- Examples:
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Linear A
an undeciphered writing system used in Crete in the 17th century B.C.
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Granth Sahib
the principal sacred text of Sikhism contains hymns and poetry as well as the teachings of the first five gurus
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Zend-Avesta
a collection of Zoroastrian texts gathered during the 4th or 6th centuries
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Bhagavad-Gita
(Hinduism) the sacred `song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic); contains a discussion between Krishna and the Indian hero Arjuna on human nature and the purpose of life
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Mahabharatam
(Hinduism) a sacred epic Sanskrit poem of India dealing in many episodes with the struggle between two rival families
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Book of Genesis
the first book of the Old Testament: tells of Creation; Adam and Eve; the Fall of Man; Cain and Abel; Noah and the flood; God's covenant with Abraham; Abraham and Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph and his brothers
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Book of Exodus
the second book of the Old Testament: tells of the departure of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt led by Moses; God gave them the Ten Commandments and the rest of Mosaic law on Mount Sinai during the Exodus
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Book of Leviticus
the third book of the Old Testament; contains Levitical law and ritual precedents
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Book of Numbers
the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt
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Book of Deuteronomy
the fifth book of the Old Testament; contains a second statement of Mosaic law
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Book of Joshua
a book in the Old Testament describing how Joshua led the Israelites into Canaan (the Promised Land) after the death of Moses
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Book of Judges
a book of the Old Testament that tells the history of Israel under the leaders known as judges
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Book of Ruth
a book of the Old Testament that tells the story of Ruth who was not an Israelite but who married an Israelite and who stayed with her mother-in-law Naomi after her husband died
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1 Samuel
the first of two books in the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David
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II Samuel
the second of two books of the Old Testament that tell of Saul and David
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1 Kings
the first of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel
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II Kings
the second of two Old Testament books telling the histories of the kings of Judah and Israel
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1 Chronicles
the first of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC
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II Chronicles
the second of two Old Testament books telling the history of Judah and Israel until the return from the Babylonian Captivity in 536 BC
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Book of Ezra
an Old Testament book telling of a rabbi's efforts in the 5th century BC to reconstitute Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem after the Babylonian Captivity
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Book of Nehemiah
an Old Testament book telling how a Jewish official at the court of Artaxerxes I in 444 BC became a leader in rebuilding Jerusalem after the Babylonian Captivity
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Book of Esther
an Old Testament book telling of a beautiful Jewess who became queen of Persia and saved her people from massacre
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Book of Job
a book in the Old Testament containing Job's pleas to God about his afflictions and God's reply
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Book of Psalms
an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of 150 Psalms
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Book of Proverbs
an Old Testament book consisting of proverbs from various Israeli sages (including Solomon)
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Book of Ecclesiastes
an Old Testament book consisting of reflections on the vanity of human life; is traditionally attributed to Solomon but probably was written about 250 BC
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Canticle of Canticles
an Old Testament book consisting of a collection of love poems traditionally attributed to Solomon but actually written much later
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Book of Isaiah
an Old Testament book consisting of Isaiah's prophecies
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Book of Jeremiah
a book in the Old Testament containing the oracles of the prophet Jeremiah
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Book of Lamentations
an Old Testament book lamenting the desolation of Judah after the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC; traditionally attributed to the prophet Jeremiah
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Book of Ezekiel
an Old Testament book containing Ezekiel's prophecies of the downfall of Jerusalem and Judah and their subsequent restoration
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Book of the Prophet Daniel
an Old Testament book that tells of the apocalyptic visions and the experiences of Daniel in the court of Nebuchadnezzar
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Book of Hosea
an Old Testament book telling Hosea's prophecies
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Book of Joel
an Old Testament book telling Joel's prophecies
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Book of Amos
an Old Testament book telling Amos's prophecies
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Book of Obadiah
an Old Testament book telling Obadiah's prophecies; the shortest book in the Christian Bible
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Book of Jonah
a book in the Old Testament that tells the story of Jonah and the whale
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Book of Micah
an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Micah foretelling the destruction of Jerusalem
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Book of Nahum
an Old Testament book telling Nahum's prophecy of the fall of Nineveh
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Book of Habakkuk
an Old Testament book telling Habakkuk's prophecies
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Book of Zephaniah
an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Zephaniah which are concerned mainly with the approaching judgment by God upon the sinners of Judah
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Book of Haggai
an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Haggai which are concerned mainly with rebuilding the temples after the Babylonian Captivity
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Book of Zachariah
an Old Testament book telling the prophecies of Zechariah which are concerned mainly with the renewal of Israel after the Babylonian Captivity
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Book of Malachi
an Old Testament book containing the prophecies of Malachi
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Gospel According to Matthew
one of the Gospels in the New Testament; includes the Sermon on the Mount
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Gospel According to Mark
the shortest of the four Gospels in the New Testament
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Gospel According to Luke
one of the four Gospels in the New Testament; contains details of Jesus's birth and early life
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Gospel According to John
