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Hegira
the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 which marked the beginning of the Muslim era; the Muslim calendar begins in that year
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Underground Railroad
secret aid to escaping slaves that was provided by abolitionists in the years before the American Civil War
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Babylonian Captivity
the deportation of the Jews to Babylonia by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC
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Manhattan Project
code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II
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Peasant's Revolt
a widespread rebellion in 1381 against poll taxes and other inequities that oppressed the poorer people of England; suppressed by Richard II
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Seward's Folly
the transaction in 1867 in which the United States Secretary of State William Henry Seward purchased Alaska from Russia
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Battle of Britain
the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it
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Chino-Japanese War
a war between China and Japan (1894 and 1895) over the control of the Korean Peninsula; China was overwhelmingly defeated at Port Arthur
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Dardanelles campaign
the unsuccessful campaign in World War I (1915) by the English and French to open a passage for aid to Russia; defeated by the Turks
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Drogheda
in 1649 the place was captured by Oliver Cromwell, who massacred the Catholic inhabitants
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Dunkerque
an amphibious evacuation in World War II (1940) when 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches in northern France in a desperate retreat under enemy fire
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Indian Mutiny
discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858; the revolt was put down after several battles and sieges (notably the siege at Lucknow)
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Macedonian War
one the four wars between Macedonia and Rome in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, which ended in the defeat of Macedonia and its annexation as a Roman province
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Meuse-Argonne operation
an American operation in World War I (1918); American troops under Pershing drove back the German armies which were saved only by the armistice on November 11
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Okinawa campaign
a campaign in the closing days of World War II in the Pacific (April to June 1945); in savage close-quarter fighting United States marines and regular army troops took the island from the Japanese; considered the greatest victory of the Pacific campaign for the Americans
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Operation Desert Storm
the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)
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Petersburg Campaign
the final campaign of the American Civil War (1864-65); Union forces under Grant besieged and finally defeated Confederate forces under Lee
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Wilderness Campaign
American Civil War; a series of indecisive battles in Grant's campaign (1864) against Lee in which both armies suffered terrible losses
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American War of Independence
the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783
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Arab-Israeli War
tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East
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Arab-Israeli War
Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur); Israel counterattacked and drove the Syrians back and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt
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Balkan Wars
two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe
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Boer War
either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881); the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902)
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Chinese Revolution
the republican revolution against the Manchu dynasty in China; 1911-1912
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Crimean War
a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia; 1853-1856
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Cuban Revolution
the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba; 1956-1959
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Bloodless Revolution
the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689)
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Franco-Prussian War
a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871
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French and Indian War
a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by American Indian tribes); 1755-1760
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French Revolution
the revolution in France against the Bourbons; 1789-1799
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Hundred Years' War
the series of wars fought intermittently between France and England; 1337-1453
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Iran-Iraq War
a dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution
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Korean War
a war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; 1950-1953
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Mexican Revolution
a revolution for agrarian reforms led in northern Mexico by Pancho Villa and in southern Mexico by Emiliano Zapata (1910-1911)
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Mexican War
after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000
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Napoleonic Wars
a series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times; 1799-1815
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Norman Conquest
the invasion and settlement of England by the Normans following the battle of Hastings (1066)
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Peloponnesian War
a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta; 431-404 BC
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Persian Gulf War
a war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991
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Punic War
one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome; 264-241 BC, 218-201 BC, 149-146 BC
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Restoration
the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660
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February Revolution
the revolution against the czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917
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October Revolution
the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922
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Russo-Japanese War
Japanese victory in the war with Russia (1904-1905) gave Japan power over Korea and Manchuria
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Seven Years' War
a war of England and Prussia against France and Austria (1756-1763); Britain and Prussia got the better of it
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Spanish-American War
a war between the United States and Spain in 1898
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Thirty Years' War
a series of conflicts (1618-1648) between Protestants and Catholics starting in Germany and spreading until France and Denmark and Sweden were opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain
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Trojan War
(Greek mythology) a great war fought between Greece and Troy; the Greeks sailed to Troy to recover Helen of Troy, the beautiful wife of Menelaus who had been abducted by Paris; after ten years the Greeks (via the Trojan Horse) achieved final victory and burned Troy to the ground
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Vietnam War
a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States
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War of Greek Independence
the Greeks rebelled against Turkish rule in 1821; with the support of England and France and Russia they won independence in 1828 at Navarino (although the country included only half its present size)
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War of the Austrian Succession
Prussia and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides; 1740-1748
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War of the League of Augsburg
an aggressive war waged by Louis XIV against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire and England and Holland and other states (1689-1697)
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War of the Spanish Succession
a general war in Europe (1701-1714) that broke out when Louis XIV installed his grandson on the throne of Spain; England and Holland hoped to limit Louis' power
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Wars of the Roses
struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII
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War of 1812
a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France
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Ten Commandments
the biblical commandments of Moses
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Hippocratic oath
an oath taken by physicians to observe medical ethics deriving from Hippocrates
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Gettysburg Address
a three-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg (November 19, 1863)
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Sermon on the Mount
the first major discourse delivered by Jesus (Matthew 5-7 and Luke 6:20-49)
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Creation
(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
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Secession
the withdrawal of eleven southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War
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Boston Tea Party
demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor; organized as a protest against taxes on tea
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Bakke decision
a ruling by the Supreme Court on affirmative action; the Court ruled in 1978 that medical schools are entitled to consider race as a factor in their admission policy
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Actium
the naval battle in which Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian's fleet under Agrippa in 31 BC
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Aegadean Isles
islands west of Sicily (now known as the Egadi Islands) where the Romans won a naval victory over the Carthaginians that ended the first Punic War in 241 BC
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Aegospotamos
a river in ancient Thrace (now Turkey); in the mouth of this river the Spartan fleet under Lysander destroyed the Athenian fleet in the final battle of the Peloponnesian War (404 BC)
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Agincourt
a battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army in 1415
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Alamo
a siege and massacre at a mission in San Antonio in 1836; Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico
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battle of Atlanta
a siege in which Federal troops under Sherman cut off the railroads supplying the city and then burned it; 1864
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battle of Austerlitz
a decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805); the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II
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Bannockburn
a battle in which the Scots under Robert the Bruce defeated the English and assured the independence of Scotland
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Corregidor
the peninsula and island in the Philippines where Japanese forces besieged American forces in World War II; United States forces surrendered in 1942 and recaptured the area in 1945
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Battle of Kerbala
a battle in 680 in which the grandson of Mohammed and his followers were killed
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Battle of the Ardennes Bulge
a battle during World War II; in December 1944 von Rundstedt launched a powerful counteroffensive in the forest at Ardennes and caught the Allies by surprise
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Battle of the Marne
a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918
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battle of the Bismarck Sea
a naval battle in World War II; Allied land-based bombers destroyed a Japanese convoy in the Bismarck Sea in March 1943
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Blenheim
the First Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the French in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession
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Borodino
Napoleon defeated the Russians in 1812 in a pitched battle at a village in western Russia west of Moscow, but irreparably weakened his army
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Bosworth Field
the battle that ended the Wars of the Roses (1485); Richard III was killed and Henry Tudor was crowned as Henry VII
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Bouvines
in 1214 the French under Philip Augustus defeated a coalition formed against him in one of the greatest battles of the middle ages
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battle of Boyne
a battle in the War of the Grand Alliance in Ireland in 1690; William III defeated the deposed James II and so ended the Catholicism that had been reintroduced in England by the Stuarts
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battle of Brunanburh
a battle in 937 when Athelstan defeated the Scots
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Buena Vista
a pitched battle in the Mexican War in 1847; United States forces under Zachary Taylor defeated the Mexican forces under Santa Anna at a locality in northern Mexico
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Battle of Bull Run
either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862); Confederate forces defeated the Federal army in both battles
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battle of Bunker Hill
the first important battle of the American War of Independence (1775) which was fought at Breed's Hill; the British defeated the colonial forces
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Cannae
ancient city is southeastern Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans in 216 BC
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battle of Caporetto
battle of World War I (1917); Italians were defeated by the Austrian and German forces
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Caudine Forks
a battle in the Apennines in 321 BC in which the Samnites defeated the Romans
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Chaeronea
a battle in which Philip II of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans (338 BC) and also Sulla defeated Mithridates (86 BC)
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Chalons-sur-Marne
the battle in which Attila the Hun was defeated by the Romans and Visigoths in 451
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Chancellorsville
a major battle in the American Civil War (1863); the Confederates under Robert E. Lee defeated the Union forces under Joseph Hooker
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Chapultepec
a pitched battle in the Mexican War that resulted in a major victory for American forces over Mexican forces at a locality south of Mexico City (1847)
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battle of Chattanooga
in the American Civil War (1863) the Union armies of Hooker, Thomas, and Sherman under the command of Ulysses S. Grant won a decisive victory over the Confederate Army under Braxton Bragg
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battle of Chickamauga
a Confederate victory in the American Civil War (1863); Confederate forces under Braxton Bragg defeated Union forces
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battle of the Coral Sea
a Japanese defeat in World War II (May 1942); the first naval battle fought entirely by planes based on aircraft carriers
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battle of Cowpens
battle in the American Revolution; Americans under Daniel Morgan defeated the British
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battle of Crecy
the first decisive battle of the Hundred Years' War; in 1346 the English under Edward III defeated the French under Philip of Valois
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battle of Cunaxa
battle in 401 BC when the Artaxerxes II defeated his younger brother who tried to usurp the throne
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battle of Cynoscephalae
the battle that ended the second Macedonian War (197 BC); the Romans defeated Philip V who lost his control of Greece
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Dien Bien Phu
the French military base fell after a siege by Vietnam troops that lasted 56 days; ended the involvement of France in Indochina in 1954
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Battle of El Alamein
a pitched battle in World War II (1942) resulting in a decisive Allied victory by British troops under Montgomery over German troops under Rommel
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Eniwetok
World War II (February 1944); American infantry landed and captured a Japanese stronghold
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Battle of Flodden Field
a battle in 1513; the English defeated the invading Scots and James IV was killed
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Battle of Fontenoy
a battle in 1745 in which the French army under Marshal Saxe defeated the English army and their allies under the duke of Cumberland
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Fort Ticonderoga
a pitched battle in which American revolutionary troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775
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Battle of Fredericksburg
an important battle in the American Civil War (1862); the Union Army under A. E. Burnside was defeated by the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee
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Battle of Gettysburg
a battle of the American Civil War (1863); the defeat of Robert E. Lee's invading Confederate Army was a major victory for the Union
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Battle of Granicus River
the battle in which Alexander won his first major victory against the Persians (334 BC)
