-
matzah
brittle flat bread eaten at Passover
-
Sturmabteilung
Nazi militia created by Hitler in 1921 that helped him to power but was eclipsed by the SS after 1943
-
concentration camp
a penal camp where political prisoners or prisoners of war are confined (usually under harsh conditions)
-
Hakenkreuz
the official emblem of the Nazi Party and the Third Reich; a cross with the arms bent at right angles in a clockwise direction
-
antisemitic
relating to or characterized by anti-Semitism; hating Jews
-
tallis
(Judaism) a shawl with a ritually knotted fringe at each corner; worn by Jews at morning prayer
-
preconceive
conceive beforehand
-
Nazi
a German member of Adolf Hitler's political party
-
extermination
the act of exterminating
-
final solution
the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945
-
Second Reich
the Reich when Hohenzollern monarchs ruled Germany (from 1871 to 1919)
-
death camp
a concentration camp where prisoners are likely to die or be killed
-
centralist
advocating centralization
-
ghetto
a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions
-
Holocaust
the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945
-
concentration
the spatial property of being crowded together
-
mitzvah
(Judaism) a good deed performed out of religious duty
-
Security Service
the government agency in the United Kingdom that is responsible for internal security and counterintelligence on British territory
-
carbon monoxide gas
an odorless very poisonous gas that is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon
-
Reich
the German state
-
Auschwitz
a Nazi concentration camp for Jews in southwestern Poland during World War II
-
militarize
lend a military character to (a country), as by building up a military force
-
displaced person
a person forced to flee from home or country
-
B.C.E.
of the period before the Common Era; preferred by some writers who are not Christians
-
POW camp
a camp for prisoners of war
-
Nazi Party
the political party founded in Germany in 1919 and brought to power by Hitler in 1933
-
Lublin
an industrial city of eastern Poland
-
Dachau
a concentration camp for Jews created by the Nazis near Munich in southern Germany
-
gas chamber
instrument of execution consisting of a sealed chamber into which poison gas is introduced; used to kill people or animals
-
bat mitzvah
(Judaism) an initiation ceremony marking the 12th birthday of a Jewish girl and signifying the beginning of religious responsibility
-
Third Reich
the Nazi dictatorship under Hitler (1933-1945)
-
Marrano
(medieval Spain and Portugal) a disparaging term for a Jew who converted to Christianity in order to avoid persecution but continued to practice their religion secretly
-
cultural movement
a group of people working together to advance certain cultural goals
-
nazi
derogatory term for a person who is fanatically dedicated to, or seeks to control, some activity, practice, etc.
-
national socialist
relating to a form of socialism
-
Jewish
of or relating to Jews or their culture or religion
-
Hitler
German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)
-
incarcerate
lock up or confine, in or as in a jail
-
Himmler
German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)
-
Nuremberg
a city in southeastern Germany; site of Allied trials of Nazi war criminals (1945-46)
-
Schutzstaffel
special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925; the SS administered the concentration camps
-
hydrogen cyanide
a highly poisonous gas or volatile liquid that smells like bitter almonds; becomes a gas at around 90 degree Fahrenheit and is most dangerous when inhaled; the anhydride of hydrocyanic acid; used in manufacturing
-
camp
temporary lodgings in the country for travelers or vacationers
-
Gestapo
the secret state police in Nazi Germany; known for its terrorist methods
-
six-pointed
having six points
-
Tallis
English organist and composer of church and secular music; was granted a monopoly in music printing with William Byrd (1505-1585)
-
Friedrich Engels
socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895)
-
religious holiday
a day specified for religious observance
-
Goering
German politician in Nazi Germany who founded the Gestapo and mobilized Germany for war (1893-1946)
-
prayer shawl
(Judaism) a shawl with a ritually knotted fringe at each corner; worn by Jews at morning prayer
-
beer hall
a hall or barroom featuring beer and (usually) entertainment
-
word meaning
the accepted meaning of a word
-
administrative unit
a unit with administrative responsibilities
-
dehumanization
the act of degrading people with respect to their best qualities
-
labor camp
a penal institution for political prisoners who are used as forced labor
-
also known as
as known or named at another time or place
-
antisemitism
the intense dislike for and prejudice against Jewish people
-
elite group
a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status
-
lebensraum
space sought for occupation by a nation whose population is expanding
-
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia and others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991
-
prayerbook
a book containing prayers
-
homophobia
prejudice against (fear or dislike of) homosexual people and homosexuality
-
political prisoner
someone who is imprisoned because of their political views
-
cattle car
a freight car for transporting cattle
-
institutionalized
given the character of an institution or incorporated into a structured and usually well-established system
-
baht
the basic unit of money in Thailand
-
deportation
the act of expelling a person from their native land
-
Warsaw
the capital and largest city of Poland; located in central Poland
-
militarized
issued military arms
-
euphemism
an inoffensive or indirect expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or too harsh
-
Star of David
a six-pointed star formed from two equilateral triangles; an emblem symbolizing Judaism
-
Krakow
an industrial city in southern Poland on the Vistula
-
Communist Manifesto
a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views
-
Darwinism
a theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection
-
Poland
a republic in central Europe; the invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939 started World War II
-
enabling act
a provision in a law that confers on appropriate officials the power to implement or enforce the law
-
Romani
of or relating to the Gypsies or their language or culture
-
euthanasia
the act of killing someone painlessly (especially someone suffering from an incurable illness)
-
Belsen
a Nazi concentration camp for Jews created in northwestern Germany during World War II
-
floor show
a series of acts at a night club
-
Lodz
a large city of central Poland
-
displace
cause to move, usually with force or pressure
-
systematize
arrange according to a system or reduce to a system
-
Weimar Republic
the German republic founded at Weimar in 1919
-
Diaspora
the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel; from the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in 587-86 BC when they were exiled to Babylonia up to the present time
-
non-Jew
a Christian as contrasted with a Jew
-
German
of or pertaining to or characteristic of Germany or its people or language
-
survival of the fittest
a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
-
Second World War
a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945
-
pogrom
organized persecution of an ethnic group (especially Jews)
-
World War I
a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918
-
living space
space sought for occupation by a nation whose population is expanding
-
Germany
a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990
-
gypsy
a laborer who moves from place to place as demanded by employment
-
dismantle
take off or remove
-
Yiddish
a dialect of High German including some Hebrew and other words; spoken in Europe as a vernacular by many Jews; written in the Hebrew script
-
incorporate
make into a whole or make part of a whole
-
murderously
as if bent on murder
-
Buchenwald
a Nazi concentration camp for Jews in World War II that was located in central Germany
-
instructional
of or relating to or used in instruction
-
persecute
cause to suffer
-
buna
made by polymerizing butadiene
-
Madagascar
a republic on the island of Madagascar; achieved independence from France in 1960
-
societal
relating to human society and its members
-
liberate
grant freedom to; free from confinement
-
USSR
a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia and others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991
-
unleavened bread
brittle flat bread eaten at Passover
-
German-speaking
able to communicate in German
-
storm trooper
a member of the Nazi SA
-
commemorate
call to remembrance; keep alive the memory of someone or something, as in a ceremony
-
preconceived idea
an opinion formed beforehand without adequate evidence
-
house of prayer
any building where congregations gather for prayer
-
Vilna
the capital and largest city of Lithuania; located in southeastern Lithuania
-
world war
a war in which the major nations of the world are involved
-
militaristic
imbued with militarism
-
Spanish Inquisition
an inquisition initiated in 1478 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries)
-
search engine
a computer program that retrieves documents or files or data from a database or from a computer network (especially from the internet)
-
Latvian
of or relating to or characteristic of Latvia or its people or language
-
unsanitary
not sanitary or healthful
-
mistreatment
the practice of treating (someone or something) badly
-
lah
the syllable naming the sixth (submediant) note of a major or minor scale in solmization
-
omnipresence
the state of being everywhere at once (or seeming to be everywhere at once)
-
Engels
socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895)
-
Judaism
the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud
-
Ukrainian
of or relating to or characteristic of Ukraine or its people or culture
-
blitzkrieg
a swift and violent military offensive with intensive aerial bombardment
-
desecrate
violate the sacred character of a place or language
-
January 20
the day designated for inauguration of the United States President
-
synagogue
(Judaism) the place of worship for a Jewish congregation
-
prisoner
a person who is confined; especially a prisoner of war
-
putsch
a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force
-
regime
the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit
-
established
brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established
-
monotheistic
believing that there is only one god
-
police state
a country that maintains repressive control over the people by means of police (especially secret police)
-
Adolf Hitler
German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)
-
sexual relationship
a relationship involving sexual intimacy
-
resettlement
the transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement (as after an upheaval of some kind)
-
Hindenburg
German field marshal and statesman; as president of the Weimar Republic he reluctantly appointed Hitler as chancellor in 1933 (1847-1934)
-
displacement
to move something from its natural environment
-
assimilation
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
-
unleavened
made without leavening
-
propaganda
information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause
-
congregational
relating to or conducted or participated in by a congregation
-
technologically
by means of technology
-
film director
the person who directs the making of a film
-
POW
a person who surrenders to (or is taken by) the enemy in time of war
-
indoctrination
teaching someone to accept doctrines uncritically
-
Estonian
of or pertaining to Estonia or the people or culture of Estonia
-
hin
ancient Hebrew unit of liquid measure = 1.5 gallons
-
dance floor
a bare floor polished for dancing
-
Minsk
the capital of Belarus and of the Commonwealth of Independent States
-
killing
the act of terminating a life
-
Holy Roman Empire
a political entity in Europe that began with the papal coronation of Otto I as the first emperor in 962 and lasted until 1806 when it was dissolved by Napoleon
-
Secretary General
a person who is a chief administrator (as of the United Nations)
-
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
-
poison gas
a gas that is poisonous to breath or contact; used in chemical warfare
-
locate
discover the location of; determine the place of; find by searching or examining
-
deport
expel from a country
-
racial
of or related to genetically distinguished groups of people
-
acronym
a word formed from the initial letters of the several words in the name
-
homosexual
someone who practices homosexuality; having a sexual attraction to persons of the same sex
-
carbon monoxide
an odorless very poisonous gas that is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon
-
house of worship
any building where congregations gather for prayer
-
government department
a department of government
-
symbolize
express indirectly by an image, form, or model; be a symbol
-
rise to power
the act of attaining or gaining access to a new office or right or position (especially the throne)
-
dismantled
torn down and broken up
-
Zionism
a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine
-
revisionist
a Communist who tries to rewrite Marxism to justify a retreat from the revolutionary position
-
liberated
free from traditional social restraints
-
security system
an electrical device that sets off an alarm when someone tries to break in
-
Salonika
a port city in northeastern Greece on an inlet of the Aegean Sea; second largest city of Greece
-
swastika
the official emblem of the Nazi Party and the Third Reich; a cross with the arms bent at right angles in a clockwise direction
-
dah
the longer of the two telegraphic signals used in Morse code
-
Eichmann
Austrian who became the Nazi official who administered the concentration camps where millions of Jews were murdered during World War II (1906-1962)
-
monoxide
an oxide containing just one atom of oxygen in the molecule
-
establish
set up or found
-
overcrowd
cause to crowd together too much
-
Enlightenment
a movement in Europe from about 1650 until 1800 that advocated the use of reason and individualism instead of tradition and established doctrine
-
hart
a male deer, especially an adult male red deer
-
incorporated
formed or united into a whole
-
Torah
the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit
-
handicapped
incapable of functioning as a consequence of injury or illness
-
execute
put in effect
-
transit
a journey usually by ship
-
intelligence service
a unit responsible for gathering and interpreting information about an enemy
-
Host
a technical name for the bread used in the service of Mass or Holy Communion
-
basic principle
principles from which other truths can be derived
-
1930s
the decade from 1930 to 1939
-
Great Depression
the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s
-
cultural
of or relating to the shared knowledge and values of a society
-
collaboration
act of working jointly
-
moo
make a low noise, characteristic of bovines
-
systematic
characterized by order and planning
-
cremation
the incineration of a dead body
-
malnutrition
a state of poor nutrition; can result from insufficient or excessive or unbalanced diet or from inability to absorb foods
-
Europe
the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles
-
Riga
a port city on the Gulf of Riga that is the capital and largest city of Latvia; formerly a member of the Hanseatic League
-
uprise
move upward
-
war criminal
an offender who violates international law during times of war
-
Bavarian
of or relating to or characteristic of Bavaria or its people
-
ley
a field covered with grass or herbage and suitable for grazing by livestock
-
social organization
the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships
-
Nazi Germany
the Nazi dictatorship under Hitler (1933-1945)
-
brutally
in a vicious manner
-
U.S. Congress
the legislature of the United States government
-
signatory
someone who signs and is bound by a document
-
approximately
(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct
-
Barbarossa
Holy Roman Emperor from 1152 to 1190; conceded supremacy to the pope; drowned leading the Third Crusade (1123-1190)
-
unstable
subject to change; variable
-
freight train
a railroad train consisting of freight cars
-
nationalism
the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other
-
starvation
the act of depriving of food or subjecting to famine
-
Karl Marx
founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883)
-
ideological
of or pertaining to or characteristic of an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation
-
recurring
coming back
-
cyanide
any of a class of organic compounds containing the cyano radical -CN
-
eastern
lying toward or situated in the east
-
thirty-second
one part in thirty-two equal parts
-
nationalistic
fanatically patriotic
-
Aryan
a member of the prehistoric people who spoke Proto-Indo European
-
Jewry
Jews collectively
-
Hess
Nazi leader who in 1941 flew a solo flight to Scotland in an apparent attempt to negotiate a peace treaty with Great Britain but was imprisoned for life (1894-1987)
-
racially
with respect to race
-
Kiev
capital and largest city of the Ukraine; a major manufacturing and transportation center
-
Goebbels
German propaganda minister in Nazi Germany who persecuted the Jews (1897-1945)
-
mistakenly
in a mistaken manner
-
Contra
a member of the guerrilla force that opposed a left-wing government in Nicaragua
-
political
involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians
-
guinea pig
stout-bodied nearly tailless domesticated cavy; often kept as a pet and widely used in research
-
mentally
in your mind
-
genocide
systematic killing of a racial or cultural group
-
occupier
someone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there
-
commemorating
intended as a commemoration
-
glossary
an alphabetical list of technical terms in some specialized field of knowledge; usually published as an appendix to a text on that field
-
gas
the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container
-
socialist
advocating or following the socialist principles
-
Czechoslovakia
a former republic in central Europe; divided into Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993
-
meaning
the message that is intended or expressed or signified
-
biased
favoring one person or side over another
-
Hebrew
of or relating to or characteristic of the Hebrews
-
survival
a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
-
kill
cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly
-
integrate
make into a whole or make part of a whole
-
pesticide
a chemical used to kill pests (as rodents or insects)
-
impractical
not practical; not workable or not given to practical matters
-
used
previously used or owned by another
-
unmarked
not having an identifying mark
-
Romania
a republic in southeastern Europe with a short coastline on the Black Sea
-
expanded
increased in extent or size or bulk or scope
-
Knesset
the Israeli unicameral parliament
-
allegation
(law) a formal accusation against somebody (often in a court of law)
-
cantor
the official of a synagogue who conducts the liturgical part of the service and sings or chants the prayers intended to be performed as solos
-
inmate
one of several resident of a dwelling (especially someone confined to a prison or hospital)
-
orphanage
a public institution for the care of orphans
-
Bolshevism
Soviet communism
-
center
an area that is approximately central within some larger region
-
based
having a base
-
typhus
rickettsial disease transmitted by body lice and characterized by skin rash and high fever
-
expeditionary
(used of military forces) designed for military operations abroad
-
Lithuanian
of or relating to or characteristic of Lithuania or its people or language
-
term
a limited period of time
-
preconceived
(of an idea or opinion) formed beforehand; especially without evidence or through prejudice
-
reparation
something done or paid in expiation of a wrong
-
Eucharist
a Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine
-
authoritarian
characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty
-
unit
a single undivided whole
-
nee
(meaning literally `born') used to indicate the maiden or family name of a married woman
-
looted
wrongfully emptied or stripped of anything of value
-
southeast
the compass point midway between south and east; at 135 degrees
-
plat
a map showing planned or actual features of an area (streets and building lots etc.)