the last of the four Gospels in the New Testament
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Acts of the Apostles
a New Testament book describing the development of the early church from Christ's Ascension to Paul's sojourn at Rome
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Revelation of Saint John the Divine
the last book of the New Testament; contains visionary descriptions of heaven and of conflicts between good and evil and of the end of the world; attributed to Saint John the Apostle
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Vulgate
the Latin edition of the Bible translated from Hebrew and Greek mainly by St. Jerome at the end of the 4th century; as revised in 1592 it was adopted as the official text for the Roman Catholic Church
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Douay-Rheims Version
an English translation of the Vulgate by Roman Catholic scholars
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Authorized Version
an English translation of the Bible published in 1611
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Revised Version
a British revision of the Authorized Version
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New English Bible
a modern English version of the Bible and Apocrypha
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American Standard Version
a revised version of the King James Version
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Revised Standard Version
a revision of the American Standard Version
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Pentateuch
the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit
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Torah
the whole body of the Jewish sacred writings and tradition including the oral tradition
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Hebrew Scripture
the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings
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Prophets
the second of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures
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Hagiographa
the third of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures
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Book of Mormon
a sacred text revealed to Joseph Smith in 1830 by an ancient prophet Mormon; supposedly a record of ancient peoples of America translated by Joseph Smith
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Angelus
a prayer said 3 times a day by Roman Catholics in memory of the Annunciation
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Ave Maria
a salutation to the Virgin Mary now used in prayers to her
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Canticle of Simeon
the prayer of Simeon (Luke 2:29-32)
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Evening Prayer
(Anglican Church) a daily evening service with prayers prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer
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Kol Nidre
the opening prayer on the eve of Yom Kippur
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Book of Common Prayer
the Anglican service book of the Church of England; has had several revisions since the Reformation and is widely admired for the dignity and beauty of its language
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Litany
a prayer consisting of a series of invocations by the priest with responses from the congregation
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Lord's Prayer
the prayer that Christ gave his disciples in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 6:9-13)
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Additions to Esther
an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Esther
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Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Children
an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel
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Book of Susanna
an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel
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Bel and the Dragon
an Apocryphal book consisting of text added to the Book of Daniel
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Book of Baruch
an Apocryphal book ascribed to Baruch
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Epistle of Jeremiah
an Apocryphal book consisting of a letter ascribed to Jeremiah to the Jews in exile in Babylon warning them against idolatry
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Book of Tobit
an Apocryphal book that was a popular novel for several centuries
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Book of Judith
an Apocryphal book telling how Judith saved her people
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1 Esdras
an Apocryphal book consisting of a compilation from I Chronicles and II Chronicles and Ezra and Nehemiah
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II Esdras
an Apocryphal book of angelic revelations
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Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach
an Apocryphal book mainly of maxims (resembling Proverbs in that respect)
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Wisdom of Solomon
an Apocryphal book consisting mainly of a meditation on wisdom; although ascribed to Solomon it was probably written in the first century BC
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1 Maccabees
an Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus
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II Maccabees
an Apocryphal book describing the life of Judas Maccabaeus
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al-Qur'an
the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
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Fatihah
the first or opening sura of the Quran which is the central prayer of Islam and is used on all special occasions as well as during the five daily prayers
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Talmud
the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism
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Gemara
the second part of the Talmud consisting primarily of commentary on the Mishna
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Mishnah
the first part of the Talmud; a collection of early oral interpretations of the scriptures that was compiled about AD 200
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Ramayana
one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne
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Samhita
one of four collections of sacred texts
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Brahmana
prose works attached to the Samhitas instructing the bahmins to perform the very elaborate sacrificial rituals
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Aranyaka
a treatise resembling a Brahmana but to be read or expounded by anchorites in the quiet of the forest
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Vedanga
Vedic texts from the fifth and fourth centuries BC dealing with phonetics and ritual injunctions and linguistics and grammar and etymology and lexicography and prosody and astronomy and astrology
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Ayurveda
(Sanskrit) an ancient medical treatise summarizing the Hindu art of healing and prolonging life; sometimes regarded as a 5th Veda
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Upanishad
a later sacred text of Hinduism of a mystical nature dealing with metaphysical questions
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Psalm
one of the 150 lyrical poems and prayers that comprise the Book of Psalms in the Old Testament; said to have been written by David
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Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the Colonies from Great Britain
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Kamasutra
(Hinduism) an ancient Sanskrit text giving rules for sensuous and sensual pleasure and love and marriage in accordance with Hindu law
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Linear B
a syllabic script used in Greece in the 13th century B.C.