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Battle of Guadalcanal
a battle in World War II in the Pacific (1942-1943); the island was occupied by the Japanese and later recaptured by American forces
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Hampton Roads
a naval battle of the American Civil War (1862); the indecisive battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac
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battle of Hastings
the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest
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battle of Hohenlinden
a battle during the Napoleonic Wars (1800); the French defeated the Austrians
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Inchon
a battle in the Korean War (1950); United States forces landed at Inchon
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battle of Ipsus
a battle between the successors of Alexander the Great (301 BC); Lysimachus and Seleucus defeated Antigonus and Demetrius
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battle of Issus
a battle (333 BC) in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under Darius III
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Ivry la Bataille
a battle (1590) in which the Huguenots under Henry IV defeated the Catholics under the duke of Mayenne
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invasion of Iwo
a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)
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Battle of Jena
the battle in 1806 in which Napoleon decisively defeated the Prussians
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battle of Jutland
an indecisive naval battle in World War I (1916); fought between the British and German fleets off the northwestern coast of Denmark
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Kennesaw Mountain
battle of the American Civil War (1864); Union forces under William Tecumseh Sherman were repulsed by Confederate troops under Joseph Eggleston Johnston
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Kwajalein
an amphibious assault in the Pacific in World War II (January 1944); American forces landed and captured a Japanese air base
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Battle of Lake Trasimenus
a battle in 217 BC in which Hannibal ambushed a Roman army led by Flaminius
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battle of Langside
(1568) Catholic forces supporting Mary Queen of Scots were routed by Protestants
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Battle of Lepanto
Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope
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battle of Leuctra
Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 BC; the battle ended Sparta's military supremacy in Greece
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Lexington and Concord
the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)
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Leyte invasion
a battle in World War II; the return of United States troops to the Philippines began with landings on Leyte Island in October 1944; the battle marked first use of kamikaze aircraft by the Japanese
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Lucknow
the British residents of Lucknow were besieged by Indian insurgents during the Indian Mutiny (1857)
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battle of Lule Burgas
the principal battle of the Balkan Wars (1912); Bulgarian forces defeated the Turks
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battle of Lutzen
a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1632); Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Holy Roman Empire under Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus was killed
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Battle of Magenta
a battle in 1859 in which the French and Sardinian forces under Napoleon III defeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph I
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Battle of Maldon
a battle in which the Danes defeated the Saxons in 991; celebrated in an old English poem
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Manila Bay
a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the American fleet under Admiral Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet
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Mantineia
the site of three famous battles among Greek city-states: in 418 BC and 362 BC and 207 BC
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battle of Marathon
a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians
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Marengo
a battle in 1800 in which the French under Napoleon Bonaparte won a great victory over the Austrians
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battle of Marston Moor
a battle in 1644 in which the Parliamentarians under the earl of Manchester defeated the Royalists under Prince Rupert
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Metaurus River
a battle during the second Punic War (207 BC); Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal was defeated by the Romans which ended Hannibal's hopes for success in Italy
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Battle of Midway
naval battle of World War II (June 1942); American planes based on land and on carriers decisively defeated a Japanese fleet on its way to invade the Midway Islands
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battle of Minden
a battle in the Seven Years' War (1759) in which the English forces and their allies defeated the French
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Battle of Monmouth Court House
a pitched battle in New Jersey during the American Revolution (1778) that ended with the withdrawal of British forces
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Battle of Naseby
a battle in 1645 that settled the outcome of the first English Civil War as the Parliamentarians won a major victory over the Royalists
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battle of Navarino
a decisive naval battle in the War of Greek Independence (1827); the Turkish and Egyptian fleet was defeated by an allied fleet of British and French and Russian warships
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battle of Omdurman
a battle (1898) in which an English and Egyptian army under Kitchener defeated the Sudanese
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siege of Orleans
a long siege of Orleans by the English was relieved by Joan of Arc in 1429
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battle of Panipat
battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761
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Cape Passero
a naval battle in the Mediterranean Sea off Cape Passero in which the Spanish navy was destroyed by France and England while attempting to recover Sicily and Sardinia from Italy (1719)
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battle of Pharsalus
Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC
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battle of Philippi
Octavian and Mark Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC
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battle of the Philippine Sea
a naval battle in World War II (1944); a decisive naval victory for the United States fleet over the Japanese who were trying to block supplies from reaching American troops on Leyte
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battle of Plassey
the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal
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battle of Plataea
a defeat of the Persian army by the Greeks at Plataea in 479 BC
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Pleven
the town was taken from the Turks by the Russians in 1877 after a siege of 143 days
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battle of Poitiers
the battle in 1356 in which the English under the Black Prince defeated the French
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Port Arthur
a battle in the Chino-Japanese War (1894); Japanese captured the port and fortifications from the Chinese
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Battle of Puebla
a battle in which Mexican forces defeated the French in 1862
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Battle of Pydna
a major victory by the Romans over the Macedonians in 168 BC; resulted in the downfall of the ancient Macedonian kingdom
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Battle of Ravenna
a battle between the French and an alliance of Spaniards and Swiss and Venetians in 1512
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Battle of Rocroi
a battle in the Thirty Years' War (1643); the French defeated the Spanish invaders
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battle of Rossbach
a battle in the Seven Years' War (1757); Prussian forces under Frederick the Great defeated the armies of France and Austria
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battle of St Mihiel
a battle in the Meuse-Argonne operation in World War I (1918); the battle in which American troops launched their first offensive in France
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Saipan
US forces captured the island from the Japanese in July 1944; it was an important air base until the end of World War II
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Salerno
a battle in World War II; the port was captured by United States troops in September 1943
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Santiago de Cuba
