ostracize
expel from a community or group
NOTES:
But let us ostracize these men.
desecrate
violate the sacred character of a place or language
NOTES:
The other egwugwu immediately surrounded their desecrated companion, to shield him from the profane gaze of women and children, and led him away.
resilient
recovering readily from adversity, depression, or the like
NOTES:
But it was a resilient spirit, and in the end Okonkwo overcame his sorrow.
infuriate
make furious
NOTES:
One of the most infuriating habits of these people was their love of superfluous words, he thought.
dangle
hang freely
NOTES:
The dreaded Otakagu came from Imo, and Ekwensu, dangling a white cock, arrived from Uli. It was a terrible gathering.
amulet
a trinket or piece of jewelry usually hung about the neck and thought to be a magical protection against evil or disease
NOTES:
Some of the elders of the clan went with them, wearing heavy protections of charms and amulets .
mope
be apathetic, gloomy, or dazed
NOTES:
They were still handcuffed, and they just sat and moped .
agitate
move or cause to move back and forth
NOTES:
His voice was unmistakable and so he was able to bring immediate peace to the agitated spirits.
smolder
burn slowly and without a flame
NOTES:
He sighed heavily, and as if in sympathy the smoldering log also sighed.
mutilate
destroy or injure severely
NOTES:
This woman had allowed her heathen husband to mutilate her dead child.
revere
regard with feelings of respect and reverence; consider hallowed or exalted or be in awe of
NOTES:
The royal python was the most revered animal in Mbanta and all the surrounding clans.
scuffle
fight or struggle in a confused way at close quarters
NOTES:
There was only a brief scuffle , too brief even to allow the drawing of a sheathed machete.
effeminate
having unsuitable feminine qualities
NOTES:
To abandon the gods of one's father and go about with a lot of effeminate men clucking like old hens was the very depth of abomination.
bereaved
sorrowful through loss or deprivation
NOTES:
Enoch's devotion to the new faith had seemed so much greater than Mr. Brown's that the villagers called him the outsider who wept louder than the bereaved .
miscreant
a person without moral scruples
NOTES:
A sudden fury rose within him and he felt a strong desire to take up his machete, go to the church and wipe out the entire vile and miscreant gang.
eerie
suggestive of the supernatural; mysterious
NOTES:
The eerie voices of countless spirits, the bells that clattered behind some of them, and the clash of machetes as they ran forwards and backwards and saluted one another, sent
tremors of fear into every heart.
irreparable
impossible to repair, rectify, or amend
NOTES:
But some of these losses were not irreparable .
perturb
disturb in mind or make uneasy or cause to be worried or alarmed
NOTES:
Her husband and his family were already becoming highly critical of such a woman and were not unduly perturbed when they found she had fled to join the Christians.
despicable
morally reprehensible
NOTES:
For how else could he explain his great misfortune and exile and now his despicable son's behavior?
enormity
the quality of extreme wickedness
NOTES:
Now that he had time to think of it, his son's crime stood out in its stark enormity .
stressed
suffering severe physical strain or distress
NOTES:
Our Lord Himself stressed the importance of fewness.
dedicate
give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause
NOTES:
He was a person dedicated to a god, a thing set apart—a taboo for ever, and his children after him.
initiate
set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for
NOTES:
Then he would show his wealth by initiating his sons into the ozo society.
sniff
perceive by inhaling through the nose
NOTES:
Umuofia was like a startled animal with ears erect, sniffing the silent, ominous air and not knowing which way to run.
discordant
not in agreement or harmony
NOTES:
Discordant bells clanged, machetes clashed and the air was full of dust and weird sounds.
unseemly
not in keeping with accepted standards of what is right or proper in polite society
NOTES:
They did not carry guns, for that would be unseemly .
tusk
a hard smooth ivory colored dentine that makes up most of the tusks of elephants and walruses
NOTES:
He made friends with some of the great men of the clan and on one of his frequent visits to the neighboring villages he had been presented with a carved elephant tusk , which was a sign of dignity and rank.
sonorous
full and loud and deep
NOTES:
The silence was broken by the village crier beating his sonorous ogene.
erupt
start abruptly
NOTES:
Such was the excessive energy bottled up in
Enoch's small body that it was always erupting in quarrels and fights.
persevere
be persistent, refuse to stop
NOTES:
But the arrivees persevered , and in the end they were received by them They asked for a plot of land to build on,
An evil forest was where the clan buried all those who died of the really evil diseases, like leprosy and smallpox.
