Social studies, Grades 9-12 154 words

a legal expression in the United States Constitution that allows the Senate to constrain the President's powers of appointment and treaty-making

a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states; it provided a legal symbol of their union by giving the central government no coercive power over the states or their citizens

a budget is balanced when current expenditures are equal to receipts

a politically organized body of people under a single government

the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage

an excess of expenditures over revenues

tax write-off for expenses of doing business

the maximum number of shares authorized under the terms of a corporation's articles of incorporation

an economic system based on private ownership of capital

a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity

fanatical patriotism

the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912

the body of citizens of a state or country

a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination)

the legal code of ancient Rome; codified under Justinian; the basis for many modern systems of civil law

a state of political hostility that existed from 1945 until 1990 between countries led by the Soviet Union and countries led by the United States

negotiation between an employer and trade union

(civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions

a territorial division of a state; entitled to elect one member to the United States House of Representatives

advocacy of a system of government according to constitutional principles

an index of the cost of all goods and services to a typical consumer

punishment prohibited by the 8th amendment to the U.S. Constitution; includes torture or degradation or punishment too severe for the crime committed

the act of letting the air out of something

inflation caused by an increase in demand or in the supply of money

the older of two major political parties in the United States

interest on an annual basis deducted in advance on a loan

income (after taxes) that is available to you for saving or spending

a law that is believed to come directly from God

the doctrine that kings derive their right to rule directly from God and are not accountable to their subjects; rebellion is the worst of political crimes

the prosecution of a defendant for a criminal offense for which he has already been tried; prohibited in the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution

an indicator of stock market prices; based on the share values of 30 blue-chip stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange

consumer goods that are not destroyed by use

(economics) a theory of commercial activities (such as the production and consumption of goods)

the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed

a legal system for making democratic choices

the right of the state to take private property for public use; the Fifth Amendment that was added to the Constitution of the United States requires that just compensation be made

a movement in Europe from about 1650 until 1800 that advocated the use of reason and individualism instead of tradition and established doctrine

a tax on the estate of the deceased person

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

a tax that is measured by the amount of business done (not on property or income from real estate)

a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct

an independent government agency that regulates interstate and international communications by radio and television and wire and cable and satellite

the central bank of the United States; incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks and all national banks and state-chartered commercial banks and some trust companies

the central bank of the United States; incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks and all national banks and state-chartered commercial banks and some trust companies

the idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units

a member of a former political party in the United States that favored a strong centralized federal government

an institution (public or private) that collects funds (from the public or other institutions) and invests them in financial assets

a government policy for dealing with the budget (especially with taxation and borrowing)

a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services established to regulate the release of new foods and health-related products

an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1868; extends the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as to the federal government

an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices

a United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to promote trade by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas

a security issued by United States government agencies or the Farm Credit System

the advantage gained by beginning early (as in a race)

(usually plural) the office that serves as the administrative center of an enterprise

the lower house of the British parliament

the upper house of the British parliament

the percentage of a sum of money charged for its use

a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

fanatical patriotism

review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court

the branch of economics that studies the overall working of a national economy

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

the increase or decrease in costs as a result of one more or one less unit of output

an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices

an area in a town where a public mercantile establishment is set up

a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952); named after George Marshall

the branch of economics that studies the economy of consumers or households or individual firms

the total stock of money in the economy; currency held by the public plus money in accounts in banks

(economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers

an obligation arising out of considerations of right and wrong

an agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico; became effective in 1994 for ten years

the debt of the national government (as distinguished from the debts of individuals and businesses and political subdivisions)

a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society

(economics) a market in which control over the supply of a commodity is in the hands of a small number of producers and each one can influence prices and affect competitors

an association including most countries in the western hemisphere; created in 1948 to promote military and economic and social and cultural cooperation

underworld organizations

employees who are represented by a labor union

the income received by a single individual

restriction on maximum prices that is established and maintained by the government (as during periods of war or inflation)

floor below which prices are not allowed to fall

a preliminary election where delegates or nominees are chosen

combined costs of raw material and labor incurred in producing goods

a capital tax on property imposed by municipalities; based on the estimated value of the property

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

structures (such as highways or schools or bridges or docks) constructed at government expense for public use

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

income received from rental properties

a form of government whose head of state is not a monarch

the younger of two major political parties in the United States; GOP is an acronym for grand old party

(corporate finance) the amount, expressed as a percentage, that is earned on a company's total capital calculated by dividing the total capital into earnings before interest, taxes, or dividends are paid

the right to live

determination of one's own fate or course of action without compulsion

a percentage of a bill (as at a hotel or restaurant) added in payment for service

unwelcome sexual behavior by a supervisor toward an employee

someone who holds shares of stock in a corporation

an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society; individual surrenders liberty in return for protection

governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need

law enacted by a legislative body

an exchange where security trading is conducted by professional stockbrokers

someone who holds shares of stock in a corporation

government income due to taxation

employment at home while communicating with the workplace by phone or fax or modem

someone other than the principals who are involved in a transaction

a public expenditure (as for unemployment compensation or veteran's benefits) that is not for goods and services

an agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries

the actions of a vigilance committee in trying to enforce the laws

a street in lower Manhattan where the New York Stock Exchange is located; symbol of American finance

a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments

a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918

a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945

dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc