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abundance
the property of a more than adequate quantity or supply
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abyssal
relating to ocean depths from 2000 to 5000 meters
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aerial
characterized by lightness and insubstantiality; as impalpable or intangible as air
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alliance
the state of being allied or confederated
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alternative energy
energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment
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anthropogenic
of or relating to the study of the origins and development of human beings
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arboreal
resembling a tree in form and branching structure
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association
a formal organization of people or groups of people
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benthos
a region including the bottom of the sea and the littoral zones
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bioclimatic
of or concerned with the relations of climate and living organisms
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biodegradable
capable of being decomposed by e.g. bacteria
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biodiversity
the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or in the world as a whole)
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biome
a major biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate
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bionomics
the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment
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biopiracy
biological theft; illegal collection of indigenous plants by corporations who patent them for their own use
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bioremediation
the branch of biotechnology that uses biological process to overcome environmental problems
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biosphere
the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist
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bog
wet spongy ground of decomposing vegetation; has poorer drainage than a swamp; soil is unfit for cultivation but can be cut and dried and used for fuel
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boreal
toward or located in the north
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botany
the branch of biology that studies plants
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calcareous
composed of or containing or resembling calcium carbonate or calcite or chalk
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canebrake
a dense growth of cane (especially giant cane)
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canopy
a covering (usually of cloth) that serves as a roof to shelter an area from the weather
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carbon cycle
the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
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Rachel Carson
United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964)
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chaparral
dense vegetation consisting of stunted trees or bushes
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climax
the highest point of anything conceived of as growing or developing or unfolding
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colonize
settle as a colony; of countries in the developing world
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community
a group of people living in a particular local area
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competition
the act of competing as for profit or a prize
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conservancy
the official conservation of trees and soil and rivers etc.
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conservation
the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources
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conservationist
someone who works to protect the environment from destruction or pollution
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cosmopolitan
of worldwide scope or applicability
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cosmopolite
a sophisticated person who has travelled in many countries
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cover
provide with a covering or cause to be covered
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cryptogamic
of or relating to a cryptogam
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cull
remove something that has been rejected
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cycle
a periodically repeated sequence of events
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deforest
remove the trees from
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desertification
the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert; is usually caused by climate change or by destructive use of the land
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disafforest
remove the trees from
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dispersion
spreading widely or driving off
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doe
mature female of mammals of which the male is called `buck'
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dominance
the power or right to give orders or make decisions
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dominant
most frequent or common
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ecology
the environment as it relates to living organisms
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ecosystem
a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment
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ecoterrorism
violence carried out to further the political or social objectives of the environmentalists
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ecotourism
tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature
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emergent
coming into existence
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environment
the totality of surrounding conditions
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environmentalist
someone who works to protect the environment from destruction or pollution
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EPA
an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment
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eutrophic
(ecology) of a lake or other body of water rich in nutrients and subject to eutrophication
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eutrophication
excessive nutrients in a lake or other body of water, usually caused by runoff of nutrients (animal waste, fertilizers, sewage) from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life; the decomposition of the plants depletes the supply of oxygen, leading to the death of animal life
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fen
low-lying wet land with grassy vegetation; usually is a transition zone between land and water
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fieldwork
a temporary fortification built by troops in the field
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flush
rinse, clean, or empty with a liquid
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food chain
(ecology) a community of organisms where each member is eaten in turn by another member
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food web
(ecology) a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains
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Gaia
(Greek mythology) goddess of the earth and mother of Cronus and the Titans in ancient mythology
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green
of the color between blue and yellow in the color spectrum; similar to the color of fresh grass
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Green
an environmentalist who belongs to the Green Party
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green revolution
the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity
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guild
a formal association of people with similar interests
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habitat
the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs
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halophile
archaebacteria requiring a salt-rich environment for growth and survival
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heath