a naval battle in the Spanish-American War (1898); the United States fleet bottled up the Spanish ships in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba and destroyed them when they tried to escape
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battle of Saratoga
a battle during the American Revolution (1777); the British under Burgoyne were defeated
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battle of Sempatch
the Swiss Confederation escaped Hapsburg domination by their victory in 1386
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battle of Pittsburgh Landing
the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862); the battle ended with the withdrawal of Confederate troops but it was not a Union victory
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battle of the Chemin-des-Dames
a battle in World War I (May 1918); the Germans tried to attack before the American numbers were too great to defeat; the tactical success of the Germans proved to be a strategic failure
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battle of Solferino
an indecisive battle in 1859 between the French and Sardinians under Napoleon III and the Austrians under Francis Joseph I
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Battle of the Somme
battle in World War I (1916)
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Battle of the Somme
battle of World War II (1944)
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Battle of the Spanish Armada
in the English Channel a small fleet of British ships successfully defeated the large armada sent from Spain by Philip II to invade England
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battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse
a battle between the armies of Grant and Lee during the Wilderness Campaign
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siege of Syracuse
the Athenian siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC) was eventually won by Syracuse
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siege of Syracuse
the Roman siege of Syracuse (214-212 BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city (killing Archimedes)
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battle of Tannenberg
a battle in World War I (1914); decisive German victory over the Russians
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Tarawa-Makin
battles in World War II in the Pacific (November 1943); United States Marines took the islands from the Japanese after bitter fighting
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battle of Tertry
a battle in France in 687 among the descendants of Clovis
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battle of Teutoburger Wald
a battle in 9 AD in which the Germans under Arminius annihilated three Roman Legions
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battle of Tewkesbury
the final battle of the War of the Roses in 1471 in which Edward IV defeated the Lancastrians
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battle of Thermopylae
a famous battle in 480 BC; a Greek army under Leonidas was annihilated by the Persians who were trying to conquer Greece
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battle of Trafalgar
a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded)
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battle of Trasimeno
a battle in central Italy where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius in 217 BC
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Tsushima
a naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War (1905); the Japanese fleet defeated the Russian fleet in the Korean Strait
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battle of Valmy
the French defeated the Austrian and Prussian troops in 1792 (with a famous cannonade from the French artillery)
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battle of Verdun
a battle in World War I (1916); in some of the bloodiest fighting in World War I the German offensive was stopped
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siege of Vicksburg
a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863); after being besieged for nearly seven weeks the Confederates surrendered
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battle of Wagram
a battle in the Napoleonic campaigns (1809); Napoleon defeated the Austrians
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Battle of Wake Island
in December 1941 the island was captured by the Japanese after a gallant last-ditch stand by a few hundred United States marines
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Battle of Waterloo
the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Prussian and British forces under Blucher and the Duke of Wellington routed the French forces under Napoleon
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Yalu River
a battle in the Korean War (November 1950); when UN troops advanced north to the Yalu River 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the river and drove them back
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siege of Yorktown
in 1781 the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops; the surrender ended the American Revolution
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first battle of Ypres
battle in World War I (1914); heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others
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second battle of Ypres
battle in World War I (1915); Germans wanted to try chlorine (a toxic yellow gas) as a weapon and succeeded in taking considerable territory from the Allied salient
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third battle of Ypres
battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery
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battle of Zama
the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War
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United States Civil War
civil war in the United States between the North and the South; 1861-1865
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English Civil War
civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I; 1644-1648
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Spanish Civil War
civil war in Spain in which Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government; during the war Spain became a battleground for fascists and socialists from all countries; 1936-1939
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First World War
a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918
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Second World War
a war between the Allies (Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, USSR, Yugoslavia) and the Axis (Albania, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Rumania, Slovakia, Thailand) from 1939 to 1945
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Emergency Alert System
a federal warning system that is activated by FEMA; enables the President to take over the United States airwaves to warn the whole country of major catastrophic events
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Berlin airlift
airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
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Human Genome Project
an international study of the entire human genetic material
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First Crusade
a Crusade from 1096 to 1099; captured Jerusalem and created a theocracy there
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Second Crusade
a Crusade from 1145 to 1147 that failed because of internal disagreements among the crusaders and led to the loss of Jerusalem in 1187
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Third Crusade
a Crusade from 1189 to 1192 led by Richard I and the king of France that failed because an army torn by dissensions and fighting on foreign soil could not succeed against forces united by religious zeal
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Fourth Crusade
a Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem
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Fifth Crusade
a Crusade under papal control from 1218 to 1221 that achieved military victories but failed when dissension arose over accepting the terms they had been offered
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Sixth Crusade
a Crusade from 1228 to 1229 led by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II who fell ill and was excommunicated by the Pope; by negotiation Frederick II was able to crown himself king of Jerusalem
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Seventh Crusade
a Crusade initiated in 1248 after the loss of Jerusalem in 1244 and defeated in 1249
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September 11
the day in 2001 when Arab suicide bombers hijacked United States airliners and used them as bombs
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final solution
the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime from 1941 until 1945
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Red Hand Defenders
a paramilitary group of Protestants in Northern Ireland that tries to prevent any political settlement with the Irish Republic; attacks interests of Catholic civilians in Northern Ireland; responsible for arson and bombing and murder
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Battle of the Little Bighorn
a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876); Custer was pursuing Sioux led by Sitting Bull; Custer underestimated the size of the Sioux forces (which were supported by Cheyenne warriors) and was killed along with all his command
- Types:
- show 362 types...