-
war
the waging of armed conflict against an enemy
-
Passover
(Judaism) a Jewish festival (traditionally 8 days from Nissan 15) celebrating the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt
-
concept
an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances
-
Slovakia
a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from the Czech Republic in 1993
-
Nebuchadnezzar
(Old Testament) king of Chaldea who captured and destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the Israelites to Babylonia (630?-562 BC)
-
elite
a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic status
-
medieval
relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages
-
partisan
a fervent and even militant proponent of something
-
include
have as a part, be made up out of
-
catastrophic
extremely harmful; bringing physical or financial ruin
-
party
an occasion on which people can assemble for social interaction and entertainment
-
compulsory
required by rule
-
1940s
the decade from 1940 to 1949
-
rightfully
by right
-
located
situated in a particular spot or position
-
nomadic
migratory
-
Talmud
the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism
-
executed
put to death as punishment
-
unclear
poorly stated or described
-
restricting
restricting the scope or freedom of action
-
scapegoat
someone who is punished for the errors of others
-
defense force
an organization of defenders that provides resistance against attack
-
peace treaty
a treaty to cease hostilities
-
solution
a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid solution
-
police
the force of policemen and officers
-
emigrate
leave one's country of residence for a new one
-
lieutenant colonel
a commissioned officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines holding a rank above major and below colonel
-
political party
an organization to gain political power
-
punishable
liable to or deserving punishment
-
Croatia
a republic in the western Balkans in south-central Europe in the eastern Adriatic coastal area; formerly part of the Habsburg monarchy and Yugoslavia; became independent in 1991
-
militarism
a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests
-
dispersion
spreading widely or driving off
-
exterminate
kill en masse; kill on a large scale; kill many
-
sanitation
the state of being clean and conducive to health
-
espouse
choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans
-
web site
a computer connected to the internet that maintains a series of web pages on the World Wide Web
-
cabaret
a spot that is open late at night and that provides entertainment (as singers or dancers) as well as dancing and food and drink
-
Mendelssohn
German musician and romantic composer of orchestral and choral works (1809-1847)
-
handicap
the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness
-
dictatorial
characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty
-
stereotype
a conventional or formulaic conception or image
-
persecution
the act of persecuting (especially on the basis of race or religion)
-
secret police
a police force that operates in secrecy (usually against persons suspected of treason or sedition)
-
auxiliary
furnishing added support
-
mold
the distinctive form in which a thing is made
-
affiliated
being joined in close association
-
hearsay
gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth
-
Laws
the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit
-
opened
not sealed or having been unsealed
-
generalization
the process of formulating general concepts by abstracting common properties of instances
-
Olympia
a plain in Greece in the northwestern Peloponnese; the chief sanctuary of Zeus and the site of the original Olympian Games
-
Weimar
a German city near Leipzig; scene of the adoption in 1919 of the constitution of the Weimar Republic that lasted until 1933
-
affiliate
join in an affiliation
-
barbed wire
strong wire with barbs at regular intervals used to prevent passage
-
European nation
any one of the countries occupying the European continent
-
raze
tear down so as to make flat with the ground
-
come of age
reach a certain age that marks a transition to maturity
-
perpetrator
someone who perpetrates wrongdoing
-
Bergen
a port city in southwestern Norway
-
supervised
under observation or under the direction of a superintendent or overseer
-
supervise
watch and direct
-
base
lowest support of a structure
-
congregation
the act of congregating
-
ownership
the state or fact of being an owner
-
Socialist Party
a political party in the United States formed in 1900 to advocate socialism
-
fen
low-lying wet land with grassy vegetation; usually is a transition zone between land and water
-
fascism
a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)
-
precursor
something that precedes and indicates the approach of something or someone
-
virulent
extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom
-
white paper
a government report; bound in white
-
collective
done by or characteristic of individuals acting together
-
bibliography
a list of writings with time and place of publication (such as the writings of a single author or the works referred to in preparing a document etc.)
