event

the lapse of mankind into sinfulness because of the sin of Adam and Eve

a siege and massacre at a mission in San Antonio in 1836; Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico

a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876); Custer was pursuing Sioux led by Sitting Bull; Custer underestimated the size of the Sioux forces (which were supported by Cheyenne warriors) and was killed along with all his command

the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945

(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

the withdrawal of eleven southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War

the invasion and settlement of England by the Normans following the battle of Hastings (1066)

an amphibious evacuation in World War II (1940) when 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches in northern France in a desperate retreat under enemy fire

the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 which marked the beginning of the Muslim era; the Muslim calendar begins in that year

secret aid to escaping slaves that was provided by abolitionists in the years before the American Civil War

the deportation of the Jews to Babylonia by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC

an international study of the entire human genetic material

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

an American operation in World War I (1918); American troops under Pershing drove back the German armies which were saved only by the armistice on November 11

the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)

the unsuccessful campaign in World War I (1915) by the English and French to open a passage for aid to Russia; defeated by the Turks

a campaign in the closing days of World War II in the Pacific (April to June 1945); in savage close-quarter fighting United States marines and regular army troops took the island from the Japanese; considered the greatest victory of the Pacific campaign for the Americans

the final campaign of the American Civil War (1864-65); Union forces under Grant besieged and finally defeated Confederate forces under Lee

American Civil War; a series of indecisive battles in Grant's campaign (1864) against Lee in which both armies suffered terrible losses

a Crusade from 1096 to 1099; captured Jerusalem and created a theocracy there

a Crusade from 1145 to 1147 that failed because of internal disagreements among the crusaders and led to the loss of Jerusalem in 1187

a Crusade from 1189 to 1192 led by Richard I and the king of France that failed because an army torn by dissensions and fighting on foreign soil could not succeed against forces united by religious zeal

a Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem

a Crusade under papal control from 1218 to 1221 that achieved military victories but failed when dissension arose over accepting the terms they had been offered

a Crusade from 1228 to 1229 led by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II who fell ill and was excommunicated by the Pope; by negotiation Frederick II was able to crown himself king of Jerusalem

a Crusade initiated in 1248 after the loss of Jerusalem in 1244 and defeated in 1249

the day in 2001 when Arab suicide bombers hijacked United States airliners and used them as bombs

an amphibious evacuation in World War II (1940) when 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches in northern France in a desperate retreat under enemy fire

World War II (February 1944); American infantry landed and captured a Japanese stronghold

a battle in the Korean War (1950); United States forces landed at Inchon

a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)

an amphibious assault in the Pacific in World War II (January 1944); American forces landed and captured a Japanese air base

a battle in World War II; the return of United States troops to the Philippines began with landings on Leyte Island in October 1944; the battle marked first use of kamikaze aircraft by the Japanese

US forces captured the island from the Japanese in July 1944; it was an important air base until the end of World War II

a battle in World War II; the port was captured by United States troops in September 1943

battles in World War II in the Pacific (November 1943); United States Marines took the islands from the Japanese after bitter fighting

in December 1941 the island was captured by the Japanese after a gallant last-ditch stand by a few hundred United States marines

the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660

the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it

in 1649 the place was captured by Oliver Cromwell, who massacred the Catholic inhabitants

a battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army in 1415

a decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805); the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II

a battle in which the Scots under Robert the Bruce defeated the English and assured the independence of Scotland

a battle in 680 in which the grandson of Mohammed and his followers were killed

a battle during World War II; in December 1944 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the forest at Ardennes and caught the Allies by surprise

a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918

the First Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the French in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession

Napoleon defeated the Russians in 1812 in a pitched battle at a village in western Russia west of Moscow, but irreparably weakened his army

the battle that ended the Wars of the Roses (1485); Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor was crowned as Henry VII

in 1214 the French under Philip Augustus defeated a coalition formed against him in one of the greatest battles of the middle ages

a battle in the War of the Grand Alliance in Ireland in 1690; William III defeated the deposed James II and so ended the Catholicism that had been reintroduced in England by the Stuarts

a battle in 937 when Athelstan defeated the Scots

a pitched battle in the Mexican War in 1847; United States forces under Zachary Taylor defeated the Mexican forces under Santa Anna at a locality in northern Mexico

either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862); Confederate forces defeated the Federal army in both battles