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action
something done (usually as opposed to something said)
-
acquiring, getting
the act of acquiring something
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causation, causing
the act of causing something to happen
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delivery, obstetrical delivery
the act of delivering a child
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departure, going, going away, leaving
the act of departing
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discovery, find, uncovering
the act of discovering something
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disposal, disposition
the act or means of getting rid of something
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effectuation, implementation
the act of implementing (providing a practical means for accomplishing something); carrying into effect
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egress, egression, emergence
the act of coming (or going) out; becoming apparent
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equalisation, equalization, leveling
the act of making equal or uniform
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digging up, disinterment, exhumation
the act of digging something out of the ground (especially a corpse) where it has been buried
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mitsvah, mitzvah
(Judaism) a good deed performed out of religious duty
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actuation, propulsion
the act of propelling
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recovery, retrieval
the act of regaining or saving something lost (or in danger of becoming lost)
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running away
the act of leaving (without permission) the place you are expected to be
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touch, touching
the act of putting two things together with no space between them
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nonaccomplishment, nonachievement
an act that does not achieve its intended goal
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leaning
the act of deviating from a vertical position
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motivating, motivation
the act of motivating; providing incentive
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assumption
the act of assuming or taking for granted
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rejection
the act of rejecting something
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forfeit, forfeiture, sacrifice
the act of losing or surrendering something as a penalty for a mistake or fault or failure to perform etc.
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derivation
the act of deriving something or obtaining something from a source or origin
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activity
any specific behavior
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hire
the act of hiring something or someone
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wear, wearing
the act of having on your person as a covering or adornment
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assessment, judgement, judgment
the act of judging or assessing a person or situation or event
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production
the act or process of producing something
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stay
continuing or remaining in a place or state
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abidance, residence, residency
the act of dwelling in a place
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inactivity
being inactive; being less active
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hinderance, hindrance, interference
the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding
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stop, stoppage
the act of stopping something
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group action
action taken by a group of people
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distribution
the act of distributing or spreading or apportioning
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legitimation
the act of rendering a person legitimate
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permissive waste, waste
(law) reduction in the value of an estate caused by act or neglect
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proclamation, promulgation
the formal act of proclaiming; giving public notice
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communicating, communication
the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information
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speech act
the use of language to perform some act
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thing
an action
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benignity, kindness
a kind act
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accomplishment, achievement
the action of accomplishing something
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alienation
the action of alienating; the action of causing to become unfriendly
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application
the action of putting something into operation
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res gestae
things done
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course, course of action
a mode of action
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interaction
a mutual or reciprocal action; interacting
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fetch
the action of fetching
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playing
the action of taking part in a game or sport or other recreation
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play, swordplay
the act using a sword (or other weapon) vigorously and skillfully
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arrival
the act of arriving at a certain place
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breaking away
departing hastily
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farewell, leave, leave-taking, parting
the act of departing politely
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French leave
an abrupt and unannounced departure (without saying farewell)
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disappearance, disappearing
the act of leaving secretly or without explanation
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withdrawal
the act of withdrawing
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stand-down, standdown
(military) a temporary stop of offensive military action
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sailing
the departure of a vessel from a port
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boarding, embarkation, embarkment
the act of passengers and crew getting aboard a ship or aircraft
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exit
the act of going out
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elopement
the act of running away with a lover (usually to get married)
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escape, flight
the act of escaping physically
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surfacing
emerging to the surface and becoming apparent
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despatch, dispatch, shipment
the act of sending off something
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failure
an act that fails
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foiling, frustration, thwarting
an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts
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error, fault, mistake
a wrong action attributable to bad judgment or ignorance or inattention
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acquisition
the act of contracting or assuming or acquiring possession of something
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obtainment, obtention
the act of obtaining
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catching, contracting
becoming infected
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position
the act of positing; an assumption taken as a postulate or axiom
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appropriation
a deliberate act of acquisition of something, often without the permission of the owner
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moving in, occupancy, occupation
the act of occupying or taking possession of a building
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capture, gaining control, seizure
the act of forcibly dispossessing an owner of property
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repossession
the action of regaining possession (especially the seizure of collateral securing a loan that is in default)
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receipt, reception
the act of receiving
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appointment
(law) the act of disposing of property by virtue of the power of appointment
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comb-out
the act of carefully weeding out unwanted things or people
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giving
disposing of property by voluntary transfer without receiving value in return
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abandonment
the voluntary surrender of property (or a right to property) without attempting to reclaim it or give it away
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mine disposal
the disposal of explosive mines
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sewage disposal
the disposal of sewage
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reclamation
the recovery of useful substances from waste products
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deliverance, delivery, rescue, saving
recovery or preservation from loss or danger
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ransom
the act of freeing from captivity or punishment
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recapture, retaking
the act of taking something back
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invocation
the act of appealing for help
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instrumentation
the act of providing or using the instruments needed for some implementation