-
November
the month following October and preceding December
-
refer
send or direct for treatment, information, or a decision
-
racist
a person with a prejudiced belief that one race is superior to others
-
psychiatric
relating to or used in or engaged in the practice of psychiatry
-
uniformed
dressed in a uniform
-
Silesia
a region of central Europe rich in deposits of coal and iron ore; annexed by Prussia in 1742 but now largely in Poland
-
protectorate
a state or territory partly controlled by (but not a possession of) a stronger state but autonomous in internal affairs; protectorates are established by treaty
-
norm
a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical
-
unloaded
(of weapons) not charged with ammunition
-
field marshal
an officer holding the highest rank in the army
-
recur
happen or occur again
-
World War II
a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945
-
racism
the prejudice that members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of other races
-
work force
the force of workers available
-
murdered
killed unlawfully
-
included
enclosed in the same envelope or package
-
discrimination
unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice
-
raid
a sudden short attack
-
marital
of or relating to the state of marriage
-
fringe
an ornamental border consisting of short lengths of hanging threads or tassels
-
create
bring into existence
-
liberation
the act of liberating someone or something
-
relentlessly
in a relentless manner
-
territory
a region marked off for administrative or other purposes
-
ritual
the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies
-
victim
an unfortunate person who suffers from some adverse circumstance
-
date back
belong to an earlier time
-
sixteenth
position 16 in a countable series of things
-
Allied
of or relating to or denoting the Allies in World War I
-
Night
Roman goddess of night; daughter of Erebus; counterpart of Greek Nyx
-
civil right
right or rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including the right to legal and social and economic equality
-
coordinate
of equal importance, rank, or degree
-
be active
be in a state of action
-
lyric
of or relating to a category of poetry that expresses emotion (often in a songlike way)
-
derive
come from
-
occupy
keep busy with
-
emotionally
in an emotional manner
-
destroy
do away with, cause the destruction or undoing of
-
intolerance
unwillingness to recognize and respect differences in opinions or beliefs
-
Budapest
capital and largest city of Hungary; located on the Danube River in north-central Hungary
-
force
(physics) the influence that produces a change in a physical quantity
-
Hungarian
relating to or characteristic of Hungary
-
labor
any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted
-
participating
taking part in an activity
-
group
any number of entities (members) considered as a unit
-
sacked
having been robbed and destroyed by force and violence
-
defining
any process serving to define the shape of something
-
Palestine
an ancient country in southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea; a place of pilgrimage for Christianity and Islam and Judaism
-
occupied
held or filled or in use
-
tribunal
an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business
-
destruction
an event (or the result of an event) that completely destroys something
-
communism
a political theory favoring collectivism in a classless society
-
final
an examination administered at the end of an academic term
-
quiz
an examination consisting of a few short questions
-
squad
a smallest army unit
-
massacre
the savage and excessive killing of many people
-
pseudo
(often used in combination) not genuine but having the appearance of
-
Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
-
membership
the state of being a member
-
guerrilla
a member of an irregular armed force that fights a stronger force by sabotage and harassment
-
International
any of several international socialist organizations
-
gen
informal term for information
-
expand
extend in one or more directions
-
idiom
an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up
-
throughout
from first to last
-
rabbi
spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation; qualified to expound and apply Jewish law
-
Roman Empire
an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the eastern or Byzantine Empire; at its peak lands in Europe and Africa and Asia were ruled by ancient Rome
-
spiritually
in a spiritual manner
-
sign in
announce one's arrival, e.g. at hotels or airports
-
unofficial
not having official authority or sanction
-
Babylonia
an ancient kingdom in southern Mesopotamia; Babylonia conquered Israel in the 6th century BC and exiled the Jews to Babylon (where Daniel became a counselor to the king)
-
ideology
an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation
-
integrated
formed or united into a whole
-
boo
show displeasure, as after a performance or speech
-
security
the state of being free from danger or injury
-
combine
put or add together
-
oppression
the act of subjugating by cruelty
-
chamber
a natural or artificial enclosed space
-
right-wing
believing in or supporting tenets of the political right
-
conditions
the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process
-
Polish
of or relating to Poland or its people or culture
-
predominant
having superior power and influence
-
mainstream
the prevailing current of thought
-
policy
a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group
-
detachment
the act of releasing from an attachment or connection
-
holiday
leisure time away from work devoted to rest or pleasure
-
underground
beneath the surface of the earth
-
social
living together or enjoying life in communities or organized groups
-
Hungary
a republic in central Europe
-
long distance
a telephone call made outside the local calling area
-
undesirable
not wanted
-
organized
methodical and efficient in arrangement or function
-
upheaval
a violent disturbance
-
Hermann
German hero; leader at the battle of Teutoburger Wald in AD 9 (circa 18 BC - AD 19)
-
deliberate
carefully thought out in advance
-
non
negation of a word or group of words
-
systematically
in a systematic or consistent manner
-
annexation
incorporation by joining or uniting
-
mean
denote or connote
-
irrational
not consistent with or using reason
-
January
the first month of the year; begins 10 days after the winter solstice
-
in theory
with regard to fundamentals although not concerning details
-
historically
throughout history
-
Empire
an eating apple that somewhat resembles a McIntosh; used as both an eating and a cooking apple
-
League of Nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; although suggested by Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed
-
Axis
in World War II the alliance of Germany and Italy in 1936 which later included Japan and other nations
-
chanted
sung or uttered rhythmically in a monotone
-
Jew
a person belonging to the worldwide group claiming descent from Jacob (or converted to it) and connected by cultural or religious ties
-
initially
at the beginning
-
Death
the personification of death
-
Berlin
capital of Germany located in eastern Germany
-
limiting
restricting the scope or freedom of action
-
assassinated
murdered by surprise attack for political reasons
-
republic
a form of government whose head of state is not a monarch
-
designation
the act of designating or identifying something
-
technique
a practical method or art applied to some particular task
-
tactic
a plan for attaining a particular goal
-
regulating
the act of controlling or directing according to rule
-
state
the way something is with respect to its main attributes
-
impetus
a force that moves something along
-
web
an intricate network suggesting something that was formed by weaving or interweaving
-
treaty
a written agreement between two states or sovereigns
-
undermine
destroy property or hinder normal operations
-
pole
a long (usually round) rod of wood or metal or plastic
-
bat
a club used for hitting a ball in various games
-
bystander
a nonparticipant spectator
-
disarmament
act of reducing or depriving of arms
-
manifesto
a public declaration of intentions (as issued by a political party or government)
-
barbed
having or covered with protective barbs or quills or spines or thorns or setae etc.
-
announce
make known; make an announcement
-
functionary
a worker who holds or is invested with an office
-
refugee
an exile who flees for safety
-
people
(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively
-
operation
process or manner of functioning or operating
-
commit suicide
kill oneself
-
Marxist
an advocate of Marxism
-
cede
give over; surrender or relinquish to the physical control of another
-
detention
a state of being confined (usually for a short time)
-
zoo
the facility where wild animals are housed for exhibition
-
Inquisition
a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy
-
defile
make dirty or spotty, as by exposure to air; also used metaphorically
-
sen
a fractional monetary unit of Japan and Indonesia and Cambodia; equal to one hundredth of a yen or rupiah or riel
-
Netherlands
a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea; half the country lies below sea level
-
Eisenhower
United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany; 34th President of the United States (1890-1961)
-
dig up
find by digging in the ground
-
Soviet Union
a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia and others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991
-
Opposition
the major political party opposed to the party in office and prepared to replace it if elected
-
closed in
blocked against entry
-
Bolshevik
a Russian member of the left-wing majority group that followed Lenin and eventually became the Russian communist party
-
northwestern
situated in or oriented toward the northwest
-
leader
a person who rules or guides or inspires others
-
supposedly
believed or reputed to be the case
-
general
applying to all or most members of a category or group
-
devouring
(often followed by `for') ardently or excessively desirous
-
elements
violent or severe weather (viewed as caused by the action of the four elements)
-
purge
rid of impurities
-
facilitate
make easier
-
April
the month following March and preceding May
-
burned
destroyed or badly damaged by fire
-
Bohemia
a historical area and former kingdom in the Czech Republic
-
memorial
a recognition of meritorious service
-
bread
food made from dough of flour or meal and usually raised with yeast or baking powder and then baked
-
Marx
founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883)
-
world
the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
-
armored
equipped with the complete arms and armor of a warrior
-
prosecute
conduct a prosecution in a court of law
-
enabling
providing legal power or sanction
-
uprising
organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another
-
Chancellor
the British cabinet minister responsible for finance
-
scroll
a document that can be rolled up (as for storage)
-
European
of or relating to or characteristic of Europe or the people of Europe
-
theory
a belief that can guide behavior
-
designate
design or destine
-
Czech
of or relating to Czechoslovakia or its people or their language
-
Bavaria
a state in southern Germany famous for its beer; site of an automobile factory
-
theoretical
concerned primarily with theories or hypotheses rather than practical considerations
-
generate
bring into existence
-
empire
the domain ruled by an emperor or empress; the region over which imperial dominion is exercised
-
extant
still in existence; not extinct or destroyed or lost
-
contraction
the act of decreasing (something) in size or volume or quantity or scope
-
operate
perform as expected when applied
-
physician
a licensed medical practitioner
-
pass by
move past
-
riot
a state of disorder involving group violence
-
den
the habitation of wild animals
-
population
the people who inhabit a territory or state
-
twenty-eight
the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-seven and one
-
erect
upright in position or posture
-
aspire
have an ambitious plan or a lofty goal
-
anti
not in favor of (an action or proposal etc.)