the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) which was fought at Breed's Hill; the British defeated the colonial forces

ancient city is southeastern Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216 BC

battle of World War I (1917); Italians were defeated by the Austrian and German forces

a battle in the Apennines in 321 BC in which the Samnites defeated the Romans

a battle in which Philip II of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans (338 BC) and also Sulla defeated Mithridates (86 BC)

the battle in which Attila the Hun was defeated by the Romans and Visigoths in 451

a major battle in the American Civil War (1863); the Confederates under Robert E. Lee defeated the Union forces under Joseph Hooker

a pitched battle in the Mexican War that resulted in a major victory for American forces over Mexican forces at a locality south of Mexico City (1847)

in the American Civil War (1863) the Union armies of Hooker, Thomas, and Sherman under the command of Ulysses S. Grant won a decisive victory over the Confederate Army under Braxton Bragg

a Confederate victory in the American Civil War (1863); Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg defeated Union forces

battle in the American Revolution; Americans under Daniel Morgan defeated the British

the first decisive battle of the Hundred Years' War; in 1346 the English under Edward III defeated the French under Philip of Valois

battle in 401 BC when the Artaxerxes II defeated his younger brother who tried to usurp the throne

the battle that ended the second Macedonian War (197 BC); the Romans defeated Philip V who lost his control of Greece

a pitched battle in World War II (1942) resulting in a decisive Allied victory by British troops under Montgomery over German troops under Rommel

a battle in 1513; the English defeated the invading Scots and James IV was killed

a battle in 1745 in which the French army under Marshal Saxe defeated the English army and their allies under the duke of Cumberland

a pitched battle in which American revolutionary troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775

an important battle in the American Civil War (1862); the Union Army under A. E. Burnside was defeated by the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee

a battle of the American Civil War (1863); the defeat of Robert E. Lee's invading Confederate Army was a major victory for the Union

the battle in which Alexander won his first major victory against the Persians (334 BC)

a battle in World War II in the Pacific (1942-1943); the island was occupied by the Japanese and later recaptured by American forces

the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest

a battle during the Napoleonic Wars (1800); the French defeated the Austrians

a battle between the successors of Alexander the Great (301 BC); Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated Antigonus and Demetrius

a battle (333 BC) in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under Darius III

a battle (1590) in which the Huguenots under Henry IV defeated the Catholics under the duke of Mayenne

the battle in 1806 in which Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians

battle of the American Civil War (1864); Union forces under William Tecumseh Sherman were repulsed by Confederate troops under Joseph Eggleston Johnston

a battle in 217 BC in which Hannibal ambushed a Roman army led by Flaminius

(1568) Catholic forces supporting Mary Queen of Scots were routed by Protestants

Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC; the battle ended Sparta's military supremacy in Greece

the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)

the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks

a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1632); Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Holy Roman Empire under Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus was killed

a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I

a battle in which the Danes defeated the Saxons in 991; celebrated in an old English poem

the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC

a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians

a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians

a battle in 1644 in which the Parliamentarians under the earl of Manchester defeated the Royalists under Prince Rupert

a battle during the second Punic War (207 BC); Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was defeated by the Romans which ended Hannibal's hopes for success in Italy

a battle in the Seven Years' War (1759) in which the English forces and their allies defeated the French

a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces

a battle in 1645 that settled the outcome of the first English Civil War as the Parliamentarians won a major victory over the Royalists

a battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Kitchener defeated the Sudanese

battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761

Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC

Octavian and Mark Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC

the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal

a defeat of the Persian army by the Greeks at Plataea in 479 BC

the battle in 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French

a battle in the Chino-Japanese War (1894); Japanese captured the port and fortifications from the Chinese

a battle in which Mexican forces defeated the French in 1862

a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom

a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512

a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1643); the French defeated the Spanish invaders

a battle in the Seven Years' War (1757); Prussian forces under Frederick the Great defeated the armies of France and Austria

a battle in the Meuse-Argonne operation in World War I (1918); the battle in which American troops launched their first offensive in France

a battle during the American Revolution (1777); the British under Burgoyne were defeated

the Swiss Confederation escaped Hapsburg domination by their victory in 1386

the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862); the battle ended with the withdrawal of Confederate troops but it was not a Union victory

a battle in World War I (May 1918); the Germans tried to attack before the American numbers were too great to defeat; the tactical success of the Germans proved to be a strategic failure