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carrying into action, carrying out, execution, performance
the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it
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motorisation, motorization
the act of motorizing (equiping with motors or with motor vehicles)
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launch, launching
the act of propelling with force
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launching
the act of moving a newly built vessel into the water for the first time
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drive, driving force, thrust
the act of applying force to propel something
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bowl, roll
the act of rolling something (as the ball in bowling)
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throw
the act of throwing (propelling something with a rapid movement of the arm and wrist)
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push, pushing
the act of applying force in order to move something away
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pull, pulling
the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you
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heave, lift, raise
the act of raising something
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ejection, expulsion, forcing out, projection
the act of expelling or projecting or ejecting
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jump, jumping
the act of jumping; propelling yourself off the ground
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lob
the act of propelling something (as a ball or shell etc.) in a high arc
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sending
the act of causing something to go (especially messages)
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rolling, wheeling
propelling something on wheels
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shooting, shot
the act of firing a projectile
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contact, physical contact
the act of touching physically
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dab, pat, tap
a light touch or stroke
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hit, hitting, striking
the act of contacting one thing with another
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dig, jab
the act of touching someone suddenly with your finger or elbow
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kiss
a light glancing touch
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buss, kiss, osculation
the act of caressing with the lips (or an instance thereof)
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catch, grab, snap, snatch
the act of catching an object with the hands
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handling, manipulation
the action of touching with the hands (or the skillful use of the hands) or by the use of mechanical means
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fingering
touching something with the fingers
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grope
the act of groping; and instance of groping
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palpation, tactual exploration
a method of examination in which the examiner feels the size or shape or firmness or location of something (of body parts when the examiner is a health professional)
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tickle, tickling, titillation
the act of tickling
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stroke, stroking
a light touch with the hands
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tag
(sports) the act of touching a player in a game (which changes their status in the game)
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lap, lick
touching with the tongue
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grazing, shaving, skimming
the act of brushing against while passing
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tracing
the discovery and description of the course of development of something
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catching, detection, espial, spotting, spying
the act of detecting something; catching sight of something
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self-discovery
discovering your own individuality
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breakthrough
making an important discovery
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determination, finding
the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation
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rediscovery
the act of discovering again
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induction, initiation, trigger
an act that sets in motion some course of events
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coercion, compulsion
using force to cause something to occur
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influence
causing something without any direct or apparent effort
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inducement, inducing
act of bringing about a desired result
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choice, option, pick, selection
the act of choosing or selecting
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assigning, assignment
the act of distributing something to designated places or persons
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agency, means, way
how a result is obtained or an end is achieved
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vote
the opinion of a group as determined by voting
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balancing, reconciliation
getting two things to correspond
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equating, equation
the act of regarding as equal
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breech birth, breech delivery, breech presentation
delivery of an infant whose feet or buttocks appear first
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C-section, abdominal delivery, caesarean, caesarean delivery, caesarean section, caesarian, caesarian delivery, caesarian section, cesarean, cesarean delivery, cesarean section, cesarian, cesarian section
the delivery of a fetus by surgical incision through the abdominal wall and uterus (from the belief that Julius Caesar was born that way)
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forceps delivery
delivery in which forceps are inserted through the vagina and used to grasp the head of the fetus and pull it through the birth canal; since the forceps can injure the fetus this procedure has generally given way to cesarean deliveries
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midwifery
assisting women at childbirth
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change
the action of changing something
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economy, saving
an act of economizing; reduction in cost
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variance, variation
an activity that varies from a norm or standard
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forbiddance, inhibition, prohibition
the action of prohibiting or inhibiting or forbidding (or an instance thereof)
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opposition, resistance
the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with
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brush-off
a curt or disdainful rejection
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avoidance, dodging, shunning, turning away
deliberately avoiding; keeping away from or preventing from happening
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abandonment, desertion, forsaking
the act of giving something up
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forgoing, forswearing, renunciation
the act of renouncing; sacrificing or giving up or surrendering (a possession or right or title or privilege etc.)
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nonacceptance, turndown
the act of refusing an offer
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banishment, proscription
rejection by means of an act of banishing or proscribing someone
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displacement
act of removing from office or employment
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bruxism
involuntarily or unconsciously clenching or grinding the teeth, typically during sleep
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space walk
any kind of physical activity outside a spacecraft by one of the crew
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procession
the group action of a collection of people or animals or vehicles moving ahead in more or less regular formation
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takeoff
a departure; especially of airplanes
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pickup
the act of taking aboard passengers or freight
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transfusion
the action of pouring a liquid from one vessel to another
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domesticity
domestic activities or life
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operation
the activity of operating something (a machine or business etc.)
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operation
a planned activity involving many people performing various actions
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pattern, practice
a customary way of operation or behavior
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practice, praxis
translating an idea into action
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diversion, recreation
an activity that diverts or amuses or stimulates
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bag, cup of tea, dish
an activity that you like or at which you are superior
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follow-up, followup
an activity that continues something that has already begun or that repeats something that has already been done
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game
a contest with rules to determine a winner
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play, turn
(game) the activity of doing something in an agreed succession
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dribble, dribbling
the propulsion of a ball by repeated taps or kicks
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music
musical activity (singing or whistling etc.)
