidify the accomplishments of the street.
  59. align
    place in a line or arrange so as to be parallel or straight
    Not every country will follow our particular form of representative democracy, and there will be times when our short term interests do not align perfectly with our long term vision of the region.
  60. colonialism
    exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one; the use of the weaker country's resources to strengthen and enrich the stronger country
    The West was blamed as the source of all ills, a half century after the end of colonialism.
  61. seared
    having the surface burned quickly with intense heat
    Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.
  62. ballot box
    a box where voters deposit their ballots
    In fact, real reform will not come at the ballot box alone.
  63. Shia
    one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam; mainly in Iran
    And for this season of change to succeed, Coptic Christians must have the right to worship freely in Cairo, just as Shia must never have their mosques destroyed in Bahrain.
  64. isolate
    place or set apart
    Otherwise, President Assad and his regime will continue to be challenged from within and isolated abroad Thus far, Syria has followed its Iranian ally, seeking assistance from Tehran in the tactics of suppression.
  65. Libya
    a military dictatorship in northern Africa on the Mediterranean; consists almost entirely of desert; a major exporter of petroleum
    The most extreme example is Libya, where Moammar Gaddafi launched a war against his people, promising to hunt them down like rats.
  66. credible
    capable of being believed
    In too many countries, a citizen like that young vendor had nowhere to turn – no honest judiciary to hear his case; no independent media to give him voice; no credible political party to represent his views; no free and fair election where he could choose his leader.
  67. unsettle
    disturb the composure of
    For the American people, the scenes of upheaval in the region may be unsettling, but the forces driving it are not unfamiliar.
  68. protectionism
    the policy of imposing duties or quotas on imports in order to protect home industries from overseas competition
    The goal must be a model in which protectionism gives way to openness; the reigns of commerce pass from the few to the many, and the economy generates jobs for the young.
  69. integrating
    the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community
    America's support for democracy will therefore be based on ensuring financial stability; promoting reform; and integrating competitive markets with each other and the global economy – starting with Tunisia and Egypt.
  70. Tehran
    the capital and largest city of Iran; located in northern Iran
    Those rights include free speech; the freedom of peaceful assembly; freedom of religion; equality for men and women under the rule of law; and the right to choose your own leaders – whether you live in Baghdad or Damascus; Sanaa or Tehran.
  71. status quo
    the existing state of affairs
    The status quo is not sustainable.
  72. rooftop
    the top of a (usually flat) roof
    We still hear the chants echo from the rooftops of Tehran.
  73. arms race
    a competition between nations to have the most powerful armaments
    We believe that no one benefits from a nuclear arms race in the region, or al Qaeda's brutal attacks.
  74. liberalization
    the act of making less strict
    So we will work with the EU to facilitate more trade within the region, build on existing agreements to promote integration with U.S. and European markets, and open the door for those countries who adopt high standards of reform and trade liberalization to construct a regional trade arrangement.
  75. accountable
    liable to account for one's actions
    Both nations can set a strong example through free and fair elections; a vibrant civil society; accountable and effective democratic institutions; and responsible regional leadership.
  76. empower
    give or delegate power or authority to
    History shows that countries are more prosperous and peaceful when women are empowered.
  77. Fatah
    a Palestinian political and military organization founded by Yasser Arafat in 1958 to work toward the creation of a Palestinian state; during the 1960s and 1970s trained terrorist and insurgent groups
    In particular, the recent announcement of an agreement between Fatah and Hamas raises profound and legitimate questions for Israel – how can one negotiate with a party that has shown itself unwilling to recognize your right to exist.
  78. Syrian
    a native or inhabitant of Syria
    Most recently, the Syrian regime has chosen the path of murder and the mass arrests of its citizens.
  79. Hamas
    a militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon; seeks to create an Islamic state in place of Israel; is opposed to the PLO and has become a leading perpetrator of terrorist activity in Israel; pioneered suicide bombing
    Palestinian leaders will not achieve peace or prosperity if Hamas insists on a path of terror and rejection.
  80. extremism
    any political theory favoring immoderate uncompromising policies
    He rejected democracy and individual rights for Muslims in favor of violent extremism; his agenda focused on what he could destroy – not what he could build.
  81. chant
    a repetitive song in which as many syllables as necessary are assigned to a single tone
    In Sanaa, we heard the students who chanted, "The night must come to an end."
  82. perpetrate
    perform an act, usually with a negative connotation
    As I said when the United States joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people, and we have learned from our experience in Iraq just how costly and difficult it is to impose regime change by force – no matter how well-intended it may be.
  83. take for granted
    take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof
    Across the region, those rights that we take for granted are being claimed with joy by those who are prying lose the grip of an iron fist.
  84. tearing down
    complete destruction of a building
    Prosperity also requires tearing down walls that stand in the way of progress – the corruption of elites who steal from their people; the red tape that stops an idea from becoming a business; the patronage that distributes wealth based on tribe or sect.
  85. modernize
    make repairs, renovations, revisions or adjustments to
    First, we have asked the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to present a plan at next week's G-8 summit for what needs to be done to stabilize and modernize the economies of Tunisia and Egypt.
  86. negotiation
    a discussion intended to produce an agreement
    So while the core issues of the conflict must be negotiated, the basis of those negotiations is clear: a viable Palestine, and a secure Israel.
  87. regime
    the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit
    As I said when the United States joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people, and we have learned from our experience in Iraq just how costly and difficult it is to impose regime change by force – no matter how well-intended it may be.
  88. democracy
    the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives
    He rejected democracy and individual rights for Muslims in favor of violent extremism; his agenda focused on what he could destroy – not what he could build.
  89. relevance
    the relation of something to the matter at hand
    But even before his death, al Qaeda was losing its struggle for relevance, as the overwhelming majority of people saw that the slaughter of innocents did not answer their cries for a better life.
  90. tear down
    tear down so as to make flat with the ground
    Prosperity also requires tearing down walls that stand in the way of progress – the corruption of elites who steal from their people; the red tape that stops an idea from becoming a business; the patronage that distributes wealth based on tribe or sect.
  91. confiscate
    take temporary possession of as a security, by legal authority
    On December 17, a young vendor named Mohammed Bouazizi was devastated when a police officer confiscated his cart.