an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Napoleon III and the Austrians under Francis Joseph I

battle in World War I (1916)

battle of World War II (1944)

a battle between the armies of Grant and Lee during the Wilderness Campaign

a battle in World War I (1914); decisive German victory over the Russians

a battle in France in 687 among the descendants of Clovis

a battle in 9 AD in which the Germans under Arminius annihilated three Roman Legions

the final battle of the War of the Roses in 1471 in which Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians

a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece

a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC

the French defeated the Austrian and Prussian troops in 1792 (with a famous cannonade from the French artillery)

a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped

a battle in the Napoleonic campaigns (1809); Napoleon defeated the Austrians

the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Prussian and British forces under Blucher and the Duke of Wellington routed the French forces under Napoleon

a battle in the Korean War (November 1950); when UN troops advanced north to the Yalu River 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the river and drove them back

battle in World War I (1914); heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others

battle in World War I (1915); Germans wanted to try chlorine (a toxic yellow gas) as a weapon and succeeded in taking considerable territory from the Allied salient

battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery

the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War

the naval battle in which Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian's fleet under Agrippa in 31 BC

islands west of Sicily (now known as the Egadi Islands) where the Romans won a naval victory over the Carthaginians that ended the first Punic War in 241 BC

a river in ancient Thrace (now Turkey); in the mouth of this river the Spartan fleet under Lysander destroyed the Athenian fleet in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC)

a naval battle in World War II; Allied land-based bombers destroyed a Japanese convoy in the Bismarck Sea in March 1943

a Japanese defeat in World War II (May 1942); the first naval battle fought entirely by planes based on aircraft carriers

a naval battle of the American Civil War (1862); the indecisive battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac

an indecisive naval battle in World War I (1916); fought between the British and German fleets off the northwestern coast of Denmark

Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope

a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the American fleet under Admiral Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet

naval battle of World War II (June 1942); American planes based on land and on carriers decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands

a decisive naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by an allied fleet of British and French and Russian warships

a naval battle in the Mediterranean Sea off Cape Passero in which the Spanish navy was destroyed by France and England while attempting to recover Sicily and Sardinia from Italy (1719)

a naval battle in World War II (1944); a decisive naval victory for the United States fleet over the Japanese who were trying to block supplies from reaching American troops on Leyte

a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the United States fleet bottled up the Spanish ships in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba and destroyed them when they tried to escape

in the English Channel a small fleet of British ships successfully defeated the large armada sent from Spain by Philip II to invade England

a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded)

a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War (1905); the Japanese fleet defeated the Russian fleet in the Korean Strait

a siege and massacre at a mission in San Antonio in 1836; Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico

a siege in which Federal troops under Sherman cut off the railroads supplying the city and then burned it; 1864

the peninsula and island in the Philippines where Japanese forces besieged American forces in World War II; United States forces surrendered in 1942 and recaptured the area in 1945

the French military base fell after a siege by Vietnam troops that lasted 56 days; ended the involvement of France in Indochina in 1954

the British residents of Lucknow were besieged by Indian insurgents during the Indian Mutiny (1857)

a long siege of Orleans by the English was relieved by Joan of Arc in 1429

the final campaign of the American Civil War (1864-65); Union forces under Grant besieged and finally defeated Confederate forces under Lee

the town was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1877 after a siege of 143 days

the Athenian siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC) was eventually won by Syracuse

the Roman siege of Syracuse (214-212 BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city (killing Archimedes)

a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863); after being besieged for nearly seven weeks the Confederates surrendered

in 1781 the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops; the surrender ended the American Revolution

a war between China and Japan (1894 and 1895) over the control of the Korean Peninsula; China was overwhelmingly defeated at Port Arthur

one the four wars between Macedonia and Rome in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, which ended in the defeat of Macedonia and its annexation as a Roman province

tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur); Israel counterattacked and drove the Syrians back and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt

two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe

either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902)

a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia; 1853-1856

a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871

a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by American Indian tribes); 1755-1760

the series of wars fought intermittently between France and England; 1337-1453

a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution

a war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; 1950-1953

after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000

a series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times; 1799-1815

a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta; 431-404 BC

a war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991

one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome; 264-241 BC, 218-201 BC, 149-146 BC

