History, Grades 9-12 183 words

a New York school of painting characterized by freely created abstractions; the first important school of American painting to develop independently of European styles

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC)

king of Macedon; conqueror of Greece and Egypt and Persia; founder of Alexandria (356-323 BC)

a writing system based on alphabetic characters

an industrial center and the nominal capital of the Netherlands; center of the diamond-cutting industry; seat of an important stock exchange; known for its canals and art museum

the intense dislike for and prejudice against Jewish people

an international organization of independent Arab states formed in 1945 to promote cultural and economic and military and political and social cooperation

a peninsula between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; strategically important for its oil resources

the Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects

a republic in southern South America; second largest country in South America

one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC)

Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938)

the capital and largest city of Greece; named after Athena (its patron goddess)

a mountainous republic in central Europe; under the Habsburgs (1278-1918) Austria maintained control of the Holy Roman Empire and was a leader in European politics until the 19th century

the chief city of ancient Mesopotamia and capital of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia

a state in southern Germany famous for its beer; site of an automobile factory

German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

an illegal market in which goods or currencies are bought and sold in violation of rationing or controls

Italian poet (born in France) (1313-1375)

a white native of Cape Province who is a descendant of Dutch settlers and who speaks Afrikaans

either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902)

a Russian member of the left-wing majority group that followed Lenin and eventually became the Russian communist party

the islands in the West Indies that were formerly under British control, including the Bahamas, Saint Lucia, Antigua, Grenada, Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad

a city in northwestern Belgium that is connected by canal to the North Sea; in the 13th century it was a leading member of the Hanseatic League; the old city (known as the City of Bridges) is a popular tourist attraction

a state of Uganda and site of a former Bantu kingdom

a nation in southeastern Asia; was part of Indochina under French rule until 1946

the making of maps and charts

a large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River; the largest inland body of water in the world

a large region between the Black and Caspian seas that contains the Caucasus Mountains; oil is its major resource

a royalist supporter of Charles I during the English Civil War

warfare using chemical agents to kill or injure or incapacitate the enemy

a republic in southern South America on the western slopes of the Andes on the south Pacific coast

determining and drawing up plans for the future physical arrangement and condition of a community

a state consisting of a sovereign city

the center of a city

the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church

advocacy of a system of government according to constitutional principles

an artistic movement in France beginning in 1907 that featured surfaces of geometrical planes

a town in the Andes in southern Peru; formerly the capital of the Inca empire

czar of Russia from 1825 to 1855 who led Russia into the Crimean War (1796-1855)

a nihilistic art movement (especially in painting) that flourished in Europe early in the 20th century; based on irrationality and negation of the accepted laws of beauty

an ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria; according to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul (then known as Saul) underwent a dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus

Mexican painter of murals depicting protest and revolution (1896-1974)

a program for defending a country against its enemies

act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops

the action of making something democratic

the easing of tensions or strained relations (especially between nations)

socialist Mexican painter of murals (1886-1957)

(law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles; based on the principle that a person cannot be deprived of life or liberty or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards

a British peer of the highest rank

the philosophical doctrine that environment is more important than heredity in determining intellectual growth

an American writer of fiction who won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954 (1899-1961)

any one of the countries occupying the European continent

(philosophy) a 20th-century philosophical movement chiefly in Europe; assumes that people are entirely free and thus responsible for what they make of themselves

the doctrine of expanding the territory or the economic influence of a country

an art movement early in the 20th century; the artist's subjective expression of inner experiences was emphasized; an inner feeling was expressed through a distorted rendition of reality

a member of a former political party in the United States that favored a strong centralized federal government

a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871

an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices

international trade free of government interference

a right guaranteed by the First Amendment to the US Constitution

the islands in the Lesser Antilles that are administered by France

the interpretation of every word in the sacred texts as literal truth

a seaport in northwestern Italy; provincial capital of Liguria

systematic killing of a racial or cultural group

the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state

imaginative British writer concerned with social justice (1903-1950)

a Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century

a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918

a republic in Central America; achieved independence from Spain in 1821; noted for low per capita income and illiteracy; politically unstable

the main house on a ranch or large estate

(Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions

the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next

the ancient Greek known as the father of history; his accounts of the wars between the Greeks and Persians are the first known examples of historical writing (485-425 BC)

a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the siege of Troy

a school of late 19th century French painters who pictured appearances by strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of reflected light

the act of filling something with air

a theocratic Islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient empire that was known as Persia until 1935; rich in oil

a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king; she was later tried for heresy and burned at the stake (1412-1431)

an area in southwestern Asia whose sovereignty is disputed between Pakistan and India

Russian revolutionary who was head of state after Nicholas II abdicated but was overthrown by the Bolsheviks (1881-1970)

any dialect of the language of ancient Rome

a code of laws adopted by a state or nation

a form of Christian theology (developed by South American Roman Catholics) that emphasizes social and political liberation as the anticipation of ultimate salvation

a common language used by speakers of different languages

king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)

a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)

(Hinduism) a sacred epic Sanskrit poem of India dealing in many episodes with the struggle between two rival families

a member of a people of India living in Maharashtra

the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded by communism

an economic system (Europe in 18th century) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

middle part of the Stone Age beginning about 15,000 years ago

a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry)

a revolution for agrarian reforms led in northern Mexico by Pancho Villa and in southern Mexico by Emiliano Zapata (1910-1911)

a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests

a country's military establishment and the industries that produce arms and other military equipment

act of marshaling and organizing and making ready for use or action

an offspring of a black and a white parent

the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country

the debt of the national government (as distinguished from the debts of individuals and businesses and political subdivisions)

a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism and obedience to a strong leader

the scientific study of plants or animals (more observational than experimental) usually published in popular magazines rather than in academic journals

control by a powerful country of its former colonies (or other less developed countries) by economic pressures

the hemisphere that includes North America and South America

the act of nullifying; making null and void; counteracting or overriding the effect or force of something

a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy

a legislative assembly in certain countries

a republic on the Philippine Islands; achieved independence from the United States in 1946

ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC)

a school of art that emerged in the United Kingdom in the 1950s and became prevalent in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1960s; it imitated the techniques of commercial art (as the soup cans of Andy Warhol) and the styles of popular culture and the mass media

any placental mammal of the order Primates; has good eyesight and flexible hands and feet

changing something from state to private ownership or control

information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause

any of the four areas into which a plane is divided by two orthogonal coordinate axes

the political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society

one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne

the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth

politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations

a period of general fear of communists

a long arm of the Indian Ocean between northeast Africa and Arabia; linked to the Mediterranean at the north end by the Suez Canal

the political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government

the transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement (as after an upheaval of some kind)

action taken in return for an injury or offense

the act of coming together again

a supporter of parliament and Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War

a partiality for some particular place

determination of one's own fate or course of action without compulsion

an adherent of Sikhism

a war between China and Japan (1894 and 1895) over the control of the Korean Peninsula; China was overwhelmingly defeated at Port Arthur

a republic at the southernmost part of Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1910; first European settlers were Dutch (known as Boers)

English poet and critic (1909-1995)

the geographical area in which one nation is very influential

the existing state of affairs

Islamic mysticism

the school of economic theory that stresses the costs of production as a means of stimulating the economy; advocates policies that raise capital and labor output by increasing the incentive to produce

a 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams

a country of southeastern Asia that extends southward along the Isthmus of Kra to the Malay Peninsula

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

a republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European soviet; the center of the original Russian state which came into existence in the ninth century

the provincial capital of Veneto; built on 118 islands within a lagoon in the Gulf of Venice; has canals instead of streets; one of Italy's major ports and a famous tourist attraction

a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

a native or inhabitant of Byelorussia

the force of workers available

a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judge

system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster; set forth in the Zend-Avesta; based on concept of struggle between light (good) and dark (evil)