  92. infiltration
    a process in which individuals (or small groups) penetrate an area (especially the military penetration of enemy positions without detection)
    Provisions must also be robust enough to prevent a resurgence of terrorism; to stop the infiltration of weapons; and to provide effective border security.
  93. bring together
    cause to become joined or linked
    We see that spirit in the Israeli father whose son was killed by Hamas, who helped start an organization that brought together Israelis and Palestinians who had lost loved ones.
  94. resurgence
    bringing again into activity and prominence
    Provisions must also be robust enough to prevent a resurgence of terrorism; to stop the infiltration of weapons; and to provide effective border security.
  95. Coptic
    of or relating to the Copts or their church or language or art
    And for this season of change to succeed, Coptic Christians must have the right to worship freely in Cairo, just as Shia must never have their mosques destroyed in Bahrain.
  96. upheaval
    a violent disturbance
    Together, we must help them recover from the disruption of their democratic upheaval, and support the governments that will be elected later this year.
  97. Osama bin Laden
    Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957)
    And after years of war against al Qaeda and its affiliates, we have dealt al Qaeda a huge blow by killing its leader – Osama bin Laden.
  98. entrepreneur
    someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it
    We will continue to make good on the commitments that I made in Cairo – to build networks of entrepreneurs, and expand exchanges in education; to foster cooperation in science and technology, and combat disease.
  99. Cairo
    the capital of Egypt and the largest city in Africa; a major port just to the south of the Nile delta; formerly the home of the Pharaohs
    In Cairo, we heard the voice of the young mother who said, "It's like I can finally breathe fresh air for the first time."
  100. decade
    the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system
    Already, we have done much to shift our foreign policy following a decade defined by two costly conflicts.
  101. sectarian
    of or relating to or characteristic of a sect or sects
    Indeed, one of the broader lessons to be drawn from this period is that sectarian divides need not lead to conflict.
  102. intolerance
    unwillingness to recognize and respect differences in opinions or beliefs
    Our opposition to Iran's intolerance – as well as its illicit nuclear program, and its sponsorship of terror – is well known.
  103. conflict
    an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)
    Already, we have done much to shift our foreign policy following a decade defined by two costly conflicts.
  104. peaceful
    not disturbed by strife or turmoil or war
    Those rights include free speech; the freedom of peaceful assembly; freedom of religion; equality for men and women under the rule of law; and the right to choose your own leaders – whether you live in Baghdad or Damascus; Sanaa or Tehran.
  105. reform
    make changes for improvement in order to remove abuse and injustices
    And finally, we support political and economic reform in the Middle East and North Africa that can meet the legitimate aspirations of ordinary people throughout the region.
  106. commitment
    the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action
    As we did in the Gulf War, we will not tolerate aggression across borders, and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners.
  107. Gulf War
    a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution
    As we did in the Gulf War, we will not tolerate aggression across borders, and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners.
  108. modernization
    making modern in appearance or behavior
    And we will work with allies to refocus the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development so that it provides the same support for democratic transitions and economic modernization in the Middle East and North Africa as it has in Europe.
  109. Israel
    an ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Saul around 1025 BC and destroyed by the Assyrians in 721 BC
    Antagonism toward Israel became the only acceptable outlet for political expression.
  110. cornerstone
    a stone at the outer corner of two intersecting masonry walls
    Let me conclude by talking about another cornerstone of our approach to the region, and that relates to the pursuit of peace.
  111. week after week
    for an indefinite number of successive weeks
    And in the face of batons and sometimes bullets, they refused to go home – day after day, week after week, until a dictator of more than two decades finally left power.
  112. stalemate
    a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible
    The world looks at a conflict that has grinded on for decades, and sees a stalemate.
  113. Palestine
    an ancient country in southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea; a place of pilgrimage for Christianity and Islam and Judaism
    Israel as a Jewish state and the homeland for the Jewish people, and the state of Palestine as the homeland for the Palestinian people; each state enjoying self-determination, mutual recognition, and peace.
  114. integrate
    make into a whole or make part of a whole
    America's support for democracy will therefore be based on ensuring financial stability; promoting reform; and integrating competitive markets with each other and the global economy – starting with Tunisia and Egypt.
  115. longstanding
    having existed for a long time
    That effort begins in Egypt and Tunisia, where the stakes are high –as Tunisia was at the vanguard of this democratic wave, and Egypt is both a longstanding partner and the Arab World's largest nation.
  116. cell phone
    call up by using a cellular phone
    Cell phones and social networks allow young people to connect and organize like never before.
  117. enslave
    make a slave of; bring into servitude
    Our people fought a painful civil war that extended freedom and dignity to those who were enslaved.
  118. take up arms
    commence hostilities
    He was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate – an insistence that Muslims had to take up arms against the West, and that violence against men, women and children was the only path to change.
  119. impasse
    a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible
    Meanwhile, the United States, our Quartet partners, and the Arab states will need to continue every effort to get beyond the current impasse.
  120. Muslim
    a believer in or follower of Islam
    He was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate – an insistence that Muslims had to take up arms against the West, and that violence against men, women and children was the only path to change.
  121. affiliate
    join in an affiliation
    And after years of war against al Qaeda and its affiliates, we have dealt al Qaeda a huge blow by killing its leader – Osama bin Laden.
  122. organize
    arrange by systematic planning and united effort
    Cell phones and social networks allow young people to connect and organize like never before.
  123. homeland
    the country where you were born
    Israel as a Jewish state and the homeland for the Jewish people, and the state of Palestine as the homeland for the Palestinian people; each state enjoying self-determination, mutual recognition, and peace.
  124. law-abiding
    (of individuals) adhering strictly to laws and rules and customs
    America respects the right of all peaceful and law-abiding voices to be heard, even if we disagree with them.
  125. Egypt
    a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC
    That effort begins in Egypt and Tunisia, where the stakes are high –as Tunisia was at the vanguard of this democratic wave, and Egypt is both a longstanding partner and the Arab World's largest nation.
  126. security
    the state of being free from danger or injury
    And though these countries may be a great distance from our shores, we know that our own future is bound to this region by the forces of economics and security; history and faith.