-
major
greater in scope or effect
-
community
a group of people living in a particular local area
-
continuously
at every point
-
Moses
(Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus; Moses received the Ten Commandments from God on Mount Sinai
-
degenerate
a person whose behavior deviates from what is acceptable especially in sexual behavior
-
dramatically
with respect to dramatic value
-
ain
belonging to or on behalf of a specified person (especially yourself); preceded by a possessive
-
raw material
material suitable for manufacture or use or finishing
-
capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership of capital
-
known
apprehended with certainty
-
divide
a serious disagreement between two groups of people (typically producing tension or hostility)
-
third
one of three equal parts of a divisible whole
-
swine
stout-bodied short-legged omnivorous animals
-
chancellor
the person who is head of state (in several countries)
-
experiment
the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation
-
Jehovah
terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God
-
basic
reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality
-
staged
deliberately arranged for effect
-
die
pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life
-
educator
someone who educates young people
-
Red Cross
an international organization that cares for the sick or wounded or homeless in wartime
-
Depression
a period during the 1930s when there was a worldwide economic depression and mass unemployment
-
government
(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed
-
blood
the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets
-
later
happening at a time subsequent to a reference time
-
rye
hardy annual cereal grass widely cultivated in northern Europe where its grain is the chief ingredient of black bread and in North America for forage and soil improvement
-
biblical
of or pertaining to or contained in or in accordance with the Bible
-
loot
goods or money obtained illegally
-
Hamburg
a port city in northern Germany on the Elbe River that was founded by Charlemagne in the 9th century and is today the largest port in Germany; in 1241 it formed an alliance with Lubeck that became the basis for the Hanseatic League
-
Rabbi
a Hebrew title of respect for a Jewish scholar or teacher
-
classified
arranged into classes
-
framework
the underlying structure
-
Bulgaria
a republic in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe
-
destroyed
spoiled or ruined or demolished
-
barb
a subsidiary point facing opposite from the main point that makes an arrowhead or spear hard to remove
-
software
(computer science) written programs or procedures or rules and associated documentation pertaining to the operation of a computer system and that are stored in read/write memory
-
late
at or toward an end or late period or stage of development
-
Joseph
(New Testament) husband of Mary and (in Christian belief) the foster father of Jesus
-
forced
forced or compelled
-
Russian
of or pertaining to or characteristic of Russia or its people or culture or language
-
outlined
showing clearly the outline or profile or boundary
-
underlying
being or involving basic facts or principles
-
libel
a false and malicious publication printed for the purpose of defaming a living person
-
loaded
filled with a great quantity
-
Israel
an ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea; founded by Saul around 1025 BC and destroyed by the Assyrians in 721 BC
-
control
power to direct or determine
-
unload
leave or unload
-
October
the month following September and preceding November
-
Mobile
a port in southwestern Alabama on Mobile Bay
-
Old Testament
the collection of books comprising the sacred scripture of the Hebrews and recording their history as the chosen people; the first half of the Christian Bible
-
armed forces
the military forces of a nation
-
advocate
a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea
-
fascist
an adherent of fascism or other right-wing authoritarian views
-
distorted
so badly formed or out of shape as to be ugly
-
murderous
characteristic of or capable of or having a tendency toward killing another human being
-
citizenship
the status of a citizen with rights and duties
-
code
a set of rules or principles or laws (especially written ones)
-
consider
think about carefully; weigh
-
mass
the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field
-
mainly
for the most part
-
Florida
a state in southeastern United States between the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War
-
main
most important element
-
law
the collection of rules imposed by authority
-
migration
the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
-
gentile
a Christian as contrasted with a Jew
-
guiding
showing the way by conducting or leading; imposing direction on
-
hydrogen
a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe
-
eliminate
terminate, end, or take out
-
provide
give something useful or necessary to
-
beer
a general name for alcoholic beverages made by fermenting a cereal (or mixture of cereals) flavored with hops
-
open
affording free passage or access
-
jail
a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the government (either accused persons awaiting trial or convicted persons serving a sentence)
-
armament
weaponry used by military or naval force
-
subsidiary
functioning in a supporting capacity
-
pertain
be relevant to
-
Munich
the capital and largest city of Bavaria in southwestern Germany
-
morally
in a moral manner
-
Austria
a mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Habsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century
-
Great Britain
a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; `Great Britain' is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom
-
derived
formed or developed from something else; not original
-
organization
an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized
-
dissolve
pass into a solution
-
counterpart
a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another
-
oppressive
weighing heavily on the senses or spirit
-
northwest
the direction corresponding to the northwestward compass point
-
revolt
make revolution
-
conference
a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)
-
originally
with reference to the origin or beginning
-
bias
a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation
-
participate
become a participant; be involved in
-
sentence
a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language
-
insufficient
of a quantity not able to fulfill a need or requirement
-
death
the permanent end of all life functions in an organism or part of an organism
-
classify
arrange or order by classes or categories
-
worldwide
spanning or extending throughout the entire world
-
thirteenth
position 13 in a countable series of things
-
pact
a written agreement between two states or sovereigns
-
considered
carefully weighed
-
personal
concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality
-
involuntarily
against your will
-
person
a human being
-
inherent
existing as an essential constituent or characteristic
-
denote
have as a meaning
-
Frank
a member of the ancient Germanic peoples who spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire in the 4th century
-
symbol
something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible
-
bondage
the state of being under the control of another person
-
tag
a small piece of cloth or paper
-
Service
Canadian writer (born in England) who wrote about life in the Yukon Territory (1874-1958)
-
prison
a correctional institution where persons are confined while on trial or for punishment
-
twenty-two
the cardinal number that is the sum of twenty-one and one
-
appointed
selected for a job
-
democracy
the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives
-
Chamberlain
British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany (1869-1940)
-
this night
during the night of the present day
-
negotiate
discuss the terms of an arrangement
-
priority
status established in order of importance or urgency
-
500
the cardinal number that is the product of one hundred and five
-
exclude
prevent from entering; shut out
-
exhaustion
extreme fatigue
-
element
any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter
-
condition
a mode of being or form of existence of a person or thing
-
carry out
put in effect
-
transfer
move from one place to another
-
regulate
bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations
-
immigration
migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)
-
require
have need of
-
alternately
in an alternating sequence or position
-
revive
cause to regain consciousness
-
underlie
lie underneath
-
exempt
(of persons) freed from or not subject to an obligation or liability (as e.g. taxes) to which others or other things are subject
-
outside
the region that is outside of something
-
distort
twist and press out of shape
-
ally
a friendly nation
-
smashed
very drunk
-
eventually
after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay
-
national
of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country
-
take place
come to pass
-
Soviet
of or relating to or characteristic of the former Soviet Union or its people
-
tile
a flat thin rectangular slab (as of fired clay or rubber or linoleum) used to cover surfaces
-
Union
the United States (especially the northern states during the American Civil War)
-
observance
conformity with law or custom or practice etc.