Japanese victory in the war with Russia (1904-1905) gave Japan power over Korea and Manchuria

a war of England and Prussia against France and Austria (1756-1763); Britain and Prussia got the better of it

a war between the United States and Spain in 1898

a series of conflicts (1618-1648) between Protestants and Catholics starting in Germany and spreading until France and Denmark and Sweden were opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain

(Greek mythology) a great war fought between Greece and Troy; the Greeks sailed to Troy to recover Helen of Troy, the beautiful wife of Menelaus who had been abducted by Paris; after ten years the Greeks (via the Trojan Horse) achieved final victory and burned Troy to the ground

a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

the Greeks rebelled against Turkish rule in 1821; with the support of England and France and Russia they won independence in 1828 at Navarino (although the country included only half its present size)

Prussia and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides; 1740-1748

an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)

a general war in Europe (1701-1714) that broke out when Louis XIV installed his grandson on the throne of Spain; England and Holland hoped to limit Louis' power

struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII

a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France

civil war in the United States between the North and the South; 1861-1865

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I; 1644-1648

civil war in Spain in which Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government; during the war Spain became a battleground for fascists and socialists from all countries; 1936-1939

a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918

a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945

a widespread rebellion in 1381 against poll taxes and other inequities that oppressed the poorer people of England; suppressed by Richard II

discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858; the revolt was put down after several battles and sieges (notably the siege at Lucknow)

the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783

the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912

the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba; 1956-1959

the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689)

the revolution in France against the Bourbons; 1789-1799

a revolution for agrarian reforms led in northern Mexico by Pancho Villa and in southern Mexico by Emiliano Zapata (1910-1911)

the revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

the transaction in 1867 in which the United States Secretary of State William Henry Seward purchased Alaska from Russia

a paramilitary group of Protestants in Northern Ireland that tries to prevent any political settlement with the Irish Republic; attacks interests of Catholic civilians in Northern Ireland; responsible for arson and bombing and murder

the day in 2001 when Arab suicide bombers hijacked United States airliners and used them as bombs

the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor; organized as a protest against taxes on tea

a ruling by the Supreme Court on affirmative action; the Court ruled in 1978 that medical schools are entitled to consider race as a factor in their admission policy

the biblical commandments of Moses

a federal warning system that is activated by FEMA; enables the President to take over the United States airwaves to warn the whole country of major catastrophic events

an oath taken by physicians to observe medical ethics deriving from Hippocrates

a three-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg (November 19, 1863)

the first major discourse delivered by Jesus (Matthew 5-7 and Luke 6:20-49)

the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660

the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it

in 1649 the place was captured by Oliver Cromwell, who massacred the Catholic inhabitants

a battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army in 1415

a decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805); the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II

a battle in which the Scots under Robert the Bruce defeated the English and assured the independence of Scotland

a battle in 680 in which the grandson of Mohammed and his followers were killed

a battle during World War II; in December 1944 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the forest at Ardennes and caught the Allies by surprise

a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918

the First Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the French in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession

Napoleon defeated the Russians in 1812 in a pitched battle at a village in western Russia west of Moscow, but irreparably weakened his army

the battle that ended the Wars of the Roses (1485); Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor was crowned as Henry VII

in 1214 the French under Philip Augustus defeated a coalition formed against him in one of the greatest battles of the middle ages

a battle in the War of the Grand Alliance in Ireland in 1690; William III defeated the deposed James II and so ended the Catholicism that had been reintroduced in England by the Stuarts

a battle in 937 when Athelstan defeated the Scots

a pitched battle in the Mexican War in 1847; United States forces under Zachary Taylor defeated the Mexican forces under Santa Anna at a locality in northern Mexico

either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862); Confederate forces defeated the Federal army in both battles

the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) which was fought at Breed's Hill; the British defeated the colonial forces

ancient city is southeastern Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216 BC

battle of World War I (1917); Italians were defeated by the Austrian and German forces

a battle in the Apennines in 321 BC in which the Samnites defeated the Romans

a battle in which Philip II of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans (338 BC) and also Sulla defeated Mithridates (86 BC)

the battle in which Attila the Hun was defeated by the Romans and Visigoths in 451

a major battle in the American Civil War (1863); the Confederates under Robert E. Lee defeated the Union forces under Joseph Hooker