  127. wrenching
    causing great physical or mental suffering
    Two wrenching and emotional issues remain: the future of Jerusalem, and the fate of Palestinian refugees.
  128. manipulate
    influence or control shrewdly or deviously
    Divisions of tribe, ethnicity and religious sect were manipulated as a means of holding on to power, or taking it away from somebody else.
  129. Iranian
    of or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture
    Otherwise, President Assad and his regime will continue to be challenged from within and isolated abroad Thus far, Syria has followed its Iranian ally, seeking assistance from Tehran in the tactics of suppression.
  130. stabilize
    support or hold steady and make steadfast, with or as if with a brace
    First, we have asked the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to present a plan at next week's G-8 summit for what needs to be done to stabilize and modernize the economies of Tunisia and Egypt.
  131. blogger
    a person who keeps and updates a blog
    We will support open access to the Internet, and the right of journalists to be heard – whether it's a big news organization or a blogger.
  132. coordinate
    of equal importance, rank, or degree
    The full and phased withdrawal of Israeli military forces should be coordinated with the assumption of Palestinian security responsibility in a sovereign, non-militarized state.
  133. legitimate
    based on known statements or events or conditions
    And finally, we support political and economic reform in the Middle East and North Africa that can meet the legitimate aspirations of ordinary people throughout the region.
  134. disagree
    be different from one another
    America respects the right of all peaceful and law-abiding voices to be heard, even if we disagree with them.
  135. red tape
    needlessly time-consuming procedure
    Prosperity also requires tearing down walls that stand in the way of progress – the corruption of elites who steal from their people; the red tape that stops an idea from becoming a business; the patronage that distributes wealth based on tribe or sect.
  136. foster
    providing or receiving nurture or parental care though not related by blood or legal ties
    We will continue to make good on the commitments that I made in Cairo – to build networks of entrepreneurs, and expand exchanges in education; to foster cooperation in science and technology, and combat disease.
  137. coordinated
    being dexterous in the use of more than one set of muscle movements
    The full and phased withdrawal of Israeli military forces should be coordinated with the assumption of Palestinian security responsibility in a sovereign, non-militarized state.
  138. adherent
    someone who believes and helps to spread the doctrine of another
    Bin Laden and his murderous vision won some adherents.
  139. core
    the center of an object
    For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.
  140. sponsorship
    the act of sponsoring (either officially or financially)
    Our opposition to Iran's intolerance – as well as its illicit nuclear program, and its sponsorship of terror – is well known.
  141. flyer
    an advertisement (usually printed on a page or in a leaflet) intended for wide distribution
    I want to thank Hillary Clinton, who has traveled so much these last six months that she is approaching a new landmark – one million frequent flyer miles.
  142. disagree with
    not be very easily digestible
    America respects the right of all peaceful and law-abiding voices to be heard, even if we disagree with them.
  143. courageously
    in a courageous manner
    In America, think of the defiance of those patriots in Boston who refused to pay taxes to a King, or the dignity of Rosa Parks as she sat courageously in her seat.
  144. partner
    a person who is a member of a partnership
    As we did in the Gulf War, we will not tolerate aggression across borders, and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners.
  145. citizen
    a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community
    It is the same kind of humiliation that takes place every day in many parts of the world – the relentless tyranny of governments that deny their citizens dignity.
  146. dialogue
    a conversation between two persons
    The Syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests; release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests; allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like Dara'a; and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition.
  147. call for
    express the need or desire for; ask for
    And as we have seen, calls for change may give way to fierce contests for power.
  148. crucible
    a vessel made of material that does not melt easily; used for high temperature chemical reactions
    It's a choice that must be made by leaders and by people, and it's a choice that will define the future of a region that served as the cradle of civilization and a crucible of strife.
  149. invest
    make an investment
    So we will relieve a democratic Egypt of up to $1 billion in debt, and work with our Egyptian partners to invest these resources to foster growth and entrepreneurship.
  150. at odds
    in disagreement
    Nevertheless, we have insisted publically and privately that mass arrests and brute force are at odds with the universal rights of Bahrain's citizens, and will not make legitimate calls for reform go away.
  151. viable
    capable of life or normal growth and development
    So while the core issues of the conflict must be negotiated, the basis of those negotiations is clear: a viable Palestine, and a secure Israel.
  152. loved one
    a person who you love, usually a member of your family
    We see that spirit in the Israeli father whose son was killed by Hamas, who helped start an organization that brought together Israelis and Palestinians who had lost loved ones.
  153. nation
    a politically organized body of people under a single government
    I count on Hillary every day, and I believe that she will go down as of the finest Secretaries of State in our nation's history.
  154. legitimacy
    lawfulness by virtue of being authorized or in accordance with law
    In the 21st century, information is power; the truth cannot be hidden; and the legitimacy of governments will ultimately depend on active and informed citizens.
  155. stagnation
    a state of inactivity (in business or art etc)
    In a region that was the birthplace of three world religions, intolerance can lead only to suffering and stagnation.
  156. self-defense
    the act of defending yourself
    As for security, every state has the right to self-defense, and Israel must be able to defend itself – by itself – against any threat.
  157. International Monetary Fund
    a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies
    First, we have asked the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to present a plan at next week's G-8 summit for what needs to be done to stabilize and modernize the economies of Tunisia and Egypt.
  158. East
    the countries of Asia
    For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.
  159. sanction
    official permission or approval
    The United States has condemned these actions, and working with the international community we have stepped up our sanctions on the Syrian regime – including sanctions announced yesterday on President Assad and those around him.
  160. modeled
    resembling sculpture
    These will be modeled on funds that supported the transitions in Eastern Europe after the fall of the Berlin Wall.
  161. base
    lowest support of a structure
    But in a global economy based on knowledge and innovation, no development strategy can be based solely upon what comes out of the ground.
  162. walk away
    go away from
    Palestinians have walked away from talks.
  163. State
    the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies
    I count on Hillary every day, and I believe that she will go down as of the finest Secretaries of State in our nation's history.
  164. promote
    give a promotion to or assign to a higher position
    First, it will be the policy of the United States to promote reform across the region, and to support transitions to democracy.