a low evergreen shrub of the family Ericaceae; has small bell-shaped pink or purple flowers
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hydric
having or characterized by excessive moisture
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indicator
a device for showing the operating condition of some system
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interstitial
of or relating to interstices
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intertidal
of or relating to the littoral area above the low-tide mark
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intolerant
unwilling to tolerate difference of opinion
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lacustrine
of or relating to or living near lakes
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lentic
of or relating to or living in still waters (as lakes or ponds)
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limnology
the scientific study of bodies of fresh water for their biological and physical and geological properties
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litter
rubbish carelessly dropped or left about (especially in public places)
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littoral
of or relating to a coastal or shore region
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lotic
of or relating to or living in actively moving water
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mallee
any of several low-growing Australian eucalypts
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manage
be in charge of, act on, or dispose of
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mangrove
a tropical tree or shrub bearing fruit that germinates while still on the tree and having numerous prop roots that eventually form an impenetrable mass and are important in land building
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mesic
having or characterized by moderate or a well-balanced supply of moisture
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mire
a soft wet area of low-lying land that sinks underfoot
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mobilize
make ready for action or use
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mousse
a rich, frothy, creamy dessert made with whipped egg whites and heavy cream
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John Muir
United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914)
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national park
a tract of land declared by the national government to be public property
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National Trust
an organization concerned to preserve historic monuments and buildings and places of historical interest or natural beauty; founded in 1895 and supported by endowment and private subscription
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niche
a small concavity
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nitrogen cycle
the circulation of nitrogen; nitrates from the soil are absorbed by plants which are eaten by animals that die and decay returning the nitrogen back to the soil
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nitrogen fixation
the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria
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nuclear winter
a long period of darkness and extreme cold that scientists predict would follow a full-scale nuclear war; a layer of dust and smoke in the atmosphere would cover the earth and block the rays of the sun; most living organisms would perish
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opportunistic
taking immediate advantage, often unethically, of any circumstance of possible benefit
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ordination
the act of ordaining; the act of conferring (or receiving) holy orders
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overturn
cause to overturn from an upright or normal position
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ozone
a colorless gas (O3) soluble in alkalis and cold water; a strong oxidizing agent; can be produced by electric discharge in oxygen or by the action of ultraviolet radiation on oxygen in the stratosphere (where it acts as a screen for ultraviolet radiation)
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ozone hole
an area of the ozone layer (near the poles) that is seasonally depleted of ozone
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ozone layer
a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun
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ozonosphere
a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun
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palaeoecology
the branch of ecology that studies ancient ecology
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peat
partially carbonized vegetable matter saturated with water; can be used as a fuel when dried
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pedology
the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of infants and children
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photic
of or relating to or caused by light
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plant
(botany) a living organism lacking the power of locomotion
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pollute
make impure
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pollution
undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated with harmful substances as a consequence of human activities
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preservationist
someone who advocates the preservation of historical sites or endangered species or natural areas
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productivity
the quality of being productive or having the power to produce
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provincialism
a lack of sophistication
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pyrogenic
produced by or producing fever
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recyclable
capable of being used again
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recycle
use again after processing
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red tide
seawater that is discolored by large numbers of certain dinoflagellates that produce saxitoxin
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rehabilitate
help to readapt, as to a former state of health or good repute
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remediation
act of correcting an error or a fault or an evil
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renewable
capable of being renewed; replaceable
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reserve
hold back or set aside, especially for future use or contingency
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riparian
of or relating to or located on the banks of a river or stream
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sagebrush
any of several North American composite subshrubs of the genera Artemis or Seriphidium
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sanctuary
a consecrated place where sacred objects are kept
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sere
(used especially of vegetation) having lost all moisture
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society
an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
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sterilize
make free from bacteria
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sublittoral
of or relating to the region of the continental shelf (between the seashore and the edge of the continental shelf) or the marine organisms situated there
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succession
acquisition of property by descent or by will
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sustainable
capable of being sustained
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timberline
line marking the upper limit of tree growth in mountains or northern latitudes
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tolerance
willingness to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others
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tolerant
showing or characterized by broad-mindedness
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trophic
of or relating to nutrition
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unforested
not covered with forest
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virgin forest
forest or woodland having a mature or overly mature ecosystem more or less uninfluenced by human activity
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xeric
being deficient in moisture