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acting, performing, playacting, playing
the performance of a part or role in a drama
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animation, liveliness
general activity and motion
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burst, fit
a sudden flurry of activity (often for no obvious reason)
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work
activity directed toward making or doing something
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deeds, works
performance of moral or religious acts
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service
(law) the acts performed by an English feudal tenant for the benefit of his lord which formed the consideration for the property granted to him
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business, job, line, line of work, occupation
the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money
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occupation
any activity that occupies a person's attention
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committal to writing, writing
the activity of putting something in written form
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haemostasia, haemostasis, hemostasia, hemostasis
surgical procedure of stopping the flow of blood (as with a hemostat)
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justice
judgment involved in the determination of rights and the assignment of rewards and punishments
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pickings, taking
the act of someone who picks up or takes something
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role
normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting
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actus reus, misconduct, wrongdoing, wrongful conduct
activity that transgresses moral or civil law
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carelessness, neglect, negligence, nonperformance
failure to act with the prudence that a reasonable person would exercise under the same circumstances
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dissipation, waste, wastefulness
useless or profitless activity; using or expending or consuming thoughtlessly or carelessly
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transgression
the action of going beyond or overstepping some boundary or limit
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attempt, effort, endeavor, endeavour, try
earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something
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control
the activity of managing or exerting control over something
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protection
the activity of protecting someone or something
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adjudication
the final judgment in a legal proceeding; the act of pronouncing judgment based on the evidence presented
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disapproval
the act of disapproving or condemning
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evaluation, rating
act of ascertaining or fixing the value or worth of
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estimate, estimation
a judgment of the qualities of something or somebody
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logistic assessment
a judgment of the logistic support required for some particular military operation
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value judgement, value judgment
an assessment that reveals more about the values of the person making the assessment than about the reality of what is assessed
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sensory activity
activity intended to achieve a particular sensory result
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didactics, education, educational activity, instruction, pedagogy, teaching
the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill
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grooming, preparation, training
activity leading to skilled behavior
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representation
an activity that stands as an equivalent of something or results in an equivalent
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creation, creative activity
the human act of creating
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disassembly, dismantlement, dismantling
the act of taking something apart (as a piece of machinery)
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rainmaking
activity intended to produce rain
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devising, fashioning, making
the act that results in something coming to be
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foliation
the production of foil by cutting or beating metal into thin leaves
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puncture
the act of puncturing or perforating
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hunt, hunting, search
the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone
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employment, exercise, usage, use, utilisation, utilization
the act of using
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action, military action
a military engagement
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military operation, operation
activity by a military or naval force (as a maneuver or campaign)
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battle, conflict, struggle
an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)
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revolution
the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
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aggression, hostility
violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked
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measure, measurement, measuring, mensuration
the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule
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calibration, standardisation, standardization
the act of checking or adjusting (by comparison with a standard) the accuracy of a measuring instrument
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organisation, organization
the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically
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grouping
the activity of putting things together in groups
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support, supporting
the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening
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continuance, continuation
the act of continuing an activity without interruption
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procedure, process
a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
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ceremony
any activity that is performed in an especially solemn elaborate or formal way
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ceremony
the proper or conventional behavior on some solemn occasion
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worship
the activity of worshipping
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activating, activation, energizing
the activity of causing to have energy and be active
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concealing, concealment, hiding
the activity of keeping something secret
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emplacement, locating, location, placement, position, positioning
the act of putting something in a certain place
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lodging
the act of lodging
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occupancy, tenancy
an act of being a tenant or occupant
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sojourn, visit
a temporary stay (e.g., as a guest)
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layover, stop, stopover
a brief stay in the course of a journey
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provision, supply, supplying
the activity of supplying or providing something
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demand
the act of demanding
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pause
temporary inactivity
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wait, waiting
the act of waiting (remaining inactive in one place while expecting something)
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ease, relaxation, repose, rest
freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility)
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idleness, idling, loafing
having no employment
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delay, holdup
the act of delaying; inactivity resulting in something being put off until a later time
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pleasure
an activity that affords enjoyment
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delectation, enjoyment
act of receiving pleasure from something
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lamentation, mourning
the passionate and demonstrative activity of expressing grief
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laughter
the activity of laughing; the manifestation of joy or mirth or scorn
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antagonism
(biochemistry) interference in or inhibition of the physiological action of a chemical substance by another having a similar structure
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obstruction
the act of obstructing
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complication
the act or process of complicating
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deterrence
the act or process of discouraging actions or preventing occurrences by instilling fear or doubt or anxiety
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bar, prevention
the act of preventing
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social activity
activity considered appropriate on social occasions
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communalism
the practice of communal living and common ownership
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alliance, confederation
the act of forming an alliance or confederation
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decolonisation, decolonization
the action of changing from colonial to independent status
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disbandment
the act of disbanding
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disestablishment
the act terminating an established state of affairs; especially ending a connection with the Church of England
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redistribution
distributing again
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dispensation
the act of dispensing (giving out in portions)
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allocation, allotment, apportioning, apportionment, assignation, parceling, parcelling
the act of distributing by allotting or apportioning; distribution according to a plan
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deal
the act of distributing playing cards
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revenue sharing
distribution of part of the federal tax income to states and municipalities
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share-out, sharing
a distribution in shares
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lending, loaning
disposing of money or property with the expectation that the same thing (or an equivalent) will be returned
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market, market place, marketplace
the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold
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dealing, dealings, transaction
the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activities)
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stampede
a headlong rush of people on a common impulse
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social control
control exerted (actively or passively) by group action
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politics
the activities and affairs involved in managing a state or a government
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canalisation, canalization