  165. Damascus
    an ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria; according to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul (then known as Saul) underwent a dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus
    In Damascus, we heard the young man who said, "After the first yelling, the first shout, you feel dignity."
  166. World Bank
    a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments
    First, we have asked the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to present a plan at next week's G-8 summit for what needs to be done to stabilize and modernize the economies of Tunisia and Egypt.
  167. monetary fund
    a reserve of money set aside for some purpose
    First, we have asked the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to present a plan at next week's G-8 summit for what needs to be done to stabilize and modernize the economies of Tunisia and Egypt.
  168. tactic
    a plan for attaining a particular goal
    Otherwise, President Assad and his regime will continue to be challenged from within and isolated abroad Thus far, Syria has followed its Iranian ally, seeking assistance from Tehran in the tactics of suppression.
  169. elite
    a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status
    We must also build on our efforts to broaden our engagement beyond elites, so that we reach the people who will shape the future – particularly young people.
  170. recognize
    perceive to be the same
    We recognize that Iran has tried to take advantage of the turmoil there, and that the Bahraini government has a legitimate interest in the rule of law.
  171. stability
    the quality or attribute of being firm and steadfast
    I believed then – and I believe now – that we have a stake not just in the stability of nations, but in the self determination of individuals.
  172. setback
    an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes; something that is thwarting or frustrating
    Like all new democracies, they will face setbacks.
  173. Libyan
    of or relating to Libya or its people
    But in Libya, we saw the prospect of imminent massacre, had a mandate for action, and heard the Libyan people's call for help.
  174. launch
    propel with force
    It is not America that put people into the streets of Tunis and Cairo – it was the people themselves who launched these movements, and must determine their outcome.
  175. support
    the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening
    We support a set of universal rights.
  176. impede
    be a hindrance or obstacle to
    Moreover, this conflict has come with a larger cost the Middle East, as it impedes partnerships that could bring greater security, prosperity, and empowerment to ordinary people.
  177. resolve
    find the solution
    In our day and age – a time of 24 hour news cycles, and constant communication – people expect the transformation of the region to be resolved in a matter of weeks.
  178. agenda
    a list of matters to be taken up (as at a meeting)
    He rejected democracy and individual rights for Muslims in favor of violent extremism; his agenda focused on what he could destroy – not what he could build.
  179. political party
    an organization to gain political power
    In too many countries, a citizen like that young vendor had nowhere to turn – no honest judiciary to hear his case; no independent media to give him voice; no credible political party to represent his views; no free and fair election where he could choose his leader.
  180. openness
    without obstructions to passage or view
    The goal must be a model in which protectionism gives way to openness; the reigns of commerce pass from the few to the many, and the economy generates jobs for the young.
  181. military force
    a unit that is part of some military service
    The full and phased withdrawal of Israeli military forces should be coordinated with the assumption of Palestinian security responsibility in a sovereign, non-militarized state.
  182. deepen
    make deeper
    Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.
  183. leader
    a person who rules or guides or inspires others
    Two leaders have stepped aside.
  184. entail
    have as a logical consequence
    Our message is simple: if you take the risks that reform entails, you will have the full support of the United States.
  185. regional
    characteristic of a region
    Both nations can set a strong example through free and fair elections; a vibrant civil society; accountable and effective democratic institutions; and responsible regional leadership.
  186. negotiate
    discuss the terms of an arrangement
    So while the core issues of the conflict must be negotiated, the basis of those negotiations is clear: a viable Palestine, and a secure Israel.
  187. smother
    deprive of oxygen and prevent from breathing
    And we will continue to insist that the Iranian people deserve their universal rights, and a government that does not smother their aspirations.
  188. Africa
    the second largest continent; located to the south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean
    For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.
  189. courthouse
    a building that houses judicial courts
    In Benghazi, a city threatened with destruction, we see it in the courthouse square where people gather to celebrate the freedoms that they had never known.
  190. police officer
    a member of a police force
    On December 17, a young vendor named Mohammed Bouazizi was devastated when a police officer confiscated his cart.
  191. provide
    give something useful or necessary to
    Satellite television and the Internet provide a window into the wider world – a world of astonishing progress in places like India, Indonesia and Brazil.
  192. pry
    be nosey
    Across the region, those rights that we take for granted are being claimed with joy by those who are prying lose the grip of an iron fist.
  193. terrorist
    a radical who employs terror as a political weapon; usually organizes with other terrorists in small cells; often uses religion as a cover for terrorist activities
    And through the moral force of non-violence, the people of the region have achieved more change in six months than terrorists have accomplished in decades.
  194. inclusive
    including much or everything; and especially including stated limits
    We look forward to working with all who embrace genuine and inclusive democracy.
  195. insist
    be emphatic or resolute and refuse to budge
    And we will continue to insist that the Iranian people deserve their universal rights, and a government that does not smother their aspirations.
  196. terrorism
    the calculated use of violence (or the threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature; this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear
    For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.
  197. sustainable
    capable of being sustained
    The status quo is not sustainable.
  198. international
    concerning or belonging to all or at least two or more nations
    As I said when the United States joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people, and we have learned from our experience in Iraq just how costly and difficult it is to impose regime change by force – no matter how well-intended it may be.
  199. brimming
    filled to capacity
    Entrepreneurs are brimming with ideas, but corruption leaves them unable to profit from them.
  200. prosperity
    the condition of prospering; having good fortune
    Yes, some nations are blessed with wealth in oil and gas, and that has led to pockets of prosperity.
  201. ally
    a friendly nation
    Had we not acted along with our NATO allies and regional coalition partners, thousands would have been killed.
  202. change
    become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence
    For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.
  203. leaders
    the body of people who lead a group
    Two leaders have stepped aside.
  204. vibrant
    vigorous and animated
    Both nations can set a strong example through free and fair elections; a vibrant civil society; accountable and effective democratic institutions; and responsible regional leadership.
  205. border
    the boundary of a surface
    As we did in the Gulf War, we will not tolerate aggression across borders, and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners.
  206. lasting
    lasting a long time without change
    At a time when the people of the Middle East and North Africa are casting off the burdens of the past, the drive for a lasting peace that ends the conflict and resolves all claims is more urgent than ever.
  207. venue
    the scene of any event or action (especially the place of a meeting)
    The State Department is a fitting venue to mark a new chapter in American diplomacy.
