History, Grades 6-8 262 words

a large-scale farming enterprise

physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955)

German arms manufacturer and son of Friedrich Krupp; his firm provided ordnance for German armies from the 1840s through World War II (1812-1887)

a republic in northwestern Africa on the Mediterranean Sea with a population that is predominantly Sunni Muslim; colonized by France in the 19th century but gained autonomy in the early 1960s

a large mountain system in south-central Europe; scenic beauty and winter sports make them a popular tourist attraction

a Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings

a peninsula in southwestern Asia that forms the Asian part of Turkey

American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views (1591-1643)

a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against people who are not Whites; the former official policy in South Africa

an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia which is in present-day Iraq

a nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting the nuclei of a heavy element like uranium 235 or plutonium 239)

of or relating to the African people who speak one of the Bantoid languages or to their culture

easternmost of the West Indies about 300 miles to the north of Venezuela

a country on western coast of Africa; formerly under French control

capital of Germany located in eastern Germany

42nd President of the United States (1946-)

the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year

elected vice president and succeeded as 30th President of the United States when Harding died in 1923 (1872-1933)

an economic system based on private ownership of capital

an economic system based on private ownership of capital

empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)

any of several churches claiming to have maintained historical continuity with the original Christian Church

British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa; made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe; he endowed annual fellowships for British Commonwealth and United States students to study at Oxford University (1853-1902)

an island in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of India

anything that happens suddenly or by chance without an apparent cause

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1862-1948)

the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912

a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination)

a nonmilitary citizen

in Christianity, clergymen collectively (as distinguished from the laity)

a company that hires only union members

king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy; his name was rendered as Gallic `Louis' (466-511)

the organization of a nation or economy on the basis of collectivism

the act of commercializing something; involving something in commerce

a political party that actively advocates a communist form of government; in Communist countries it is the sole political party of the state

the legislature of the United States government

a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes

the legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution; they issued the Declaration of Independence and framed Articles of Confederation

(Middle Ages) a highly conventionalized code of conduct for lovers

a person descended from French ancestors in southern United States (especially Louisiana)

the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean; site of the Minoan civilization that reached its peak in 1600 BC

a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia; 1853-1856

a radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard; intended to eliminate counterrevolutionary elements in the government it resulted in purges of the intellectuals and socioeconomic chaos

a country on western coast of Africa; formerly under French control

king of Persia who expanded the Persian Empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the battle of Marathon (550-486 BC)

king of Persia who expanded the Persian Empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the battle of Marathon (550-486 BC)

the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 per year

a member of the Democratic Party

a former major political party in the United States in the early 19th century; opposed the old Federalist party; favored a strict interpretation of the constitution in order to limit the powers of the federal government

the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community

the act of withdrawing certification or terminating a franchise

diplomacy influenced by economic considerations

United States photographer remembered for her portraits of rural workers during the Depression (1895-1965)

United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany; 34th President of the United States (1890-1961)

an English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia; in the 18th century it assumed administrative control of Bengal and held it until the British army took over in 1858 after the Indian Mutiny

a group of islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans between Asia and Australia

Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (who was a Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the Spanish Armada was defeated; her reign was marked by prosperity and literary genius (1533-1603)

migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another)

any infectious disease that develops and spreads rapidly to many people

the right to equivalent opportunities for employment regardless of race or color or sex or national origin

a right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution and by the due-process clause of the Fifth Amendment

Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; formerly called Abyssinia

people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture

a group that has different national or cultural traditions from the majority of the population

fair treatment

a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism)

the practice (usually by a labor union) of requiring an employer to hire more workers than are required

the idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units

a major political party in the United States in the early 19th century; founded by Alexander Hamilton; favored a strong centralized government

the movement aimed at equal rights for women

a man of rank in the ancient regime

the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war

the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945

an amendment to the Constitution of the United States guaranteeing the right of free expression; includes freedom of assembly and freedom of the press and freedom of religion and freedom of speech

the wife of a chief executive

defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a stronghold to strengthen it

English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626)

a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by American Indian tribes); 1755-1760

the overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness

a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea

the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689)

ancient Greece; a country of city-states (especially Athens and Sparta) that reached its peak in the fifth century BCE

the largest island in the world; lies between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean; a self-governing province of Denmark

an island in the West Indies

the artistic style of early 16th century painting in Florence and Rome; characterized by technical mastery and heroic composition and humanistic content

large outdoor signboard

a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea; half the country lies below sea level

the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945

extinct species of primitive hominid with upright stature but small brain

the only surviving hominid; species to which modern man belongs; bipedal primate having language and ability to make and use complex tools; brain volume at least 1400 cc

the shared psychological attributes of humankind that are assumed to be shared by all human beings

an ancient geographical region to the south of the Caucasus Mountains that corresponded approximately to the present-day Georgia

any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth's surface

a formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries

the family of languages that by 1000 BC were spoken throughout Europe and in parts of southwestern and southern Asia

the development of industry on an extensive scale

the death rate during the first year of life

a republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the area now known as Iraq

city in central Iran; former capital of Persia

the early period when Italy was the center of the Renaissance

15th President of the United States (1791-1868)

4th President of the United States; member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776; helped frame the Bill of Rights (1751-1836)

a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles

a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29)

United States jurist; as chief justice of the Supreme Court he established the principles of United States constitutional law (1755-1835)

Mexican painter noted for his monumental murals (1883-1949)

United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957)

founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883)

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

group of people related by blood or marriage

the Bantu language spoken by the Kongo living in the tropical forests of Zaire and Congo and Angola

a war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; 1950-1953

a secret society of white Southerners in the United States; was formed in the 19th century to resist the emancipation of slaves; used terrorist tactics to suppress Black people

the political party founded in 1911 by Sun Yat-sen; it governed China under Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until 1949 when the Communists took power and subsequently was the official ruling party of Taiwan

the source of trained people from which workers can be hired

an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer

a person who is loyal to their allegiance (especially in times of revolt)

puffins

putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law

landlocked republic on the Balkan Peninsula; achieved independence from Yugoslavia in 1991

Inca fortress city in the Andes in Peru discovered in 1911; it may have been built in the 15th century

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

militant civil rights leader (1925-1965)

a member of the Manchu speaking people of Mongolian race of Manchuria; related to the Tungus; conquered China in the 17th century

Chinese communist leader (1893-1976)

the condition of being married or unmarried

a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952); named after George Marshall

a state in New England; one of the original 13 colonies

unscrupulously accusing people of disloyalty (as by saying they were Communists)

a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns)

the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance

a unit that is part of some military service

the residence of a religious community

asceticism as a form of religious life; usually conducted in a community under a common rule and characterized by celibacy and poverty and obedience

the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 per year

(Islam) a Muslim place of worship that usually has a minaret

large-footed short-winged birds of Australasia; build mounds of decaying vegetation to incubate eggs

a commercial bank chartered by the federal government

the policy of perpetuating native cultures (in opposition to acculturation)

a German member of Adolf Hitler's political party

an island in the north Atlantic

an African river; flows into the South Atlantic

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security

a city of southeastern Mexico

a company whose workers are hired without regard to their membership in a labor union

employees who are represented by a labor union

the government of the Roman Catholic Church

any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)

the class of peasants

a theocratic Islamic republic in the Middle East in western Asia; Iran was the core of the ancient empire that was known as Persia until 1935; rich in oil

an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC

a shallow arm of the Arabian Sea between Iran and the Arabian peninsula; the Persian Gulf oil fields are among the most productive in the world

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg (1682-1725)

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)

a republic in central Europe; the invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939 started World War II

the islands in the eastern part of Oceania

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

a former political party in the United States; formed in 1891 to advocate currency expansion and state control of railroads

a port in the United States where customs officials are stationed to oversee the entry and exit of people and merchandise

a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)

intense competition in which competitors cut retail prices to gain business

movable property (as distinguished from real estate)

a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

a belief or sentiment shared by most people; the voice of the people

the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects)

king of Egypt between 1304 and 1237 BC who built many monuments

the act of rationing

French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650)

a member of the Republican Party

the younger of two major political parties in the United States; GOP is an acronym for grand old party

the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy

a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization

the family and retinue of a sovereign or prince

a person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization

city in southern Uzbekistan; Tamerlane's opulent capital in the 14th century

an absolute monarchy occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula in southwest Asia; vast oil reserves dominate the economy

a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses

a highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school; Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later reversed

an industry that provides services rather than tangible objects

the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma; characterized by a veneration of nature spirits and of ancestors

a country of southeastern Asia that extends southward along the Isthmus of Kra to the Malay Peninsula

the Italian region on the island of Sicily

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)

position in a social hierarchy

a political party in the United States formed in 1900 to advocate socialism

a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

a man who attends or escorts a woman

a city in the European part of Russia; 2nd largest Russian city; located at the head of the Gulf of Finland; former capital of Russia

a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone or some group

English statesman; member of the Conservative Party (1867-1947)

the rights conceded to the states by the United States constitution

the mining of ore or coal from an open mine

a social group within a national culture that has distinctive patterns of behavior and beliefs

a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea; achieved independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956

Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia (1336-1405)

(often plural) the branch of electrical engineering concerned with the technology of electronic communication at a distance

the calculated use of violence (or the threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature; this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear

someone other than the principals who are involved in a transaction

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

the difference in value over a period of time of a country's imports and exports of merchandise

an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer

any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material

a type of armed combat in which the opposing troops fight from trenches that face each other

a historical region of central Asia that was a center for trade between the East and the West

a later sacred text of Hinduism of a mystical nature dealing with metaphysical questions

the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban

one of the British colonies that formed the United States

a crime committed in wartime; violation of rules of war

weapons considered collectively

the modern culture of western Europe and North America

a former political party in the United States; formed in 1834 in opposition to the Democratic Party; advocated a loose interpretation of the Constitution and high protective tariffs

a large inlet of the Barents Sea in the northwestern part of European Russia

a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world

a war in which the major nations of the world are involved

an island in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa; part of the United Republic of Tanzania