-
shirt
a garment worn on the upper half of the body
-
emblem
special design or visual object representing a quality, type, group, etc.
-
commentary
a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material
-
Versailles
a city in north central France near Paris; site of the Palace of Versailles that was built by Louis XIV in the 17th century
-
unlimited
having no limits in range or scope
-
today
on this day as distinct from yesterday or tomorrow
-
million
the number that is represented as a one followed by 6 zeros
-
Scotland
one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts
-
teacher
a person whose occupation is teaching
-
remove
remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract
-
official
of or relating to an office
-
also
in addition
-
trooper
a state police officer
-
bug
general term for any insect or similar creeping or crawling invertebrate
-
area
the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary
-
payment
the act of paying money
-
appoint
assign a duty, responsibility or obligation to
-
deprive
take away
-
fighting
the act of fighting; any contest or struggle
-
sharing
using or enjoying something jointly with others
-
June
the month following May and preceding July
-
physically
in accord with physical laws
-
fifteenth
position 15 in a countable series of things
-
surround
extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle
-
enemy
a personal enemy
-
Swedish
of or relating to or characteristic of Sweden or its people or culture or language
-
western
a sandwich made from a western omelet
-
reside
live (in a certain place)
-
resistance
any mechanical force that tends to retard or oppose motion
-
director
someone who controls resources and expenditures
-
socialism
a political theory advocating state ownership of industry
-
commitment
the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action
-
murder
unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being
-
cooperation
the practice of cooperating
-
nation
a politically organized body of people under a single government
-
food
any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue
-
formerly
at a previous time
-
investigate
conduct an inquiry or investigation of
-
nationality
the status of belonging to a particular nation by birth or naturalization
-
verge
the limit beyond which something happens or changes
-
culture
all the knowledge and values shared by a society
-
secrecy
the condition of being concealed or hidden
-
plan
a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished
-
harass
annoy continually or chronically
-
carbon
an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds
-
deliberation
careful consideration
-
shawl
cloak consisting of an oblong piece of cloth used to cover the head and shoulders
-
accuse
blame for, make a claim of wrongdoing or misbehavior against
-
scientific
conforming with the principles or methods used in science
-
prayer
reverent petition to a deity
-
close in
advance or converge on
-
surprise
come upon or take unawares
-
remaining
not used up
-
dissolved
(of solid matter) reduced to a liquid form
-
Allies
in World War I the alliance of Great Britain and France and Russia and all the other nations that became allied with them in opposing the Central Powers
-
guinea
a former British gold coin worth 21 shillings
-
outbreak
a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition)
-
minister
a person authorized to conduct religious worship
-
primarily
for the most part
-
ravine
a deep narrow steep-sided valley (especially one formed by running water)
-
nineteenth
position 19 in a countable series of things
-
paw
a clawed foot of an animal especially a quadruped
-
criminal
someone who has committed a crime or has been legally convicted of a crime
-
investigator
someone who investigates
-
define
show the form or outline of
-
thousand
the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100
-
word
a unit of language that native speakers can identify
-
coup
a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force
-
survivor
one who lives through affliction
-
signed
having a handwritten signature
-
officially
in an official role
-
equal
having the same quantity, value, or measure as another
-
century
ten 10s
-
opinion
a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty
-
part
one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole
-
precept
rule of personal conduct
-
idea
the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about
-
righteous
morally justified
-
catastrophe
a sudden violent change in the earth's surface
-
contained
gotten under control
-
aspiration
a cherished desire
-
Muslim
a believer in or follower of Islam
-
system
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole
-
intolerable
incapable of being put up with
-
formed
having or given a form or shape
-
British
of or relating to or characteristic of Great Britain or its people or culture
-
religious
having or showing belief in and reverence for a deity
-
professed
openly declared as such
-
sway
move back and forth or sideways
-
worn
affected by wear; damaged by long use
-
foreign policy
a policy governing international relations
-
administrative
of or relating to or responsible for administration
-
blamed
expletives used informally as intensifiers
-
committed
bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude
-
imprisoned
being in captivity
-
reel
a winder around which thread or tape or film or other flexible materials can be wound
-
colony
a group of organisms of the same type living or growing together
-
knife
edge tool used as a cutting instrument; has a pointed blade with a sharp edge and a handle
-
attack
(military) an offensive against an enemy (using weapons)
-
take to
have a fancy or particular liking or desire for
-
surrounded
confined on all sides
-
represent
be a delegate or spokesperson for; represent somebody's interest or be a proxy or substitute for, as of politicians and office holders representing their constituents, or of a tenant representing other tenants in a housing dispute
-
stage
any distinct time period in a sequence of events
-
burial
the ritual placing of a corpse in a grave
-
settlement
the act of colonizing; the establishment of colonies
-
United States
North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776
-
illegal
prohibited by law or by official or accepted rules
-
tactics
a plan for attaining a particular goal
-
restrict
place under restrictions; limit access to
-
laborer
someone who works with their hands; someone engaged in manual labor
-
partially
in part; in some degree; not wholly
-
revived
restored to consciousness or life or vigor
-
movie
a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement
-
freight
goods carried by a large vehicle
-
imprisonment
the act of confining someone in a prison (or as if in a prison)
-
deceive
cause someone to believe an untruth
-
extend to
to extend as far as
-
name
a language unit by which a person or thing is known
-
van
(Great Britain) a closed railroad car that carries baggage or freight
-
armor
protective covering made of metal and used in combat
-
myth
a traditional story accepted as history; serves to explain the world view of a people
-
exist
have an existence, be extant
-
sealed
closed or secured with or as if with a seal
-
lesser
of less size or importance
-
youth
a young person (especially a young man or boy)
-
mat
a small pad of material that is used to protect surface from an object placed on it
-
prime
used of the first or originating agent
-
religion
a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny
-
replace
put something back where it belongs
-
compassion
a deep awareness of and sympathy for another's suffering
-
Education
the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979
-
troops
soldiers collectively
-
imprison
lock up or confine, in or as in a jail
-
instrument
the means whereby some act is accomplished
-
partly
in part; in some degree; not wholly
-
protection
the activity of protecting someone or something
-
adequate
having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task
-
hardship
something hard to endure
-
orphan
a child who has lost both parents
-
diplomat
an official engaged in international negotiations
-
treated
subjected to a physical (or chemical) treatment or action or agent
-
ten
the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system
-
detailed
developed or executed with care and in minute detail
-
housing
structures collectively in which people are housed
-
slave
a person who is owned by someone
-
covenant
(Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return
-
brutal
resembling a beast; showing lack of human sensibility
-
live
have life, be alive
-
melody
a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence
-
load
weight to be borne or conveyed
-
movement
a change of position that does not entail a change of location
-
guide
someone employed to conduct others
-
irregular
(of a surface or shape); not level or flat or symmetrical
-
fit
meeting adequate standards for a purpose
-
chant
a repetitive song in which as many syllables as necessary are assigned to a single tone
-
under
below some quantity or limit
-
removed
separate or apart in time
-
music
an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner
-
star
(astronomy) a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior
-
large
above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent
-
beginning
the act of starting something
-
respective
considered individually
-
guard
watch over or shield from danger or harm; protect
-
promote
give a promotion to or assign to a higher position
-
large number
a large indefinite number
-
contain