  208. step up
    increase in extent or intensity
    The United States has condemned these actions, and working with the international community we have stepped up our sanctions on the Syrian regime – including sanctions announced yesterday on President Assad and those around him.
  209. dictator
    a ruler who is unconstrained by law
    And in the face of batons and sometimes bullets, they refused to go home – day after day, week after week, until a dictator of more than two decades finally left power.
  210. based
    having a base
    But in a global economy based on knowledge and innovation, no development strategy can be based solely upon what comes out of the ground.
  211. determination
    the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation
    That story of self-determination began six months ago in Tunisia.
  212. coercion
    using force to cause something to occur
    What we will oppose is an attempt by any group to restrict the rights of others, and to hold power through coercion – not consent.
  213. achieve
    to gain with effort
    And through the moral force of non-violence, the people of the region have achieved more change in six months than terrorists have accomplished in decades.
  214. prying
    offensively curious or inquisitive
    Across the region, those rights that we take for granted are being claimed with joy by those who are prying lose the grip of an iron fist.
  215. baton
    a hollow metal rod that is wielded or twirled by a drum major or drum majorette
    And in the face of batons and sometimes bullets, they refused to go home – day after day, week after week, until a dictator of more than two decades finally left power.
  216. focus on
    center upon
    He rejected democracy and individual rights for Muslims in favor of violent extremism; his agenda focused on what he could destroy – not what he could build.
  217. disruption
    an act of delaying or interrupting the continuity
    Together, we must help them recover from the disruption of their democratic upheaval, and support the governments that will be elected later this year.
  218. Tunis
    the capital and principal port of Tunisia
    It is not America that put people into the streets of Tunis and Cairo – it was the people themselves who launched these movements, and must determine their outcome.
  219. pursue
    follow in or as if in pursuit
    For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.
  220. violence
    a turbulent state resulting in injuries and destruction etc.
    He was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate – an insistence that Muslims had to take up arms against the West, and that violence against men, women and children was the only path to change.
  221. protest
    a formal and solemn declaration of objection
    The Syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests; release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests; allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like Dara'a; and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition.
  222. astonish
    affect with wonder
    Satellite television and the Internet provide a window into the wider world – a world of astonishing progress in places like India, Indonesia and Brazil.
  223. vanguard
    the leading units moving at the head of an army
    That effort begins in Egypt and Tunisia, where the stakes are high –as Tunisia was at the vanguard of this democratic wave, and Egypt is both a longstanding partner and the Arab World's largest nation.
  224. empowered
    invested with legal power or official authority especially as symbolized by having a scepter
    History shows that countries are more prosperous and peaceful when women are empowered.
  225. swap
    exchange or give (something) in exchange for
    The borders of Israel and Palestine should be based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps, so that secure and recognized borders are established for both states.
  226. continue
    keep or maintain in unaltered condition; cause to remain or last
    In Afghanistan, we have broken the Taliban's momentum, and this July we will begin to bring our troops home and continue transition to Afghan lead.
  227. basic
    reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality
    Square by square; town by town; country by country; the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights.
  228. Iraq
    a republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the area now known as Iraq
    After years of war in Iraq, we have removed 100,000 American troops and ended our combat mission there.
  229. overwhelm
    cover completely or make imperceptible
    But even before his death, al Qaeda was losing its struggle for relevance, as the overwhelming majority of people saw that the slaughter of innocents did not answer their cries for a better life.
  230. extend to
    to extend as far as
    But our support must also extend to nations where transitions have yet to take place.
  231. restrict
    place under restrictions; limit access to
    What we will oppose is an attempt by any group to restrict the rights of others, and to hold power through coercion – not consent.
  232. mistrust
    regard as untrustworthy; regard with suspicion; have no faith or confidence in
    Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.
  233. define
    show the form or outline of
    Already, we have done much to shift our foreign policy following a decade defined by two costly conflicts.
  234. cry for
    need badly or desperately
    But even before his death, al Qaeda was losing its struggle for relevance, as the overwhelming majority of people saw that the slaughter of innocents did not answer their cries for a better life.
  235. wrench
    a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments
    Two wrenching and emotional issues remain: the future of Jerusalem, and the fate of Palestinian refugees.
  236. give way
    move in order to make room for someone for something
    And as we have seen, calls for change may give way to fierce contests for power.
  237. people
    (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively
    Square by square; town by town; country by country; the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights.
  238. activist
    a militant reformer
    We will help governments meet international obligations, and invest efforts anti-corruption; by working with parliamentarians who are developing reforms, and activists who use technology to hold government accountable.
  239. stand up
    rise to one's feet
    For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.
  240. resource
    a source of aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed
    The greatest untapped resource in the Middle East and North Africa is the talent of its people.
  241. contiguous
    having a common boundary or edge; abutting; touching
    The Palestinian people must have the right to govern themselves, and reach their potential, in a sovereign and contiguous state.
  242. Arab
    a member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and surrounding territories who speaks Arabic and who inhabits much of the Middle East and northern Africa
    For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.
  243. hostage
    a prisoner who is held by one party to insure that another party will meet specified terms
    Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.
  244. economy
    the system of production and distribution and consumption
    This lack of self determination – the chance to make of your life what you will – has applied to the region's economy as well.
  245. connect
    connect, fasten, or put together two or more pieces
    Cell phones and social networks allow young people to connect and organize like never before.
  246. focusing
    the concentration of attention or energy on something
    That is why we will continue to insist that universal rights apply to women as well as men – by focusing assistance on child and maternal health; by helping women to teach, or start a business; by standing up for the right of women to have their voices heard, and to run for office.
  247. United States
    North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776
    For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.
  248. technology
    the practical application of science to commerce or industry
    We will continue to make good on the commitments that I made in Cairo – to build networks of entrepreneurs, and expand exchanges in education; to foster cooperation in science and technology, and combat disease.
  249. quartet
    a musical composition for four performers
    Meanwhile, the United States, our Quartet partners, and the Arab states will need to continue every effort to get beyond the current impasse.
  250. values
    beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something)
    Today, I would like to talk about this change – the forces that are driving it, and how we can respond in a way that advances our values and strengthens our security.