a pitched battle in the Mexican War that resulted in a major victory for American forces over Mexican forces at a locality south of Mexico City (1847)

in the American Civil War (1863) the Union armies of Hooker, Thomas, and Sherman under the command of Ulysses S. Grant won a decisive victory over the Confederate Army under Braxton Bragg

a Confederate victory in the American Civil War (1863); Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg defeated Union forces

battle in the American Revolution; Americans under Daniel Morgan defeated the British

the first decisive battle of the Hundred Years' War; in 1346 the English under Edward III defeated the French under Philip of Valois

battle in 401 BC when the Artaxerxes II defeated his younger brother who tried to usurp the throne

the battle that ended the second Macedonian War (197 BC); the Romans defeated Philip V who lost his control of Greece

a pitched battle in World War II (1942) resulting in a decisive Allied victory by British troops under Montgomery over German troops under Rommel

a battle in 1513; the English defeated the invading Scots and James IV was killed

a battle in 1745 in which the French army under Marshal Saxe defeated the English army and their allies under the duke of Cumberland

a pitched battle in which American revolutionary troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775

an important battle in the American Civil War (1862); the Union Army under A. E. Burnside was defeated by the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee

a battle of the American Civil War (1863); the defeat of Robert E. Lee's invading Confederate Army was a major victory for the Union

the battle in which Alexander won his first major victory against the Persians (334 BC)

a battle in World War II in the Pacific (1942-1943); the island was occupied by the Japanese and later recaptured by American forces

the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest

a battle during the Napoleonic Wars (1800); the French defeated the Austrians

a battle between the successors of Alexander the Great (301 BC); Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated Antigonus and Demetrius

a battle (333 BC) in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under Darius III

a battle (1590) in which the Huguenots under Henry IV defeated the Catholics under the duke of Mayenne

the battle in 1806 in which Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians

battle of the American Civil War (1864); Union forces under William Tecumseh Sherman were repulsed by Confederate troops under Joseph Eggleston Johnston

a battle in 217 BC in which Hannibal ambushed a Roman army led by Flaminius

(1568) Catholic forces supporting Mary Queen of Scots were routed by Protestants

Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC; the battle ended Sparta's military supremacy in Greece

the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)

the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks

a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1632); Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Holy Roman Empire under Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus was killed

a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I

a battle in which the Danes defeated the Saxons in 991; celebrated in an old English poem

the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC

a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians

a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians

a battle in 1644 in which the Parliamentarians under the earl of Manchester defeated the Royalists under Prince Rupert

a battle during the second Punic War (207 BC); Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was defeated by the Romans which ended Hannibal's hopes for success in Italy

a battle in the Seven Years' War (1759) in which the English forces and their allies defeated the French

a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces

a battle in 1645 that settled the outcome of the first English Civil War as the Parliamentarians won a major victory over the Royalists

a battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Kitchener defeated the Sudanese

battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761

Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC

Octavian and Mark Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC

the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal

a defeat of the Persian army by the Greeks at Plataea in 479 BC

the battle in 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French

a battle in the Chino-Japanese War (1894); Japanese captured the port and fortifications from the Chinese

a battle in which Mexican forces defeated the French in 1862

a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom

a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512

a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1643); the French defeated the Spanish invaders

a battle in the Seven Years' War (1757); Prussian forces under Frederick the Great defeated the armies of France and Austria

a battle in the Meuse-Argonne operation in World War I (1918); the battle in which American troops launched their first offensive in France

a battle during the American Revolution (1777); the British under Burgoyne were defeated

the Swiss Confederation escaped Hapsburg domination by their victory in 1386

the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862); the battle ended with the withdrawal of Confederate troops but it was not a Union victory

a battle in World War I (May 1918); the Germans tried to attack before the American numbers were too great to defeat; the tactical success of the Germans proved to be a strategic failure

an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Napoleon III and the Austrians under Francis Joseph I

battle in World War I (1916)

battle of World War II (1944)

a battle between the armies of Grant and Lee during the Wilderness Campaign

a battle in World War I (1914); decisive German victory over the Russians

a battle in France in 687 among the descendants of Clovis

a battle in 9 AD in which the Germans under Arminius annihilated three Roman Legions

the final battle of the War of the Roses in 1471 in which Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians

a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece

a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC

the French defeated the Austrian and Prussian troops in 1792 (with a famous cannonade from the French artillery)