contain or hold; have within
-
supreme
greatest in status or authority or power
-
Red
a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows eastward from Texas along the southern boundary of Oklahoma and through Louisiana
-
take part
share in something
-
Palestinian
of or relating to the area of Palestine and its inhabitants
-
abandon
forsake, leave behind
-
film
a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement
-
false
not in accordance with the fact or reality or actuality
-
skull
the bony skeleton of the head of vertebrates
-
association
a formal organization of people or groups of people
-
troop
a group of soldiers
-
league
an association of states or organizations or individuals for common action
-
arrest
take into custody
-
composer
someone who composes music as a profession
-
Testament
either of the two main parts of the Christian Bible
-
circulation
movement through a circuit; especially the movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels
-
approve
judge to be right or commendable; think well of
-
devour
eat immoderately
-
superiority
the quality of being superior
-
Communist
a member of the communist party
-
after
happening at a time subsequent to a reference time
-
dug
an udder or breast or teat
-
subsequently
happening at a time subsequent to a reference time
-
Spanish
of or relating to or characteristic of Spain or the people of Spain
-
operating
involved in a kind of operation
-
rally
gather
-
flight
an instance of traveling by air
-
prior
earlier in time
-
fight
be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight
-
suicide
the act of killing yourself
-
tract
an extended area of land
-
military
the military forces of a nation
-
parliament
a legislative assembly in certain countries
-
smash
hit violently
-
folk
people in general (often used in the plural)
-
chart
a visual display of information
-
potential
existing in possibility
-
guarded
prudent
-
published
prepared and printed for distribution and sale
-
joined
connected by a link, as railway cars or trailer trucks
-
burn
destroy by fire
-
thirteen
the cardinal number that is the sum of twelve and one
-
disease
an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
-
deny
declare untrue; contradict
-
within
on the inside
-
jacket
a short coat
-
oppose
be against; express opposition to
-
deliberately
in a deliberate unhurried manner
-
commit
engage in or perform
-
worker
a person who works at a specific occupation
-
communications
the discipline that studies the principles of transmiting information and the methods by which it is delivered (as print or radio or television etc.)
-
ultimately
as the end result of a succession or process
-
July
the month following June and preceding August
-
sleeve
the part of a garment that is attached at the armhole and that provides a cloth covering for the arm
-
society
an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
-
newspaper
a daily or weekly publication on folded sheets; contains news and articles and advertisements
-
intended
resulting from one's intentions
-
India
a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947
-
begin
set in motion, cause to start
-
pure
free of extraneous elements of any kind
-
sack
a bag made of paper or plastic for holding customer's purchases
-
hero
someone who fights for a cause
-
warfare
the waging of armed conflict against an enemy
-
place
a point located with respect to surface features of some region
-
David
(Old Testament) the 2nd king of the Israelites; as a young shepherd he fought Goliath (a giant Philistine warrior) and killed him by hitting him in the head with a stone flung from a sling; he united Israel with Jerusalem as its capital; many of the Psalms are attributed to David (circa 1000-962 BC)
-
recruit
cause to assemble or enlist in the military
-
announced
declared publicly; made widely known
-
Italy
a republic in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula; was the core of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD
-
encourage
inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
-
secretly
in secrecy; not openly
-
vast
unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope
-
found
food and lodging provided in addition to money
-
appropriate
suitable for a particular person or place or condition etc
-
technology
the practical application of science to commerce or industry
-
consist
have its essential character; be comprised or contained in; be embodied in
-
living
pertaining to living persons
-
believe
accept as true; take to be true
-
united
characterized by unity; being or joined into a single entity
-
controlled
restrained or managed or kept within certain bounds
-
particularly
to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common
-
often
many times at short intervals
-
president
the chief executive of a republic
-
transform
change or alter in form, appearance, or nature
-
massive
consisting of great mass; containing a great quantity of matter
-
number
a concept of quantity involving zero and units
-
bar
a rigid piece of metal or wood; usually used as a fastening or obstruction or weapon
-
deprived
marked by deprivation especially of the necessities of life or healthful environmental influences
-
district
a region marked off for administrative or other purposes
-
volunteer
a person who performs voluntary work
-
considerably
to a great extent or degree
-
peoples
the human beings of a particular nation or community or ethnic group
-
trial
the act of testing something
-
varied
characterized by variety
-
March
the month following February and preceding April
-
offensive
unpleasant or disgusting especially to the senses
-
significance
the quality of being significant
-
conclude
bring to a close
-
civil
of or occurring within the state or between or among citizens of the state
-
demonstration
a show or display; the act of presenting something to sight or view
-
hit
deal a blow to, either with the hand or with an instrument
-
totally
to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (`whole' is often used informally for `wholly')
-
literally
(intensifier before a figurative expression) without exaggeration
-
program
a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished
-
descent
a movement downward
-
Britain
a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; `Great Britain' is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom
-
torture
the deliberate, systematic, or wanton infliction of physical or mental suffering by one or more persons in an attempt to force another person to yield information or to make a confession or for any other reason
-
responsible for
being the agent or cause
-
freedom
the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints
-
creed
any system of principles or beliefs
-
Order
(usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy
-
faster
more quickly
-
sphere
a three-dimensional closed surface such that every point on the surface is equidistant from the center
-
selection
the act of choosing or selecting
-
peace
the state prevailing during the absence of war
-
following
the act of pursuing in an effort to overtake or capture
-
process
a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
-
civilian
a nonmilitary citizen
-
France
a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe
-
raw
not treated with heat to prepare it for eating
-
practice
a customary way of operation or behavior
-
similar
having the same or similar characteristics
-
wear
put clothing on one's body
-
restaurant
a building where people go to eat
-
ruled
subject to a ruling authority
-
most
(superlative of `many' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the greatest in number
-
the like
a similar kind
-
singer
a person who sings
-
between
in the interval
-
surrounding
closely encircling
-
Austrian
a native or inhabitant of Austria
-
protected
kept safe or defended from danger or injury or loss
-
frank
characterized by directness in manner or speech; without subtlety or evasion
-
profess
confess one's faith in, or allegiance to
-
command
an authoritative direction or instruction to do something
-
outline
the line that appears to bound an object
-
leadership
the status of a leader
-
planted
set in the soil for growth
-
radical
(used of opinions and actions) far beyond the norm
-
emergency
a sudden unforeseen crisis (usually involving danger) that requires immediate action
-
decree
a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge)
-
Paul
(New Testament) a Christian missionary to the Gentiles; author of several Epistles in the New Testament; even though Paul was not present at the Last Supper he is considered an Apostle
-
closed
not open
-
Cross
a representation of the structure on which Jesus was crucified; used as an emblem of Christianity or in heraldry
-
exile
the act of expelling a person from their native land
-
serving
the act of delivering a writ or summons upon someone
-
earliest
(comparative and superlative of `early') more early than; most early
-
personally
in the flesh; without involving anyone else
-
break out
begin suddenly and sometimes violently
-
publish
prepare and issue for public distribution or sale
-
home in
direct onto a point or target, especially by automatic navigational aids
-
complex
complicated in structure; consisting of interconnected parts
-
method
a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)
-
usually
under normal conditions
-
era
a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event
-
sexual
of or relating to or characterized by sexuality
-
rebellion
organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another
-
member
anything that belongs to a set or class
-
suppress
to put down by force or authority