  251. partnership
    a cooperative relationship between people or groups who agree to share responsibility for achieving some specific goal
    Fourth, the United States will launch a comprehensive Trade and Investment Partnership Initiative in the Middle East and North Africa.
  252. North
    the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line
    For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.
  253. potential
    existing in possibility
    Nor can people reach their potential when you cannot start a business without paying a bribe.
  254. dignity
    the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect
    It is the same kind of humiliation that takes place every day in many parts of the world – the relentless tyranny of governments that deny their citizens dignity.
  255. threaten
    to utter intentions of injury or punishment against:"He threatened me when I tried to call the police"
    Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.
  256. react
    show a response or a reaction to something
    But if America is to be credible, we must acknowledge that our friends in the region have not all reacted to the demands for change consistent with the principles that I have outlined today.
  257. humiliation
    depriving one of self-esteem
    It is the same kind of humiliation that takes place every day in many parts of the world – the relentless tyranny of governments that deny their citizens dignity.
  258. good day
    a farewell remark
    Along the way, there will be good days, and bad days.
  259. create
    bring into existence
    The government must create the conditions for dialogue, and the opposition must participate to forge a just future for all Bahrainis.
  260. export
    sell or transfer abroad
    If you take out oil exports, this region of over 400 million people exports roughly the same amount as Switzerland.
  261. impose
    impose and collect
    As I said when the United States joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people, and we have learned from our experience in Iraq just how costly and difficult it is to impose regime change by force – no matter how well-intended it may be.
  262. United States of America
    North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776
    There must be no doubt that the United States of America welcomes change that advances self-determination and opportunity.
  263. reject
    refuse to accept or acknowledge
    He rejected democracy and individual rights for Muslims in favor of violent extremism; his agenda focused on what he could destroy – not what he could build.
  264. refugee
    an exile who flees for safety
    Two wrenching and emotional issues remain: the future of Jerusalem, and the fate of Palestinian refugees.
  265. effectiveness
    power to be effective; the quality of being able to bring about an effect
    The duration of this transition period must be agreed, and the effectiveness of security arrangements must be demonstrated.
  266. harden
    make hard or harder
    Suspicion and hostility has been passed on for generations, and at times it has hardened.
  267. opposition
    the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with
    The opposition has organized a legitimate and credible Interim Council.
  268. take place
    come to pass
    For six months, we have witnessed an extraordinary change take place in the Middle East and North Africa.
  269. America
    North America and South America and Central America
    In America, think of the defiance of those patriots in Boston who refused to pay taxes to a King, or the dignity of Rosa Parks as she sat courageously in her seat.
  270. poise
    hold or carry in equilibrium
    But Iraq is poised to play a key role in the region if it continues its peaceful progress.
  271. intervene
    be placed or located between other things or extend between spaces and events
    As I said when the United States joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people, and we have learned from our experience in Iraq just how costly and difficult it is to impose regime change by force – no matter how well-intended it may be.
  272. chanted
    sung or uttered rhythmically in a monotone
    In Sanaa, we heard the students who chanted, "The night must come to an end."
  273. sect
    a subdivision of a larger religious group
    Divisions of tribe, ethnicity and religious sect were manipulated as a means of holding on to power, or taking it away from somebody else.
  274. access
    the right to enter
    The Syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests; release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests; allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like Dara'a; and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition.
  275. speak out
    express one's opinion openly and without fear or hesitation
    But we can – and will – speak out for a set of core principles – principles that have guided our response to the events over the past six months: The United States opposes the use of violence and repression against the people of the region.
  276. effort
    use of physical or mental energy; hard work
    That effort begins in Egypt and Tunisia, where the stakes are high –as Tunisia was at the vanguard of this democratic wave, and Egypt is both a longstanding partner and the Arab World's largest nation.
  277. birthplace
    the place where someone was born
    In a region that was the birthplace of three world religions, intolerance can lead only to suffering and stagnation.
  278. monitor
    someone who gives a warning so that a mistake can be avoided
    The Syrian government must stop shooting demonstrators and allow peaceful protests; release political prisoners and stop unjust arrests; allow human rights monitors to have access to cities like Dara'a; and start a serious dialogue to advance a democratic transition.
  279. strategy
    an elaborate and systematic plan of action
    But in a global economy based on knowledge and innovation, no development strategy can be based solely upon what comes out of the ground.
  280. corruption
    lack of integrity or honesty (especially susceptibility to bribery); use of a position of trust for dishonest gain
    Entrepreneurs are brimming with ideas, but corruption leaves them unable to profit from them.
  281. landmark
    the position of a prominent or well-known object in a particular landscape
    I want to thank Hillary Clinton, who has traveled so much these last six months that she is approaching a new landmark – one million frequent flyer miles.
  282. integration
    the act of combining into an integral whole
    So we will work with the EU to facilitate more trade within the region, build on existing agreements to promote integration with U.S. and European markets, and open the door for those countries who adopt high standards of reform and trade liberalization to construct a regional trade arrangement.
  283. anymore
    at the present or from now on; usually used with a negative
    But the events of the past six months show us that strategies of repression and diversion won't work anymore.
  284. cast off
    get rid of
    At a time when the people of the Middle East and North Africa are casting off the burdens of the past, the drive for a lasting peace that ends the conflict and resolves all claims is more urgent than ever.
  285. fulfill
    fill or meet a want or need
    The dream of a Jewish and democratic state cannot be fulfilled with permanent occupation.
  286. unfold
    extend or stretch out to a greater or the full length
    The question before us is what role America will play as this story unfolds.
  287. acknowledge
    declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of
    Yet we must acknowledge that a strategy based solely upon the narrow pursuit of these interests will not fill an empty stomach or allow someone to speak their mind.
  288. focus
    the concentration of attention or energy on something
    He rejected democracy and individual rights for Muslims in favor of violent extremism; his agenda focused on what he could destroy – not what he could build.
  289. allies
    an alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy
    Had we not acted along with our NATO allies and regional coalition partners, thousands would have been killed.
  290. sanctioned
    established by authority; given authoritative approval
    Across the region, we intend to provide assistance to civil society, including those that may not be officially sanctioned, and who speak uncomfortable truths.
  291. chanting
    the act of singing in a monotonous tone
    In Syria, we see it in the courage of those who brave bullets while chanting, 'peaceful,' 'peaceful.'
  292. facilitate
    make easier
    So we will work with the EU to facilitate more trade within the region, build on existing agreements to promote integration with U.S. and European markets, and open the door for those countries who adopt high standards of reform and trade liberalization to construct a regional trade arrangement.
  293. saddled
    having a saddle on or being mounted on a saddled animal
    Second, we do not want a democratic Egypt to be saddled by the debts of its past.
  294. frustration
    an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts
    So it was in Tunisia, as that vendor's act of desperation tapped into the frustration felt throughout the country.
  295. state
    the way something is with respect to its main attributes
    Symbolic actions to isolate Israel at the United Nations in September won't create an independent state.
  296. rise up
    come to the surface
    Square by square; town by town; country by country; the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights.
  297. illicit
    contrary to accepted morality (especially sexual morality) or convention
    Our opposition to Iran's intolerance – as well as its illicit nuclear program, and its sponsorship of terror – is well known.
  298. count on
    judge to be probable
    I count on Hillary every day, and I believe that she will go down as of the finest Secretaries of State in our nation's history.
  299. deepening
    a process of becoming deeper and more profound
    Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.
  300. judiciary
    the system of law courts that administer justice and constitute the judicial branch of government
    In too many countries, a citizen like that young vendor had nowhere to turn – no honest judiciary to hear his case; no independent media to give him voice; no credible political party to represent his views; no free and fair election where he could choose his leader.
  301. cripple
    deprive of the use of a limb, especially a leg
    People everywhere would see their economies crippled by a cut off in energy supplies.
  302. economic growth
    steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income)
    That energy now needs to be channeled, in country after country, so that economic growth can solidify the accomplishments of the street.
  303. antagonism
    an actively expressed feeling of dislike and hostility
    Antagonism toward Israel became the only acceptable outlet for political expression.
  304. outcome
    something that results
    It is not America that put people into the streets of Tunis and Cairo – it was the people themselves who launched these movements, and must determine their outcome.
  305. abiding
    unceasing
    America respects the right of all peaceful and law-abiding voices to be heard, even if we disagree with them.
  306. hate
    the emotion of intense dislike; a feeling of dislike so strong that it demands action
    He was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate – an insistence that Muslims had to take up arms against the West, and that violence against men, women and children was the only path to change.
  307. provocation
    something that incites or provokes; a means of arousing or stirring to action
    And when Gaddafi inevitably leaves or is forced from power, decades of provocation will come to an end, and the transition to a democratic Libya can proceed.
  308. insistence
    the act of insisting on something
    He was a mass murderer who offered a message of hate – an insistence that Muslims had to take up arms against the West, and that violence against men, women and children was the only path to change.
  309. tolerance
    willingness to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others
    Such tolerance is particularly important when it comes to religion.
  310. grievance
    a complaint about a (real or imaginary) wrong that causes resentment and is grounds for action
    In the face of these challenges, too many leaders in the region tried to direct their people's grievances elsewhere.
  311. Syria
    an Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean; site of some of the world's most ancient centers of civilization
    Otherwise, President Assad and his regime will continue to be challenged from within and isolated abroad Thus far, Syria has followed its Iranian ally, seeking assistance from Tehran in the tactics of suppression.
  312. principle
    a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct
    But we can – and will – speak out for a set of core principles – principles that have guided our response to the events over the past six months: The United States opposes the use of violence and repression against the people of the region.
  313. brim
    the top edge of a vessel or other container
    Entrepreneurs are brimming with ideas, but corruption leaves them unable to profit from them.
  314. united
    characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity
    For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.
  315. will
    the capability of conscious choice and decision and intention
    I count on Hillary every day, and I believe that she will go down as of the finest Secretaries of State in our nation's history.
  316. bribe
    payment made to a person in a position of trust to corrupt his judgment
    Nor can people reach their potential when you cannot start a business without paying a bribe.
  317. spiral
    a structure consisting of something wound in a continuous series of loops
    Given that this mistrust runs both ways – as Americans have been seared by hostage taking, violent rhetoric, and terrorist attacks that have killed thousands of our citizens – a failure to change our approach threatens a deepening spiral of division between the United States and Muslim communities.
  318. generate
    bring into existence
    The goal must be a model in which protectionism gives way to openness; the reigns of commerce pass from the few to the many, and the economy generates jobs for the young.
  319. Nation
    United States prohibitionist who raided saloons and destroyed bottles of liquor with a hatchet (1846-1911)
    Symbolic actions to isolate Israel at the United Nations in September won't create an independent state.
  320. mutually
    in a mutual or shared manner
    The borders of Israel and Palestine should be based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps, so that secure and recognized borders are established for both states.
  321. tolerate
    put up with something or somebody unpleasant
    As we did in the Gulf War, we will not tolerate aggression across borders, and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners.
  322. take out
    cause to leave
    If you take out oil exports, this region of over 400 million people exports roughly the same amount as Switzerland.
  323. incentive
    a positive motivational influence
    Just as EU membership served as an incentive for reform in Europe, so should the vision of a modern and prosperous economy create a powerful force for reform in the Middle East and North Africa.
  324. right
    free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth
    Square by square; town by town; country by country; the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights.
  325. Jewish
    of or relating to Jews or their culture or religion
    The dream of a Jewish and democratic state cannot be fulfilled with permanent occupation.
  326. pass on
    place into the hands or custody of
    Suspicion and hostility has been passed on for generations, and at times it has hardened.
  327. prosperous
    in fortunate circumstances financially; moderately rich
    History shows that countries are more prosperous and peaceful when women are empowered.
  328. troop
    a group of soldiers
    After years of war in Iraq, we have removed 100,000 American troops and ended our combat mission there.
  329. aggression
    a disposition to behave aggressively
    As we did in the Gulf War, we will not tolerate aggression across borders, and we will keep our commitments to friends and partners.
  330. mandate
    a document giving an official instruction or command
    But in Libya, we saw the prospect of imminent massacre, had a mandate for action, and heard the Libyan people's call for help.