a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped

a battle in the Napoleonic campaigns (1809); Napoleon defeated the Austrians

the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Prussian and British forces under Blucher and the Duke of Wellington routed the French forces under Napoleon

a battle in the Korean War (November 1950); when UN troops advanced north to the Yalu River 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the river and drove them back

battle in World War I (1914); heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others

battle in World War I (1915); Germans wanted to try chlorine (a toxic yellow gas) as a weapon and succeeded in taking considerable territory from the Allied salient

battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery

the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War

the naval battle in which Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian's fleet under Agrippa in 31 BC

islands west of Sicily (now known as the Egadi Islands) where the Romans won a naval victory over the Carthaginians that ended the first Punic War in 241 BC

a river in ancient Thrace (now Turkey); in the mouth of this river the Spartan fleet under Lysander destroyed the Athenian fleet in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC)

a naval battle in World War II; Allied land-based bombers destroyed a Japanese convoy in the Bismarck Sea in March 1943

a Japanese defeat in World War II (May 1942); the first naval battle fought entirely by planes based on aircraft carriers

a naval battle of the American Civil War (1862); the indecisive battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac

an indecisive naval battle in World War I (1916); fought between the British and German fleets off the northwestern coast of Denmark

Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope

a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the American fleet under Admiral Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet

naval battle of World War II (June 1942); American planes based on land and on carriers decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands

a decisive naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by an allied fleet of British and French and Russian warships

a naval battle in the Mediterranean Sea off Cape Passero in which the Spanish navy was destroyed by France and England while attempting to recover Sicily and Sardinia from Italy (1719)

a naval battle in World War II (1944); a decisive naval victory for the United States fleet over the Japanese who were trying to block supplies from reaching American troops on Leyte

a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the United States fleet bottled up the Spanish ships in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba and destroyed them when they tried to escape

in the English Channel a small fleet of British ships successfully defeated the large armada sent from Spain by Philip II to invade England

a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded)

a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War (1905); the Japanese fleet defeated the Russian fleet in the Korean Strait

a siege and massacre at a mission in San Antonio in 1836; Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico

a siege in which Federal troops under Sherman cut off the railroads supplying the city and then burned it; 1864

the peninsula and island in the Philippines where Japanese forces besieged American forces in World War II; United States forces surrendered in 1942 and recaptured the area in 1945

the French military base fell after a siege by Vietnam troops that lasted 56 days; ended the involvement of France in Indochina in 1954

the British residents of Lucknow were besieged by Indian insurgents during the Indian Mutiny (1857)

a long siege of Orleans by the English was relieved by Joan of Arc in 1429

the final campaign of the American Civil War (1864-65); Union forces under Grant besieged and finally defeated Confederate forces under Lee

the town was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1877 after a siege of 143 days

the Athenian siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC) was eventually won by Syracuse

the Roman siege of Syracuse (214-212 BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city (killing Archimedes)

a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863); after being besieged for nearly seven weeks the Confederates surrendered

in 1781 the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops; the surrender ended the American Revolution

a war between China and Japan (1894 and 1895) over the control of the Korean Peninsula; China was overwhelmingly defeated at Port Arthur

one the four wars between Macedonia and Rome in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, which ended in the defeat of Macedonia and its annexation as a Roman province

tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur); Israel counterattacked and drove the Syrians back and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt

two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe

either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902)

a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia; 1853-1856

a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871

a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by American Indian tribes); 1755-1760

the series of wars fought intermittently between France and England; 1337-1453

a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution

a war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; 1950-1953

after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000

a series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times; 1799-1815

a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta; 431-404 BC

a war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991

one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome; 264-241 BC, 218-201 BC, 149-146 BC

Japanese victory in the war with Russia (1904-1905) gave Japan power over Korea and Manchuria

a war of England and Prussia against France and Austria (1756-1763); Britain and Prussia got the better of it

a war between the United States and Spain in 1898

a series of conflicts (1618-1648) between Protestants and Catholics starting in Germany and spreading until France and Denmark and Sweden were opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain

(Greek mythology) a great war fought between Greece and Troy; the Greeks sailed to Troy to recover Helen of Troy, the beautiful wife of Menelaus who had been abducted by Paris; after ten years the Greeks (via the Trojan Horse) achieved final victory and burned Troy to the ground

a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

the Greeks rebelled against Turkish rule in 1821; with the support of England and France and Russia they won independence in 1828 at Navarino (although the country included only half its present size)