buoyant
tending to float on a liquid or rise in air or gas
NOTES:
The young ailing girl who had caused her mother so much heartache had been transformed, almost overnight, into a healthy, buoyant maiden.
appease
make peace with
NOTES:
On the morning after the village crier's appeal the men of Umuofia met in the marketplace and decided to collect without delay two hundred and fifty bags of cowries to appease the white man.
cooperate
work together on a common enterprise of project
NOTES:
"We shall not do you any harm," said the District Commissioner to them later, "if only you agree to cooperate with us.
kernel
a single whole grain of a cereal
NOTES:
The white man had indeed brought a lunatic religion, but he had also built a trading store and for the first time palm-oil and kernel became things of great price, and much money flowed into Umuofia.
disperse
move away from each other
NOTES:
And they dispersed .
amends
something done or paid in expiation of a wrong
NOTES:
As the years of exile passed one by one it seemed to him that his chi might now be making amends for the past disaster.
pacify
cause to be more favorably inclined; gain the good will of
NOTES:
And for the moment the spirit of the clan was pacified .
initiation
the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new
NOTES:
But the initiation rite was performed once in three years in Umuofia, and he had to wait for nearly two years for the next round of ceremonies.
derision
the act of deriding or treating with contempt
NOTES:
The Lord shall have them in derision ."
indignity
an affront to one's dignity or self-esteem
NOTES:
They were grieved by the indignity and mourned for their neglected farms.
pauper
a person who is very poor
NOTES:
"We see that every pauper wears the anklet of title in Umuofia.
impotent
(of a male) unable to copulate
NOTES:
Living fire begets cold, impotent ash.
degenerate
a person whose behavior deviates from what is acceptable especially in sexual behavior
NOTES:
How then could he have begotten a son like Nwoye, degenerate and effeminate?
discourage
try to prevent; show opposition to
NOTES:
And so it was mutilated to discourage it from returning.
lizard
relatively long-bodied reptile with usually two pairs of legs and a tapering tail
NOTES:
The clan was like a lizard , if it lost its tail it soon grew another.
tremor
an involuntary vibration (as if from illness or fear)
NOTES:
The eerie voices of countless spirits, the bells that clattered behind some of them, and the clash of machetes as they ran forwards and backwards and saluted one another, sent
tremors of fear into every heart.
ferment
cause to undergo fermentation
NOTES:
When they had harvested a sizable heap they carried it down in two trips to the stream, where every woman had a shallow well for fermenting her cassava.
tangle
twist together or entwine into a confusing mass
NOTES:
Wherever he went he carried with him the mark of his forbidden caste—long, tangled and dirty hair.
arrogant
having or showing feelings of unwarranted importance out of overbearing pride
NOTES:
These court messengers were greatly hated in Umuofia because they were foreigners and also arrogant and high-handed.
deter
turn away from by persuasion
NOTES:
He disbelieved the story which even some of the most faithful confirmed, the story of really evil children who were not deterred by mutilation, but came back with all the scars.
profane
grossly irreverent toward what is held to be sacred
NOTES:
The other egwugwu immediately surrounded their desecrated companion, to shield him from the profane gaze ol women and children, and led him away.
administer
work in an administrative capacity; supervise or be in charge of
NOTES:
He knew that he had lost his place among the nine masked spirits who administered justice in the clan.
avenge
take revenge for a perceived wrong
NOTES:
But If they chose to be cowards he would go out and avenge lümself.
valor
the qualities of a hero or heroine; exceptional or heroic courage when facing danger (especially in battle)
NOTES:
No clan can boast of greater numbers or greater valor .
abominable
unequivocally detestable
NOTES:
Okonkwo, who had begun to play a part in the affairs of his motherland, said that until the abominable gang was chased out of the village with whips there would be no peace.
dissolve
pass into a solution
NOTES:
"Are you afraid you may dissolve ?"
taunt
harass with persistent criticism or carping
NOTES:
At night the messengers came in to taunt them and to knock their shaven heads together.
rusty
covered with or consisting of rust
NOTES:
It was like the laugh of rusty metal.
clamor
utter or proclaim insistently and noisily
NOTES:
To fill the Lord's holy temple with an idolatrous crowd clamoring for signs was a folly of everlasting consequence.
arouse
call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)
NOTES:
It was true his two beautiful daughters aroused great interest among suitors and marriage negotiations were soon in progress, but, beyond that, Umuofia did not appear to have taken any special notice of the warrior's return.
superfluous
more than is needed, desired, or required
NOTES:
One of the most infuriating habits of these people was their love of superfluous words, he thought.