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Aeneid
an epic in Latin by Virgil; tells the adventures of Aeneas after the Trojan War; provides an illustrious historical background for the Roman Empire
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Divina Commedia
a narrative epic poem written by Dante
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Iliad
a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the siege of Troy
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Odyssey
a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy
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Nibelungenlied
an epic poem written in Middle High German and based on the legends of Siegfried and Teutonic kings
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Dead Sea scrolls
(Old Testament) a collection of written scrolls (containing nearly all of the Old Testament) found in a cave near the Dead Sea in the late 1940s
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Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans
a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58
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First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians
a New Testament book containing the first epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth
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Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians
a New Testament book containing the second epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Corinth
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Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians
a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Galatians
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Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians
a New Testament book containing the epistle from Saint Paul to the Ephesians which explains the divine plan for the world and the consummation of this in Christ
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Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians
a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the church at Philippi in Macedonia
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Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians
a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to the Colossians in ancient Phrygia
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First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians
a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to the Thessalonians
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Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians
a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to the Thessalonians
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First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy
a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's first epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters
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Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy
a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's second epistle to Timothy; contains advice on pastoral matters
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Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Titus
a New Testament book containing Saint Paul's epistle to Titus; contains advice on pastoral matters
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Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Philemon
a New Testament book containing an epistle from Saint Paul to Philemon asking Philemon to forgive the slave for escaping
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Epistle to the Hebrews
a New Testament book traditionally included among the epistle of Saint Paul but now generally considered not to have been written by him
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Epistle of James
a New Testament book attributed to Saint James the Apostle
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First Epistle of Peter
the first New Testament book traditionally attributed to Saint Peter the Apostle
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Second Epistle of Peter
the second New Testament book traditionally attributed to Saint Peter the Apostle
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First Epistle of John
the first New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle
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Second Epistel of John
the second New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle
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Third Epistel of John
the third New Testament epistle traditionally attributed to Saint John the Apostle
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Epistle of Jude
a New Testament book attributed to Saint Jude
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Haphtarah
a short selection from the Prophets read on every Sabbath in a Jewish synagogue following a reading from the Torah
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The Great Charter
the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
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Articles of Confederation
a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states; it provided a legal symbol of their union by giving the central government no coercive power over the states or their citizens
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Pilgrim's Progress
an allegory written by John Bunyan in 1678
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Septuagint
the oldest Greek version of the Old Testament; said to have been translated from the Hebrew by Jewish scholars at the request of Ptolemy II
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Constitution of the United States
the constitution written at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 and subsequently ratified by the original thirteen states
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Lateran Treaty
the agreement signed in the Lateran Palace in 1929 by Italy and the Holy See which recognized the Vatican City as a sovereign and independent papal state
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North Atlantic Treaty
the treaty signed in 1949 by 12 countries that established NATO
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SALT I
the first treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
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SALT II
the second treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
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Microsoft disk operating system
an operating system developed by Bill Gates for personal computers
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Linux
an open-source version of the UNIX operating system
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MapQuest
a free, widely-used Web Map Server
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Google
a widely used search engine that uses text-matching techniques to find web pages that are important and relevant to a user's search
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Yahoo
a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance
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Ask Jeeves
a widely used search engine accepting plain English questions or phrases or terms
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Peace of Westphalia
the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648
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Chemical Weapons Convention
a global treaty banning the production or acquisition or stockpiling or transfer or use of chemical weapons
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Geneva Convention
an agreement first drawn up in Geneva in 1864 and later revised concerning the treatment of captured and wounded military personnel and civilians in wartime
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Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
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Internet Explorer
a commercial browser
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Konqueror
a freeware browser for Linux
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lynx
a text browser
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Mosaic
a freeware browser