-
encouraged
inspired with confidence
-
inferior
of or characteristic of low rank or importance
-
gang
an association of criminals
-
communist
relating to or marked by communism
-
resident
someone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there
-
employ
put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose
-
council
a body serving in an administrative capacity
-
widely
to a great degree
-
department
a specialized division of a large organization
-
industry
the organized action of making of goods and services for sale
-
strict
rigidly accurate; allowing no deviation from a standard
-
founder
a person who founds or establishes some institution
-
primary
of first rank or importance or value; direct and immediate rather than secondary
-
history
a record or narrative description of past events
-
primitive
little evolved from or characteristic of an earlier ancestral type
-
lightning
the flash of light that accompanies an electric discharge in the atmosphere (or something resembling such a flash); can scintillate for a second or more
-
speaking
capable of or involving speech or speaking
-
ken
range of what one can know or understand
-
relationship
a relation between people; (`relationship' is often used where `relation' would serve, as in `the relationship between inflation and unemployment', but the preferred usage of `relationship' is for human relations or states of relatedness)
-
ancestor
someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent)
-
mid
used in combination to denote the middle
-
150
being ten more than one hundred forty
-
Greek
of or relating to or characteristic of Greece or the Greeks or the Greek language
-
honor
a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction
-
Franklin
printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics; he helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists; as a scientist he is remembered particularly for his research in electricity (1706-1790)
-
Greece
ancient Greece; a country of city-states (especially Athens and Sparta) that reached its peak in the fifth century BCE
-
Jerusalem
capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel (although its status as capital is disputed); it was captured from Jordan in 1967 in the Six Day War; a holy city for Jews and Christians and Muslims; was the capital of an ancient kingdom
-
service
an act of help or assistance
-
convict
find or declare guilty
-
work
activity directed toward making or doing something
-
theme
the subject matter of a conversation or discussion
-
invasion
any entry into an area not previously occupied
-
treat
subject to a process or treatment, with the aim of readying for some purpose, improving, or remedying a condition
-
marshal
(in some countries) a military officer of highest rank
-
capture
capture as if by hunting, snaring, or trapping
-
premier
first in rank or degree
-
pig
domestic swine
-
approved
established by authority; given authoritative approval
-
customs
money collected under a tariff
-
of age
having attained a specific age; (`aged' is pronounced as one syllable)
-
planned
planned in advance
-
brook
a natural stream of water smaller than a river (and often a tributary of a river)
-
French
of or pertaining to France or the people of France
-
art
the creation of beautiful or significant things
-
intend
have in mind as a purpose
-
space
the unlimited expanse in which everything is located
-
peak
a V shape
-
device
an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose
-
form
a perceptual structure
-
march
walk fast, with regular or measured steps; walk with a stride
-
floor
the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure)
-
comparison
the act of examining resemblances
-
network
an open fabric of string or rope or wire woven together at regular intervals
-
special
having a specific function or scope
-
Prime Minister
the person who holds the position of head of the government in the United Kingdom
-
Israeli
a native or inhabitant of Israel
-
hatred
the emotion of intense dislike; a feeling of dislike so strong that it demands action
-
wing
a movable organ for flying (one of a pair)
-
combined
made or joined or united into one
-
know
be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about
-
extra
more than is needed, desired, or required
-
prejudice
a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation
-
means
how a result is obtained or an end is achieved
-
glass
a brittle transparent solid with irregular atomic structure
-
scientist
a person with advanced knowledge of one or more sciences
-
shooting
the act of firing a projectile
-
day
time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis
-
assault
attack someone physically or emotionally
-
combination
the act of combining things to form a new whole
-
Christianity
a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
-
perish
pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life
-
dealing
method or manner of conduct in relation to others
-
hold in
lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits
-
used to
in the habit
-
assume
take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof
-
presidential
relating to a president or presidency
-
governor
the head of a state government
-
enable
render capable or able for some task
-
museum
a depository for collecting and displaying objects having scientific or historical or artistic value
-
man
an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)
-
accused
a defendant in a criminal proceeding
-
principle
a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct
-
eight
the cardinal number that is the sum of seven and one
-
more and more
advancing in amount or intensity
-
share
assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group
-
home
where you live at a particular time
-
senior
advanced in years; (`aged' is pronounced as two syllables)
-
transport
move something or somebody around; usually over long distances
-
language
a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols
-
platform
a raised horizontal surface
-
there
in or at that place
-
first
preceding all others in time or space or degree
-
site
the piece of land on which something is located (or is to be located)
-
greater
greater in size or importance or degree
-
Roosevelt
32nd President of the United States; elected four times; instituted New Deal to counter the Great Depression and led country during World War II (1882-1945)
-
brand
a name given to a product or service
-
follow
to travel behind, go after, come after
-
gallery
a porch along the outside of a building (sometimes partly enclosed)
-
map
a diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface (or part of it)
-
crowded
overfilled or compacted or concentrated
-
distinct
constituting a separate entity or part
-
vary
become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence
-
in order
in a state of proper readiness or preparation or arrangement
-
near
near in time or place or relationship
-
imperial
relating to or associated with an empire
-
secret
not openly made known
-
musical
characterized by or capable of producing music
-
accept
receive willingly something given or offered
-
responsible
worthy of or requiring responsibility or trust; or held accountable
-
abandoned
forsaken by owner or inhabitants
-
arts
studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills)
-
poison
any substance that causes injury or illness or death of a living organism
-
heavily
slowly as if burdened by much weight
-
second
coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude
-
charge
assign a duty, responsibility or obligation to
-
uniform
clothing of distinctive design worn by members of a particular group as a means of identification
-
many
a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by `as' or `too' or `so' or `that'; amounting to a large but indefinite number
-
foreign
not contained in or deriving from the essential nature of something
-
northern
situated in or oriented toward the north
-
assumed
adopted in order to deceive
-
shoes
a particular situation
-
attempted
tried unsuccessfully
-
join
cause to become joined or linked
-
act
behave in a certain manner; show a certain behavior; conduct or comport oneself
-
structure
a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts
-
become
come into existence
-
close
at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other
-
document
anything serving as a representation of a person's thinking by means of symbolic marks
-
supported
held up or having the weight borne especially from below
-
mostly
in large part; mainly or chiefly
-
resource
a source of aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed
-
seriously
in a serious manner
-
elder
a person who is older than you are
-
exact
marked by strict and particular and complete accordance with fact
-
thunder
a booming or crashing noise caused by air expanding along the path of a bolt of lightning
-
role
the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group
-
according
(followed by `to') in agreement with or accordant with
-
conquer
take possession of by force, as after an invasion
-
concluded
having come or been brought to a conclusion
-
acting
the performance of a part or role in a drama
-
launch
propel with force
-
dig
turn up, loosen, or remove earth
-
essential
basic and fundamental
-
chiefly
for the most part
-
extended
fully extended or stretched forth
-
call for
express the need or desire for; ask for
-
substance
the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists
-
new
not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered
-
wire
ligament made of metal and used to fasten things or make cages or fences etc