provoke
provide the needed stimulus for
NOTES:
This growing feeling was due to Mr. Brown, the white missionary, who was very firm in restraining his flock from provoking the wrath of the clan.
rebuke
an act or expression of criticism and censure
NOTES:
Mr. Smith had rebuked him in very strong language, and had not sought his advice that morning.
tangled
in a confused mass
NOTES:
Wherever he went he carried with him the mark of his forbidden caste—long, tangled and dirty hair.
exclude
prevent from entering; shut out
NOTES:
That night a bell-man went through the length and breadth of Mbanta proclaiming that the adherents of the new faith were thenceforth excluded from the life and privileges of the clan.
accidentally
without intention; in an unintentional manner
NOTES:
If a clansman killed a royal python accidentally , he made sacrifices of atonement and performed an expensive burial ceremony such as was done for a great man.
quarry
animal hunted or caught for food
NOTES:
They set out early that morning, some of them with their water-pots to the stream, another group with hoes and baskets to the village earth pit, and the others to the chalk quarry .
composure
steadiness of mind under stress
NOTES:
For a brief moment the onrush of the egwugwu was checked by the unexpected composure of the two men.
assemble
create by putting components or members together
NOTES:
But, all the same, the rulers and elders of Mbanta assembled to decide on their action.
adherent
someone who believes and helps to spread the doctrine of another
NOTES:
The two outcasts shaved off their hair, and soon they were the strongest adherents of the new faith.
wan
become pale and sickly
NOTES:
It was a wan smile, but there was deep gratitude there.
starve
die of food deprivation
NOTES:
A man who calls his kinsmen to a feast does not do so to save them from starving .
ail
be ill or unwell
NOTES:
The young ailing girl who had caused her mother so much heartache had been transformed, almost overnight, into a healthy, buoyant maiden.
imminent
close in time; about to occur
NOTES:
Enoch himself was greatly disappointed when he heard this, for he had hoped that a holy war was imminent ,- and there were a few other Christians who thought like him.
zealous
marked by active interest and enthusiasm
NOTES:
The over-zealous converts who had smarted under Mr. Brown's restraining hand now flourished in full favor.
administrator
someone who manages a government agency or department
NOTES:
The resolute administrator in him gave way to the student of primitive customs.
ominous
threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments
NOTES:
Umuofia was like a startled animal with ears erect, sniffing the silent, ominous air and not knowing which way to run.
interpreted
understood in a certain way; made sense of
NOTES:
Okeke interpreted wisely to the spirits and leaders of Umuofia: "The white man says he is happy you have come to him with your grievances, like friends.
linked
connected by a link, as railway cars or trailer trucks
NOTES:
The footpath that linked them was a very busy one because it also led to the stream, beyond the court.
sinister
stemming from evil characteristics or forces; wicked or dishonorable
NOTES:
An evil forest was, therefore, alive with sinister forces and powers of darkness.
prestige
a high standing achieved through success or influence or wealth etc.
NOTES:
Mr.
Brown's mission grew from strength to strength, and because of its link with the new administration it earned a new social prestige .
resolute
firm in purpose or belief; characterized by firmness and determination
NOTES:
The resolute administrator in him gave way to the student of primitive customs.
ensure
make certain of
NOTES:
Let us talk about it like friends and find a way of ensuring that it does not happen again."
beget
make children
NOTES:
How then could he have begotten a son like Nwoye, degenerate and effeminate?
emerge
come out into view, as from concealment
NOTES:
At such times the ancestors of the clan who had
been committed to Mother Earth at their death emerged again as egwugwu through tiny ant-holes.
retiring
of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office
NOTES:
They agreed and were already retiring , when Enoch boasted aloud that they would not dare to touch a Christian.
derive
come from
NOTES:
Okonkwo turned from one side to the other and derived a kind of pleasure from the pain his back gave him.
ignore
refuse to acknowledge
NOTES:
At first he ignored the warning signs.
prosper
make steady progress; be at the high point in one's career or reach a high point in historical significance or importance
NOTES:
Although he had prospered in his motherland Okonkwo knew that he would have prospered even more in Umuofia, in the land of his fathers where men were bold and warlike.
sullen
showing a brooding ill humor
NOTES:
The six men remained sullen and silent and the Commissioner left them for a while.
grievance
a complaint about a (real or imaginary) wrong that causes resentment and is grounds for action
NOTES:
Okeke interpreted wisely to the spirits and leaders of Umuofia: "The white man says he is happy you have come to him with your grievances , like friends.