Prussia and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides; 1740-1748

an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)

a general war in Europe (1701-1714) that broke out when Louis XIV installed his grandson on the throne of Spain; England and Holland hoped to limit Louis' power

struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII

a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France

civil war in the United States between the North and the South; 1861-1865

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I; 1644-1648

civil war in Spain in which Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government; during the war Spain became a battleground for fascists and socialists from all countries; 1936-1939

a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918

a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945

a widespread rebellion in 1381 against poll taxes and other inequities that oppressed the poorer people of England; suppressed by Richard II

discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858; the revolt was put down after several battles and sieges (notably the siege at Lucknow)

the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783

the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912

the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba; 1956-1959

the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689)

the revolution in France against the Bourbons; 1789-1799

a revolution for agrarian reforms led in northern Mexico by Pancho Villa and in southern Mexico by Emiliano Zapata (1910-1911)

the revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

the transaction in 1867 in which the United States Secretary of State William Henry Seward purchased Alaska from Russia

a paramilitary group of Protestants in Northern Ireland that tries to prevent any political settlement with the Irish Republic; attacks interests of Catholic civilians in Northern Ireland; responsible for arson and bombing and murder

the day in 2001 when Arab suicide bombers hijacked United States airliners and used them as bombs

the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor; organized as a protest against taxes on tea

a ruling by the Supreme Court on affirmative action; the Court ruled in 1978 that medical schools are entitled to consider race as a factor in their admission policy

a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921; became symbolic of the scandals of the Harding administration

a political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice; led to the resignation of Richard Nixon in 1974

the period from 1378 to 1417 during which there were two papacies in the Roman Catholic Church, one in Rome and one in Avignon

the death of Jesus by crucifixion

(Christian theology) the reappearance of Jesus as judge for the Last Judgment

(New Testament) the rising of the body of Jesus into heaven on the 40th day after his Resurrection

(New Testament) the rising of Christ on the third day after the Crucifixion

something that people do or cause to happen

something done (usually as opposed to something said)

the act of acquiring something

the act of causing something to happen

the act of delivering a child

the act of departing

the act of discovering something

the act or means of getting rid of something

the act of implementing (providing a practical means for accomplishing something); carrying into effect

the act of coming (or going) out; becoming apparent

the act of making equal or uniform

the act of digging something out of the ground (especially a corpse) where it has been buried

(Judaism) a good deed performed out of religious duty

the act of propelling

the act of regaining or saving something lost (or in danger of becoming lost)

the act of leaving (without permission) the place you are expected to be

the act of putting two things together with no space between them

an act that does not achieve its intended goal

the act of deviating from a vertical position

the act of motivating; providing incentive

the act of assuming or taking for granted

the act of rejecting something

the act of losing or surrendering something as a penalty for a mistake or fault or failure to perform etc.

the act of deriving something or obtaining something from a source or origin

any specific behavior

the act of hiring something or someone

the act of having on your person as a covering or adornment

the act of judging or assessing a person or situation or event

the act or process of producing something

continuing or remaining in a place or state

the act of dwelling in a place

being inactive; being less active

the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding

the act of stopping something

action taken by a group of people

the act of distributing or spreading or apportioning

the act of rendering a person legitimate

(law) reduction in the value of an estate caused by act or neglect

the formal act of proclaiming; giving public notice

the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information

the use of language to perform some act

action taken by a group of people

the opinion of a group as determined by voting

the group action of a collection of people or animals or vehicles moving ahead in more or less regular formation

a military engagement

an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

the overthrow of a government by those who are governed

activity considered appropriate on social occasions

the practice of communal living and common ownership

the act of forming an alliance or confederation

the action of changing from colonial to independent status

the act of disbanding

the act terminating an established state of affairs; especially ending a connection with the Church of England

the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities)

a headlong rush of people on a common impulse

control exerted (actively or passively) by group action

a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force

the act of bringing something under international control

the action of forming or becoming a nation

the act of changing one thing for another thing

(sports) an unbroken sequence of several successive strokes

the act of submitting; usually surrendering power to another

the act of competing as for profit or a prize

group action in opposition to those in power

group refusal to resort to violence even in defense against violence

(law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles; based on the principle that a person cannot be deprived of life or liberty or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards

an act by a government body or supranational organization

the act of making lawful

the social act of separating or parting company

the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community

joint operation or action

a group problem-solving technique in which members spontaneously share ideas and solutions

the social act of assembling

the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)

the failure to attend

a reciprocal group action

the action of making something democratic

the act of sharing in the activities of a group

withdrawing from the activities of a group

the mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area

the action of establishing on a socialist basis

an event that could have occurred but never did

an anticipated event that turns out to be far less significant than was expected

an event that happens

an event or situation that happens at the same time as or in connection with another

a sudden appearance of an overwhelming number of things

an event as apprehended

an event causing distress or pain

an occurrence that causes special pleasure or delight

any amazing or wonderful occurrence

something that causes feelings of wonder

an event

a happening that is distinctive in a series of related events

a possible event or occurrence or result

the event consisting of the start of something

event whose occurrence ends something

a happening that occurs only once and is not repeated

an event that recurs at intervals

an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

(computer science) the occurrence of an incorrect result produced by a computer

anything that happens suddenly or by chance without an apparent cause

the event of something burning (often destructive)

a single distinct event

the sudden giving off of energy

an occurrence of something

a natural event that involves a change in the position or location of something

an event that does not accomplish its intended purpose

an event that accomplishes its intended purpose

the event of coming into sight

an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

the event of passing out of sight

ceasing to exist

the physical coming together of two or more things

designated event that concludes a contest (especially a race)

a natural event caused by something suddenly falling down or caving in

some abrupt occurrence that interrupts an ongoing activity

the sudden occurrence of an audible event

the occurrence of a uniting of separate parts

a newsworthy event

a sudden intense burst of radiant energy

the occurrence of two or more things coming together

an event that occurs at a critical time

a sudden intense happening

a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition)

an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes; something that is thwarting or frustrating

a sudden happening that brings good fortune (as a sudden opportunity to make money)

a sudden large decline of business or the prices of stocks (especially one that causes additional failures)

a following on in addition

an event characteristic of persons forming groups

a social event involving a public performance or entertainment

a vaguely specified social event

an occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants

a marvellous event manifesting a supernatural act of a divine agent

(Christianity) the taking up of the body and soul of the Virgin Mary when her earthly life had ended

(New Testament) the sudden emanation of radiance from the person of Jesus

(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule

an event that is substituted for a previously cancelled event

a sudden event that imparts energy or excitement, usually with a dramatic impact

something that comes into existence as a result

any result that follows its cause after an interval

the consequences of an event (especially a catastrophic event)

the phenomenon of a popular trend attracting even greater popularity

the shattering or crushing effect of a sudden release of energy as in an explosion

the phenomenon whereby a small change at one place in a complex system can have large effects elsewhere, e.g., a butterfly flapping its wings in Rio de Janeiro might change the weather in Chicago

a secondary and sometimes unexpected consequence

a secondary phenomenon that is a by-product of another phenomenon

the result of alteration or modification

a loss of polarity or polarization

(politics) the consequence of one popular candidate in an election drawing votes for other members of the same political party

(physics) an effect whereby a body moving in a rotating frame of reference experiences the Coriolis force acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation; on Earth the Coriolis effect deflects moving bodies to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere

an appreciable consequence (especially a lessening)

the consequence of one event setting off a chain of similar events (like a falling domino causing a whole row of upended dominos to fall)

the consequence of an effort or activity

a forceful consequence; a strong effect

the effect of one thing (or person) on another

(physics) a secondary influence on a system that causes it to deviate slightly

a means of exerting influence or gaining advantage

a tendency or force that influences events

a secondary or incidental effect

a natural consequence of development

a consequence of someone's efforts or of a particular set of circumstances

any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo; the change is usually beneficial and is assumed result from the person's faith in the treatment or preconceptions about what the experimental drug was supposed to do; pharmacologists were the first to talk about placebo effects but now the idea has been generalized to many situations having nothing to do with drugs

(genetics) the effect on the expression of a gene that is produced by changing its location in a chromosome

a remote or indirect consequence of some action

a result

a response that reveals a person's feelings or attitude

any adverse and unwanted secondary effect

(economics) any indirect effect of public expenditure