  331. solely
    without any others being included or involved
    But in a global economy based on knowledge and innovation, no development strategy can be based solely upon what comes out of the ground.
  332. nuclear
    constituting or like a nucleus
    For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.
  333. interim
    the time between one event, process, or period and another
    The opposition has organized a legitimate and credible Interim Council.
  334. minority
    being or relating to the smaller in number of two parts
    Because democracy depends not only on elections, but also strong and accountable institutions, and respect for the rights of minorities.
  335. symbolic
    relating to or using or proceeding by means of symbols
    Symbolic actions to isolate Israel at the United Nations in September won't create an independent state.
  336. Yemen
    a republic on the southwestern shores of the Arabian Peninsula on the Indian Ocean; formed in 1990
    That is true in Yemen, where President Saleh needs to follow through on his commitment to transfer power.
  337. arrest
    take into custody
    Most recently, the Syrian regime has chosen the path of murder and the mass arrests of its citizens.
  338. mutual
    common to or shared by two or more parties
    That's why, two years ago in Cairo, I began to broaden our engagement based upon mutual interests and mutual respect.
  339. yelling
    uttering a loud inarticulate cry as of pain or excitement
    In Damascus, we heard the young man who said, "After the first yelling, the first shout, you feel dignity."
  340. grind
    reduce to small pieces or particles by pounding or abrading
    The world looks at a conflict that has grinded on for decades, and sees a stalemate.
  341. suppression
    forceful prevention; putting down by power or authority
    Otherwise, President Assad and his regime will continue to be challenged from within and isolated abroad Thus far, Syria has followed its Iranian ally, seeking assistance from Tehran in the tactics of suppression.
  342. costly
    having a high price
    Already, we have done much to shift our foreign policy following a decade defined by two costly conflicts.
  343. construct
    make by combining materials and parts
    So we will work with the EU to facilitate more trade within the region, build on existing agreements to promote integration with U.S. and European markets, and open the door for those countries who adopt high standards of reform and trade liberalization to construct a regional trade arrangement.
  344. oppose
    be against; express opposition to
    But we can – and will – speak out for a set of core principles – principles that have guided our response to the events over the past six months: The United States opposes the use of violence and repression against the people of the region.
  345. rejection
    the act of rejecting something
    Palestinian leaders will not achieve peace or prosperity if Hamas insists on a path of terror and rejection.
  346. square
    (geometry) a plane rectangle with four equal sides and four right angles; a four-sided regular polygon
    Square by square; town by town; country by country; the people have risen up to demand their basic human rights.
  347. relentless
    never-ceasing
    It is the same kind of humiliation that takes place every day in many parts of the world – the relentless tyranny of governments that deny their citizens dignity.
  348. infrastructure
    the basic structure or features of a system or organization
    We will help Egypt regain access to markets by guaranteeing $1 billion in borrowing that is needed to finance infrastructure and job creation.
  349. unfamiliar
    not known or well known
    For the American people, the scenes of upheaval in the region may be unsettling, but the forces driving it are not unfamiliar.
  350. coalition
    the union of diverse things into one body or form or group; the growing together of parts
    As I said when the United States joined an international coalition to intervene, we cannot prevent every injustice perpetrated by a regime against its people, and we have learned from our experience in Iraq just how costly and difficult it is to impose regime change by force – no matter how well-intended it may be.
  351. depend
    be contingent upon (something that is elided)
    In the 21st century, information is power; the truth cannot be hidden; and the legitimacy of governments will ultimately depend on active and informed citizens.
  352. peacefully
    in a peaceful manner
    And I would not be standing here today unless past generations turned to the moral force of non-violence as a way to perfect our union – organizing, marching, and protesting peacefully together to make real those words that declared our nation: "We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal."
  353. steadfast
    marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable
    As they do, we will be proud to stand with them as a steadfast partner.
  354. forge
    create by hammering
    The government must create the conditions for dialogue, and the opposition must participate to forge a just future for all Bahrainis.
  355. choice
    the act of choosing or selecting
    President Assad now has a choice: he can lead that transition, or get out of the way.
  356. even as
    at the same time as
    There, the Iraqi people have rejected the perils of political violence for a democratic process, even as they have taken full responsibility for their own security.
  357. hear
    perceive (sound) via the auditory sense
    After local officials refused to hear his complaint, this young man who had never been particularly active in politics went to the headquarters of the provincial government, doused himself in fuel, and lit himself on fire.
  358. commerce
    transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)
    For decades, the United States has pursued a set of core interests in the region: countering terrorism and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons; securing the free flow of commerce, and safe-guarding the security of the region; standing up for Israel's security and pursuing Arab-Israeli peace.
  359. Indonesia
    a republic in southeastern Asia on an archipelago including more than 13,000 islands; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1945; the principal oil producer in the Far East and Pacific regions
    Satellite television and the Internet provide a window into the wider world – a world of astonishing progress in places like India, Indonesia and Brazil.
  360. Jordan
    an Arab kingdom in southwestern Asia on the Red Sea
    The fact is, a growing number of Palestinians live west of the Jordan River.
  361. look forward
    expect or hope for
    We look forward to working with all who embrace genuine and inclusive democracy.
  362. challenge
    a call to engage in a contest or fight
    In the face of these challenges, too many leaders in the region tried to direct their people's grievances elsewhere.
  363. translate
    restate (words) from one language into another language
    Our support for these principles is not a secondary interest– today I am making it clear that it is a top priority that must be translated into concrete actions, and supported by all of the diplomatic, economic and strategic tools at our disposal.
  364. priority
    status established in order of importance or urgency
    Our support for these principles is not a secondary interest– today I am making it clear that it is a top priority that must be translated into concrete actions, and supported by all of the diplomatic, economic and strategic tools at our disposal.
  365. outline
    the line that appears to bound an object
    But if America is to be credible, we must acknowledge that our friends in the region have not all reacted to the demands for change consistent with the principles that I have outlined today.
  366. trapped
    forced to turn and face attackers
    But I'm convinced that the majority of Israelis and Palestinians would rather look to the future than be trapped in the past.
  367. asunder
    into parts or pieces
    Societies held together by fear and repression may offer the illusion of stability for a time, but they are built upon fault lines that will eventually tear asunder.