allegiance
the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action
NOTES:
The villagers were so certain about the doom that awaited these men that one or two converts thought it wise to suspend their allegiance to the new faith.
restrained
under restraint
NOTES:
But Mr. Kiaga restrained them.
accommodation
making or becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances
NOTES:
He condemned openly Mr. Brown's policy of compromise and accommodation .
tense
taut or rigid; stretched tight
NOTES:
But it was only a momentary check, like the tense silence between blasts of thunder.
amend
make amendments to
NOTES:
As the years of exile passed one by one it seemed to him that his chi might now be making amends for the past disaster.
energetic
possessing or exerting or displaying energy
NOTES:
Everything was possible, he told his energetic flock, but everything was not expedient.
mute
expressed without speech
NOTES:
The men of Umuofia were merged into the mute backcloth of trees and giant creepers, waiting.
despise
look down on with disdain
NOTES:
But he was
looking for one man in particular, the man whose tongue he dreaded and despised so much.
stump
the base part of a tree that remains standing after the tree has been felled
NOTES:
They just pulled the stump , and earth rose, roots snapped below, and the tuber was pulled out.
potent
having or wielding force or authority
NOTES:
It was also the dumping ground for highly potent fetishes of great medicine men when they died.
tumult
a state of commotion and noise and confusion
NOTES:
Then an unmistakable voice rose above the tumult and there was immediate silence.
transformed
given a completely different form or appearance
NOTES:
The young ailing girl who had caused her mother so much heartache had been transformed , almost overnight, into a healthy, buoyant maiden.
caste
(Hinduism) a hereditary social class among Hindus; stratified according to ritual purity
NOTES:
Wherever he went he carried with him the mark of his forbidden caste —long, tangled and dirty hair.
expedient
appropriate to a purpose; practical
NOTES:
Everything was possible, he told his energetic flock, but everything was not expedient .
scar
a mark left (usually on the skin) by the healing of injured tissue
NOTES:
He disbelieved the story which even some of the most faithful confirmed, the story of really evil children who were not deterred by mutilation, but came back with all the scars .
ignored
disregarded
NOTES:
At first he ignored the warning signs.
salute
greet in a friendly way
NOTES:
He went into the obi and saluted his father, but he did not answer.
desolate
providing no shelter or sustenance
NOTES:
The band of egwugwu moved like a furious whirlwind to Enoch's compound and with machete and fire reduced it to a desolate heap.
deliberate
carefully thought out in advance
NOTES:
As they deliberated they could hear the Mother of Spirits wailing for her son.
paragraph
one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas; the beginning is usually marked by a new indented line
NOTES:
Perhaps not a whole chapter but a reasonable paragraph , at any rate.
orator
a person who delivers a speech or oration
NOTES:
Okika was a great man and an orator .
presume
take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof
NOTES:
"Let us not presume to do so now.
breadth
the extent of something from side to side
NOTES:
That night a bell-man went through the length and breadth of Mbanta proclaiming that the adherents of the new faith were thenceforth excluded from the life and privileges of the clan.
forsake
leave someone who needs or counts on you; leave in the lurch
NOTES:
"Blessed is he who forsakes his father and his mother for my sake," he intoned.
depression
a sunken or depressed geological formation
NOTES:
She had, it was true, her moments of depression when she would snap at everybody like an angry dog.
wail
a cry of sorrow and grief
NOTES:
As they deliberated they could hear the Mother of Spirits wailing for her son.
gear
a toothed wheel that engages another toothed mechanism in order to change the speed or direction of transmitted motion
NOTES:
He had shaken out his smoked raffia skirt and examined his tall feather head-gear and his shield.
announce
make known; make an announcement
NOTES:
"The bell-man announced it last night.
discern
detect with the senses
NOTES:
He discerned fright in that tumult.
plague
any large scale calamity (especially when thought to be sent by God)
NOTES:
The child had been declared an ogbanje, plaguing its mother by dying and entering her womb to be born again.
convince
make (someone) agree, understand, or realize the truth or validity of something
NOTES:
Are you afraid he would convince us not to fight?"
whistle
the sound made by something moving rapidly or by steam coming out of a small aperture
NOTES:
There was so much food and drink that many kinsmen whistled in surprise.
substantial
having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary
NOTES:
Although they had not agreed to kill the missionary or drive away the Christians, they had agreed to do something substantial .
shallow
lacking physical depth; having little spatial extension downward or inward from an outer surface or backward or outward from a center
NOTES:
When they had harvested a sizable heap they carried it down in two trips to the stream, where every woman had a shallow well for fermenting her cassava.
survive
continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.)