the production of a canal or a conversion to canals
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preparation, readying
the activity of putting or setting in order in advance of some act or purpose
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coup, coup d'etat, putsch, takeover
a sudden and decisive change of government illegally or by force
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internationalisation, internationalization
the act of bringing something under international control
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nationalisation, nationalization
the action of forming or becoming a nation
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destabilisation, destabilization
the action of destabilizing; making something less stable (especially of a government or country or economy)
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exchange, interchange
the act of changing one thing for another thing
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exchange, rally
(sports) an unbroken sequence of several successive strokes
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compliance, submission
the act of submitting; usually surrendering power to another
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competition, contention, rivalry
the act of competing as for profit or a prize
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resistance
group action in opposition to those in power
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nonresistance
group refusal to resort to violence even in defense against violence
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due process, due process of law
(law) the administration of justice according to established rules and principles; based on the principle that a person cannot be deprived of life or liberty or property without appropriate legal procedures and safeguards
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action
an act by a government body or supranational organization
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legalisation, legalization, legitimation
the act of making lawful
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separation
the social act of separating or parting company
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desegregation, integrating, integration
the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community
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cooperation
joint operation or action
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brainstorming
a group problem-solving technique in which members spontaneously share ideas and solutions
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aid, assist, assistance, help
the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose
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support
the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities
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employment, engagement
the act of giving someone a job
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behavior, behaviour, conduct, doings
manner of acting or controlling yourself
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behavior, behaviour
(psychology) the aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation
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civility, politeness
the act of showing regard for others
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reverence
an act showing respect (especially a bow or curtsy)
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assemblage, assembly, gathering
the social act of assembling
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attendance, attending
the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)
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nonattendance
the failure to attend
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getting even, paying back, return
a reciprocal group action
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democratisation, democratization
the action of making something democratic
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engagement, involution, involvement, participation
the act of sharing in the activities of a group
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non-engagement, non-involvement, nonparticipation
withdrawing from the activities of a group
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emanation, emission
the act of emitting; causing to flow forth
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leadership, leading
the activity of leading
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precedence, precedency, precession
the act of preceding in time or order or rank (as in a ceremony)
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solo
any activity that is performed alone without assistance
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buzz
a confusion of activity and gossip
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fun
violent and excited activity
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hell, sin
violent and excited activity
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consultation, reference
the act of referring or consulting
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accenting, accentuation, emphasizing
the act of giving special importance or significance to something
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outlet, release, vent
activity that frees or expresses creative energy or emotion
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last
a person's dying act; the final thing a person can do
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beatification
the action of rendering supremely blessed and extremely happy
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ethnic cleansing
the mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area
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jump-start, jumpstart
starting an automobile engine that has a weak battery by means of jumper cables to another car
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mystification, obfuscation
the activity of obscuring people's understanding, leaving them baffled or bewildered
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negotiation
the activity or business of negotiating an agreement; coming to terms
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socialisation, socialization
the action of establishing on a socialist basis
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stupefaction
the action of stupefying; making dull or lethargic
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vampirism
the actions or practices of a vampire
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transmission
communication by means of transmitted signals
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intercommunication
mutual communication; communication with each other
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medium
an intervening substance through which signals can travel as a means for communication
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channel, communication channel, line
(often plural) a means of communication or access
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mail, mail service, post, postal service
the system whereby messages are transmitted via the post office
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congratulation, felicitation
the act of acknowledging that someone has an occasion for celebration
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slander
words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another
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dramatic art, dramatics, dramaturgy, theater, theatre
the art of writing and producing plays
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verbalisation, verbalization
the activity of expressing something in words
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discourse, discussion, treatment
an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic
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exhortation
a communication intended to urge or persuade the recipients to take some action
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expression, verbal expression, verbalism
the communication (in speech or writing) of your beliefs or opinions
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proposal, proposition
the act of making a proposal
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bid, bidding, command, dictation
an authoritative direction or instruction to do something
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agreement
the verbal act of agreeing
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citation
(law) the act of citing (as of spoken words or written passages or legal precedents etc.)
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disagreement
the speech act of disagreeing or arguing or disputing
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offer, offering
the verbal act of offering
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asking, request
the verbal act of requesting
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exam, examination, test
a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge
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reply, response
the speech act of continuing a conversational exchange
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description
the act of describing something
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affirmation, assertion, statement
the act of affirming or asserting or stating something
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denial
the act of refusing to comply (as with a request)
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rejection
the speech act of rejecting
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objection
the speech act of objecting
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informing, making known
a speech act that conveys information
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disclosure, revealing, revelation
the speech act of making something evident
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promise
a verbal commitment by one person to another agreeing to do (or not to do) something in the future
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boast, boasting, jactitation, self-praise
speaking of yourself in superlatives
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naming
the verbal act of naming
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challenge
a call to engage in a contest or fight
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explanation
the act of explaining; making something plain or intelligible
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denouncement, denunciation
a public act of denouncing
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address, speech
the act of delivering a formal spoken communication to an audience
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persuasion, suasion
the act of persuading (or attempting to persuade); communication intended to induce belief or action
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dissuasion
persuading not to do or believe something; talking someone out of a belief or an intended course of action
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expostulation, objection, remonstrance, remonstration
the act of expressing earnest opposition or protest
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resignation
the act of giving up (a claim or office or possession etc.)
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contact, touch
a communicative interaction
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traffic
the amount of activity over a communication system during a given period of time
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disturbance, perturbation
activity that is a malfunction, intrusion, or interruption
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growing
(electronics) the production of (semiconductor) crystals by slow crystallization from the molten state
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steel production
making steel from pig iron
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timekeeping
the act or process of determining the time