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Netscape
a commercial browser
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Opera
a commercial browser
- Types:
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transcription, written text
something written, especially copied from one medium to another, as a typewritten version of dictation
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writing
letters or symbols that are written or imprinted on a surface to represent the sounds or words of a language
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piece of writing, writing, written material
the work of a writer; anything expressed in letters of the alphabet (especially when considered from the point of view of style and effect)
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writing
(usually plural) the collected work of an author
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prescription
written instructions from a physician or dentist to a druggist concerning the form and dosage of a drug to be issued to a given patient
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prescription
written instructions for an optician on the lenses for a given person
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reading, reading material
written material intended to be read
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correspondence
communication by the exchange of letters
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code, codification
a set of rules or principles or laws (especially written ones)
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print
the text appearing in a book, newspaper, or other printed publication
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bowdlerisation, bowdlerization
written material that has been bowdlerized
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title
(usually plural) written material introduced into a movie or TV show to give credits or represent dialogue or explain an action
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transliteration
a transcription from one alphabet to another
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phonetic transcription
a transcription intended to represent each distinct speech sound with a separate symbol
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orthography, writing system
a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols
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coding system
a system of signals used to represent letters or numbers in transmitting messages
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cryptogram, cryptograph, secret writing
a piece of writing in code or cipher
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patristics, patrology
the writings of the early Church Fathers
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rescript, revision, rewrite
something that has been written again
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literary composition, literary work
imaginative or creative writing
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literature
creative writing of recognized artistic value
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literature
published writings in a particular style on a particular subject
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matter
written works (especially in books or magazines)
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criticism, literary criticism
a written evaluation of a work of literature
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section, subdivision
a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical)
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paragraph
one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas; the beginning is usually marked by a new indented line
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diary, journal
a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations
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capitalisation, capitalization
writing in capital letters
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typewriting, typing
writing done with a typewriter
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printing
text handwritten in the style of printed matter
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hand, handwriting, script
something written by hand
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hieroglyph, hieroglyphic
writing that resembles hieroglyphics (usually by being illegible)
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skywriting
writing formed in the sky by smoke released from an airplane
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inscription, lettering
letters inscribed (especially words engraved or carved) on something
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manuscript, ms
the form of a literary work submitted for publication
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autograph
something written by one's own hand
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treatise
a formal exposition
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adaptation, version
a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form
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essay
an analytic or interpretive literary composition
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editing, redaction
putting something (as a literary work or a legislative bill) into acceptable form
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religious text, religious writing, sacred text, sacred writing
writing that is venerated for the worship of a deity
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screed
a long piece of writing
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document, papers, written document
writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature)
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bumf, bumph
reading materials (documents, written information) that you must read and deal with but that you think are extremely boring
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card
a rectangular piece of stiff paper used to send messages (may have printed greetings or pictures)
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Bushido
traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living
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legal code
a code of laws adopted by a state or nation
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building code
set of standards established and enforced by local government for the structural safety of buildings
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dress code
a set of rules specifying the correct manner of dress while on the premises of the institution (or specifying what manner of dress is prohibited)
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fire code
set of standards established and enforced by government for fire prevention and safety in case of fire as in fire escapes etc
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omerta
a code of silence practiced by the Mafia; a refusal to give evidence to the police about criminal activities
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health code, sanitary code
set of standards established and enforced by government for health requirements as in plumbing etc
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Highway Code
the code of rules governing the use of public roads
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printing, printing process
reproduction by applying ink to paper as for publication
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fine print, small print
material printed in small type
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notation, notational system
a technical system of symbols used to represent special things
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dramatic composition, dramatic work
a play for performance on the stage or television or in a movie etc.
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dithyramb
a wildly enthusiastic speech or piece of writing
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plagiarism
a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work
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transcript
something that has been transcribed; a written record (usually typewritten) of dictated or recorded speech