NOTES:
At first the clan had assumed that it would not survive .
marvel
be amazed at
NOTES:
"When I think that it is only eighteen months since the Seed was first sown among you," he said, "I marvel at what the Lord hath wrought."
regain
get or find back; recover the use of
NOTES:
He would return with a flourish, and regain the seven wasted years.
urge
force or impel in an indicated direction
NOTES:
His male relations and friends had gathered in his obi, and Obierika was urging him to eat.
interpret
make sense of; assign a meaning to
NOTES:
Okeke interpreted wisely to the spirits and leaders of Umuofia: "The white man says he is happy you have come to him with your grievances, like friends.
scratch
cut the surface of; wear away the surface of
NOTES:
An animal rubs its itching flank against a tree, a man asks his kinsman to scratch him."
resemble
appear like; be similar or bear a likeness to
NOTES:
But Nwoye resembled his grandfather, Unoka, who was Okonkwo's father.
altered
changed in form or character without becoming something else
NOTES:
The times which had altered so unaccountably during his exile seemed to be coming round again.
slaughter
the killing of animals (as for food)
NOTES:
And so three goats were slaughtered and a number of fowls.
transform
change or alter in form, appearance, or nature
stress
special emphasis attached to something
NOTES:
Our Lord Himself stressed the importance of fewness.
confront
oppose, as in hostility or a competition
NOTES:
But now, as he came up and stood by him confronting the angry spirits, Mr. Smith looked at him and smiled.
furious
marked by extreme anger
NOTES:
Mr. Smith danced a furious step and so the drums went mad.
harvest
the gathering of a ripened crop
NOTES:
It was not done earlier because the rains were too heavy and would have washed away the heap of trodden earth, and it could not be done later because harvesting would soon set in, and after that the dry season.
compound
a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts
NOTES:
Nwoye turned round to walk into the inner compound when his father, suddenly overcome with fury, sprang to his feet and gripped him by the neck.
confident
having or marked by confidence or assurance
NOTES:
He heard the voice of singing and although it came from a handful of men it was loud and confident .
retire
withdraw from active participation
NOTES:
Some of their men had gone out to beg the egwugwu to retire for a short while for the women to pass.
seize
take hold of; grab
NOTES:
He seized a heavy stick that lay on the dwarf wall and hit him two or three savage blows.
reduce
make smaller
NOTES:
One of the greatest crimes a man could commit was to unmask an egwugwu in public, or to say or do anything which might reduce its immortal prestige in the eyes of the uninitiated.
zeal
a feeling of strong eagerness (usually in favor of a person or cause)
NOTES:
It was in fact one of them who in his zeal brought the church into serious conflict with the clan a year later by killing the sacred python, the emanation of the god of water.
flourish
grow vigorously
NOTES:
He would return with a flourish , and regain the seven wasted years.
stem
cylinder forming a long narrow part of something
NOTES:
Each of them carried a long cane basket, a machete for cutting down the soft cassava stem , and a little hoe for digging out the tuber.
primitive
little evolved from or characteristic of an earlier ancestral type
NOTES:
The resolute administrator in him gave way to the student of primitive customs.
restrain
hold back
NOTES:
But Mr. Kiaga restrained them.
ancestor
someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent)
NOTES:
It was well known among the people of Mbanta that their gods and ancestors were sometimes long-suffering and would deliberately allow a man to go on defying them.
suspend
bar temporarily; from school, office, etc.
NOTES:
The villagers were so certain about the doom that awaited these men that one or two converts thought it wise to suspend their allegiance to the new faith.
wrath
intense anger (usually on an epic scale)
NOTES:
"When he killed Oduche in the fight over the land, he fled to Aninta to escape the wrath of the earth.
tread
put down or press the foot, place the foot
NOTES:
It was the time for treading red earth with which to build walls.
release
grant freedom to; free from confinement
NOTES:
The other people were released , but even now they have not found the mouth with which to tell of their suffering."
gratitude
a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation
NOTES:
My mother's people have been good to me and 1 must show my gratitude ."
prepare
make ready or suitable or equip in advance for a particular purpose or for some use, event, etc
NOTES:
Three converts had gone into the village and boasted openly that all the gods were dead and impotent and that they were prepared to defy them by burning all their shrines.
commissioner
a member of a commission
NOTES:
They had built a court where the District Commissioner judged cases in ignorance.
boast
show off
NOTES:
They boast about victory over death.